Optimizing profile line interval for enhanced accuracy in rock joint morphology and shear strength assessments

2D profile lines play a critical role in cost-effectively evaluating rock joint properties and shear strength.However,the interval(DIL)between these lines significantly impacts roughness and shear strength assessments.A detailed study of 45 joint samples using four statistical measures across 500 different DIL values identified a clear line interval effect with two stages:stable and fluctuation-discrete.Further statistical analysis showed a linear relationship between the error bounds of four parameters,shear strength evaluation,and their corresponding maximum DIL values,where the gradient k of this linear relationship was influenced by the basic friction angle and normal stress.Accounting for these factors,lower-limit linear models were employed to determine the optimal DIL values that met error tolerances(1%–10%)for all metrics and shear strength.The study also explored the consistent size effect on joints regardless of DIL changes,revealing three types of size effects based on morphological heterogeneity.Notably,larger joints required generally higher DIL to maintain the predefined error limits,suggesting an increased interval for large joint analyses.Consequently,this research provides a basis for determining the optimal DIL,improving accuracy in 2D profile line assessments of joint characteristics.

The Instability of the Vortex Sheet along the Shear Line

The traditional Kelvin-Helmholtz notion of studying the shear instability is not suitable for the case associated with shear line with the strong wind shear in the vortex sheet. Since then, the shear instability becomes theinstability of the vortex sheet. If the velocity is induced by the vortex sheet, the inequalities (1? R r + Ri d)> 0 and U(v,t)> U(A(t)) become the criterion of the vortex sheet instability. This criterion indicates that 1) the disposition of environment field restrains the disturbance developing along the shear line. 2) There exist multi—scale interactions in the unstable process of the shear line. The calculation of the necessary condition for the instability is also presented in this paper. Key words Shear line - Induced velocity - Instability of the vortex sheet This work was supported by the project on the study of the formative mechanism and predictive theory of the significant climate and weather disaster in China under Grant G 1998040907 and by the key project on the Dynamic Study of Severe Mesoscale Covective Systems sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.49735180.

Comparison of Remolded Shear Strength with Intrinsic Strength Line for Dredged Deposits

Chandler proposed the intrinsic strength line to correlate the undrained shear strength of samples one-dimensionally consolidated from slurry with the void index proposed by Burland. The undrained shear strength on the intrinsic strength line is different from the remolded undrained shear strength that is an important parameter for design and construction of land reclamation. The void index is used in this study for normalizing the remolded strength behavior of dredged deposits. A quantitative relationship between remolded undrained shear strength and void index is established based on extensive data of dredged deposits available from sources of literature. Furthermore, the normalized remolded undrained shear strength is compared with intrinsic strength line. The comparison result indicates that the ratio of undrained shear strength on the intrinsic strength line over remolded undrained shear strength increases with an increase in applied consolidated stress.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper,European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim)data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated.An objective method,which uses a combination of three parameters,i.e.the zonal shear of the meridional wind,the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind,is adopted to identify the shear line.The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL.One is over the central TP(near 90°E)and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP.Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet.There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year.The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006.July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year,respectively.The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years,which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days.In the neighboring areas of the TP,nearly56%of the MSLs lead to rainstorms,and nearly 40%of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs,indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.

Climatology of Shear Line and Related Rainstorm over the Southern Yangtze River Valley Based on an Improved Intelligent Identification Method

Based on four reanalysis datasets including CMA-RA,ERA5,ERA-Interim,and FNL,this paper proposes an improved intelligent method for shear line identification by introducing a second-order zonal-wind shear.Climatic characteristics of shear lines and related rainstorms over the Southern Yangtze River Valley(SYRV)during the summers(June-August)from 2008 to 2018 are then analyzed by using two types of unsupervised machine learning algorithm,namely the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding method(t-SNE)and the k-means clustering method.The results are as follows:(1)The reproducibility of the 850 hPa wind fields over the SYRV using China’s reanalysis product CMARA is superior to that of European and American products including ERA5,ERA-Interim,and FNL.(2)Theory and observations indicate that the introduction of a second-order zonal-wind shear criterion can effectively eliminate the continuous cyclonic curvature of the wind field and identify shear lines with significant discontinuities.(3)The occurrence frequency of shear lines appearing in the daytime and nighttime is almost equal,but the intensity and the accompanying rainstorm have a clear diurnal variation:they are significantly stronger during daytime than those at nighttime.(4)Half(47%)of the shear lines can cause short-duration rainstorms(≥20 mm(3h)^(-1)),and shear line rainstorms account for one-sixth(16%)of the total summer short-duration rainstorms.Rainstorms caused by shear lines are significantly stronger than that caused by other synoptic forcing.(5)Under the influence of stronger water vapor transport and barotropic instability,shear lines and related rainstorms in the north and middle of the SYRV are stronger than those in the south.

