The evaluation of ecosystem health in mining areas on the matter element method

According to the characteristics of ecosystem and concept of the ecosystem in mining area, the index system of the ecosystem health in mining area was set up, and the evaluation standard was established. Aiming at the complexion in which the information lost in index ration, the matter element method was put forward to evaluate the ecosystem health in mining area. Making use of the model set up, the weight was built up by the method of index number heavy, the matter element, clas- sical field, and limit field were set up. The rating hierarchy was calculated by relating function. As a case study in the mining area of Pingyangsi Town, the results show that the ecosystem is good and sustainable from 2003 to 2006, but the healthy degree is not high, and some indexes have depravation.

Evaluation of the forest ecosystem health in Beijing area

The evaluation of ecosystem health has become one of the main research topics of ecosystem science, thus more and more assessment methods and frameworks have been put forward in recent years. However, the attention people pay to ecosystem health is actually more about what the social functions the ecosystem affords, which depend on the integrity and maintenance of the ecosystem structure and function, and the intensity of disturbance from outside. Accordingly, this research commenced from three main aspects, selected the evaluation indices, and then established the Evaluation Index System of Beijing Forest Ecosystem Health （EIS-BFEH）. In the EIS-BFEH, each