LONGITUDINAL SHEAR PROBLEMS OF COLLINEAR RIGID LINE INCLUSIONS IN ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Longitudinal shear problems of collinear rigid line inclusions (sometimes calledhard crack or inverse crack problems) in anisotropic materials are dealt with. By usingthe conplex variable method, we present the formulation of the general problem and the closed form solutions to some problems of practical importance, The atressdistribution in the immediate vicinity of the rigid line end is examined. The corresponding formulation and solutions for isotropic materials can be arrived at fromthe special cases of those in the present paper, some of which are in agreement with the existing results￣[1].

Intensity Evolution of Zonal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer:A Perspective of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energies

Based on the ERA5 reanalysis datasets during 1980-2019,a total of eleven zonal shear lines(ZSLs)that caused heavy precipitation and lasted more than 60 hours over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are selected for composite analysis.By decomposing the kinetic energy(K)near the ZSL into divergent and rotational kinetic energies(K_(D)and K_(R))and the kinetic energy of interaction between the divergent wind and the rotational wind(K_(R)D),the influence of the rotational and divergent winds on the evolution of the ZSL intensity is investigated from the perspective of K_(D)and K_(R).The main results are as follows.The ZSL is a comprehensive reflection of rotation and convergence.The intensity evolution of ZSL is essentially synchronized with those of K,K_(R),and K_(RD)but lags behind K_(D)by about three hours.The enhancement of K is mainly contributed by K_(R),which is governed by the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R).Furthermore,the increase in the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R)is controlled by the geostrophic effect term Af,which is determined by the joint enhancement of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components(u_(R)and v_(D)).Therefore,the joint enhancement of u_(R)and v_(D)controls the increase of the ZSL intensity,leading to increased precipitation.

Near Crack Line Elastic-Plastic Analysis for an Infinite Plate Loaded by a Pair of Point Shear Forces

The near crack line analysis method was used to investigate a crack loaded by a pair of point shear forces in an infinite plate in an elastic-perfectly plastic solid. The analytical solution was obtained, that is the elastic-plastic fields near crack line and law that the length of the plastic zone along the crack line is varied with external loads. The results are sufficiently precise near the crack line and are not confined by small scale yielding conditions.

Study on the Structure of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau Based on CRA-Interim Datasets and Its Comparison with ERA-Interim Datasets

The CRA-Interim trial production of the global atmospheric reanalysis for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 was carried out by the China Meteorological Administration in 2017. The structural characteristics of the horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau (TPHSL) based on the CRA-Interim datasets are examined by objectively identifying the shear line, and are compared with the analysis results of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data (ERA-Interim). The case occurred at 18UTC on July 5, 2016. The results show that both of the ERA-Interim and CRA-Interim datasets can well reveal the circulation background and the dynamic and thermal structure characteristics of TPHSL, and they have shown some similar features. The middle and high latitudes at 500 hPa are characterized by the circulation situation of"two troughs and two ridges", and at 200 hPa, the TPHSL is located in the northeast quadrant of the South Asian High Pressure (SAHP). The TPHSL locates in the positive vorticity zone and passes through the positive vorticity center corresponding to the ascending motion. Near the TPHSL, the contours of pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (θse) tend to be intensive, with a high-value center on the south side of the TPHSL. The TPHSL can extend to460 hPa and vertically inclines northward. There is a positive vorticity zone near the TPHSL which is also characterized by the northward inclination with the height, the ascending motion near the TPHSL can extend to 300 hPa, and the atmospheric layer above the TPHSL is stable. However, the intensities of the TPHSL’s structure characteristics analyzed with the two datasets are different, revealing the relatively strong intensity of geopotential height field, vertical velocity field, vorticity field and divergence field from the CRA-Interim datasets. In addition, the vertical profiles of the dynamic and water vapor thermal physical quantities of the two datasets are also consistent in the east and west part of the TPHSL. In summary, the reliable and usable CRA-Interim datasets show excellent properties in the analysis on the structural characteristics of a horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau.

Study of the Relationship between Precipitation and a Transverse Shear Line over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Summer

Based on the 4 times daily 0.75°×0.75°ERA-Interim data,the relationship between precipitation and a transverse shear line(TSL)over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during August 15-19,2015 is analyzed.The results show that precipitation and TSL had obvious diurnal variation.That is,the intensity of the TSL and the precipitation tended to increase from afternoon to night and reduce from 00:00 to 06:00 UTC(the same below).The shape of the rain area was basically consistent with the direction of the TSL,and when the zonal characteristics of the rain area were obvious,the precipitation distribution was relatively uniform,otherwise the local short-term heavy precipitation was easy to occur.The precipitation center was basically consistent with the positive vorticity center near the TSL,and precipitation was directly proportional to the value of positive vorticity.The equation for the budget of vorticity shows that the horizontal advection term determined the moving direction of the TSL.The vertical transportation term determined the structural characteristics of the TSL on the vertical section,and positive vertical transport item of lower level was conducive to the formation of the plateau vortex.The horizontal convergence or divergence term determined the position of the TSL,and was conducive to the maintenance of the TSL.The evolution of apparent heat source and apparent water vapor sink near the TSL had a distinct diurnal feature.Meanwhile,atmospheric heating in the precipitation process was closely related to atmospheric upward movement,and the latent heat of condensation release caused by precipitation was beneficial to the maintenance of the plateau shear line and the formation and strengthening of plateau vortex.The precipitation of the TSL was mainly dominated by weak convective precipitation.

Structural Characteristics of the Spring Transverse Shear Line over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Influence Mechanism of the Upper-level Jet on Its Evolution

Based on the four-times-daily ERA-Interim data with the resolution of 0.75°×0.75°,the structure and evolution characteristics of a transverse shear line(TSL)over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in April 2017 were analyzed,and the influence mechanism of the frontogenesis and frontolysis caused by the upper-level jet on its evolution was also investigated.The results show that the TSL was mainly located near the axis of the positive vorticity zone,which was a low-value area of the wind speed.It was a shallow baroclinic system with weak ascending motion.In the vertical direction,the TSL extended to the lowest height at 00:00 and the highest at 18:00.In the horizontal direction,the length of the TSL in the east-west direction was relatively shorter during 00:00-06:00 and relatively longer during 12:00-18:00.Besides,the position of the TSL was slightly northward at 06:00 and slightly southward at 18:00.The moving direction of the TSL was generally consistent with that of the upper-level jet.In addition,the vertical stretching height of the TSL and the near-surface wind speed were positively correlated with the intensity of the upper-level jet.The calculation by frontogenesis function indicates that the frontogenesis(frontolysis)was conducive to the formation(weakening)and strengthening(dissipation)of the TSL.The horizontal deformation-induced and diabatic heating-induced frontogenesis were favorable for the formation of the TSL,while the middle-level horizontal convergence-induced and diabatic heating-induced frontogenesis were beneficial to its maintenance.Besides,the moving direction and baroclinicity of the TSL over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were determined by the horizontal deformation-induced frontogenesis.In the frontogenesis function,the terms of horizontal deformation and horizontal convergence together determined the position of the TSL,and the diabatic heating term was conducive to the upward extension of the TSL.

预制装配式仰拱与衬砌接头直剪试验研究

装配式结构具有成本低、工期短和绿色施工等优点,因此中国正在大力推动装配式技术的应用.装配式技术应用于高速公路隧道建设中时,预制装配式仰拱与现浇衬砌接头处存在较大的安全隐患,容易发生剪切破坏.为了探究该类装配式结构接头处直剪受力状态下的抗剪力学性能,以接头的界面植筋率、界面尺寸和界面处理方式作为变化参数,设计并制作了21个“Z”字形试件开展直剪试验,观测了试件失效的全部过程以及破坏形态,获取了试件的剪切-滑移曲线,系统地分析了接头直剪力学性能的变化规律.结果表明:试件破坏分为植筋剪断和混凝土失效两种破坏形态;随着界面植筋率增加,试件极限抗剪承载力、延性和抵抗界面损伤演化的能力均随之提升;界面植筋率由0.7%增至1.1%时,极限抗剪承载力提升最大为66.4%;界面凿毛处理后试件的抗剪性能更优,其延性提升最大为41.5%;界面植筋率相同时,随着界面尺寸的增大,抗剪承载力随之提升,最大提升64.8%;试件抗剪性能存在一定的尺寸效应,界面尺寸较小试件的抗剪承载力随界面植筋率增加而提升的效果不显著.最后根据相关规范计算方法,基于试验结果和拓展的剪切-摩擦理论,提出了改进的预制装配式仰拱与现浇衬砌接头的抗剪承载力计算公式,计算值与试验值吻合度良好.

毛细驱动诱发的尾矿强度劣化演化规律及机制

为了研究毛细作用对尾矿坝工程性质的影响规律及机制,以陕西某铜矿尾矿为研究对象,通过直剪试验对自然含水状态下、毛细饱和状态下、重力饱和状态下堆积坝外坡和沉积滩面不同距离处的尾矿进行力学性质测试。结果表明:尾矿黏聚力随粒径减小逐渐增大,内摩擦角随粒径减小逐渐减小,二者共同作用影响其抗剪强度;随含水率的增大,尾矿强度逐渐下降;浸润线以上毛细饱和带中尾矿含水率与浸润线以下尾矿含水率相等;基于以上研究结果,引入毛细饱和带概念,提出了基于毛细作用影响的尾矿坝真实浸润线的概念与计算方法,修正了浸润线高度计算公式。

华南切变线研究的现状与展望

华南前汛期暴雨研究一直是大气科学领域的研究热点,也是难点。华南切变线是华南地区最为重要的天气系统之一,与华南前汛期降水密切相关。为了提高华南地区暴雨的预报能力,深化对华南切变线的认识,文章从华南切变线的定义、结构、发展机制、影响作用、与其他天气系统相互作用等方面,回顾了华南切变线的相关研究及其成果。同时,结合预报业务实际,展望了在多源大气探测资料不断出现的当今,华南切变线研究值得进一步深入的科学问题。

含聚合物防水膜的隧道衬砌界面剪切-滑移力学特性试验研究

为研究隧道衬砌结构中密贴型防水层界面的力学特性,根据隧道喷膜防水衬砌结构的特点,采用粘结强度试验和压剪试验探讨聚合物防水膜复合试件的界面剪切-滑移力学行为和特性。通过粘结强度试验绘制3种类型防水膜的拉伸应力-位移曲线,通过压剪试验绘制界面剪切应力-位移曲线,基于试验结果曲线计算得到防水层的界面参数,包括剪切强度、残余剪切强度、剪切模量、剪切滑移能量和剪切失效位移,并讨论防水材料性能和法向压应力对这些参数的影响。结果表明,防水层界面的剪切-滑移特性主要受防水材料特性和法向压应力的影响,防水材料特性对界面剪切强度和剪切模量的影响较大,而残余剪切强度、剪切滑移能量和剪切失效位移则受到法向压应力的影响更多。

二线水铁矿改良高岭土力学性质研究及机理分析

为了研究二线水铁矿对高岭土力学性能的影响,对不同二线水铁矿掺量试样进行固结不排水(CU)三轴剪切试验、不固结不排水(UU)三轴剪切试验和扫描电镜试验,分析抗剪强度指标差异和影响力学性能机理。二线水铁矿改良高岭土抗剪强度指标均有所提高,在二线水铁矿掺量7%时改良效果最为显著;CU试验条件下黏聚力的增加对改良高岭土抗剪强度贡献更大,UU试验条件下黏聚力和内摩擦角均具有增强效果,两者共同决定高岭土抗剪强度;不同固结条件、不同剪切速率下二线水铁矿吸附包裹在高岭土颗粒表面,形成的团状物之间联结加固限制土颗粒移动空间,呈现抗剪强度增大的结果。

Mesoscale and Microphysical Characteristics of a Double Rain Belt Event in South China on May 10–13,2022

A second rain belt sometimes occurs ahead of a frontal rain belt in the warm sector over coastal South China,leading to heavy precipitation.We examined the differences in the mesoscale characteristics and microphysics of the frontal and warm sector rain belts that occurred in South China on May 10–13,2022.The southern rain belt occurred in an environment with favorable mesoscale conditions but weak large-scale forcing.In contrast,the northern rain belt was related to low-level horizontal shear and the surface-level front.The interaction between the enhanced southeasterly winds and the rainfall-induced cold pool promoted the persistent growth of convection along the southern rain belt.The convective cell propagated east over the coastal area,where there was a large temperature gradient.The bow-shaped echo in this region may be closely related to the rear-inflow jet.By contrast,the initial convection of the northern rain belt was triggered along the front and the region of low-level horizontal shear,with mesoscale interactions between the enhanced warm-moist southeasterly airflow and the cold dome associated with the earlier rain.The terrain blocked the movement of the cold pool,resulting in the stagnation of the frontal convective cell at an early stage.Subsequently,a meso-γ-scale vortex formed during the rapid movement of the convective cell,corresponding to an enhancement of precipitation.The representative raindrop spectra for the southern rain belt were characterized by a greater number and higher density of raindrops than the northern rain belt,even though both resulted in comparable hourly rainfalls.These results help us better understand the characteristics of double rain belts over South China.

Analysis of a Large-scale Hail Process in Ulanqab City

Based on the weather monitoring data,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and Doppler weather radar data,the circulation background,atmospheric stability and changing characteristics of radar echoes of a large-scale hail weather process in Ulanqab City on July 5,2021 were analyzed.The results show that this hail weather process occurred in the summer afternoon of the hail-prone period in Ulanqab City,and was formed under the influence of upper trough and the circulation background of"two troughs and one ridge",which was conducive to the occurrence of strong convection weather.The low-level shear line provided the dynamic and water vapor conditions for the occurrence of the hail.In strong convection weather,water vapor was transported mainly from the Bay of Bengal,India and Nepal over the Himalayas.Before the occurrence of strong convection weather,water vapor transport increased significantly,and the low-level water vapor concentrated below 400 hPa,with obvious convergence and vertical transport.The characteristic parameters of radar echoes,such as combined reflectivity,vertically integrated liquid,and echo top height,increased significantly before and during the occurrence of hail,which had good indicative significance for the prediction and early warning of hail.

一次导致大风的暖区飑线后侧入流分析

长生命史飑线极易造成大范围灾害性大风天气,研究其结构及其维持机制对灾害性大风天气预报有重要参考意义。利用浙江地面加密观测和雷达资料、美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)FNL(Final Operational Global Analysis)再分析资料及高分辨率模式模拟结果对2018年3月4日江南地区出现的一次造成大风的暖区飑线后侧入流进行分析,探讨飑线维持机制。结果表明,飑线发生在南支槽前高低空一致西南气流的暖区环境中,环境具有0~6 km中等到强垂直切变、高对流有效位能、中层和近地面有明显干区的特征;3 h负变压异常指数对此次过程具有一定的指示作用。飑线表现为“TS”结构,但层云区相对较窄;反射率因子核位于中层径向辐合下方下沉气流中。模式模拟结果表明,后侧入流及下沉气流在系统内部、后部分别强迫出逆时针和顺时针垂直环流,构成了飑线最主要结构特征;后侧入流紧靠系统后缘而位于对流层中层,促使上升气流由倾斜转为垂直;此后后侧入流远离系统,与低层出流合并持续抬升暖湿空气,后侧入流与前侧入流的协同作用有利于飑线维持更长时间。

中缅原油管道泵出口压力表管线螺纹接头力学特性研究

中缅原油管道泵出口压力表管线存在持续微振、压力高、温差变化大等情况,导致螺纹接头处常出现渗漏油现象,严重威胁管道系统安全。采用有限元软件对1/2NPT规格的现场管螺纹力学特性进行数值计算,发现螺纹面上的振动频率从30 Hz增大到150 Hz过程中,最大Mises应力及最大剪切应力均明显减小,分别减小了14.11%和12.84%;管道内压从4 MPa增大到12 MPa过程中,螺纹面上的最大Mises应力及最大剪切应力明显增大,分别增加了247.2%和242.5%;环境温度对螺纹受力影响很小,当温度从10℃增大到80℃时,最大Mises应力仅增大了0.00019 MPa。振动是导致管螺纹接头失效的最主要原因,且振动频率135 Hz是现场螺纹受力急剧变化的临界点,应采取必要的减振措施来保证连接安全。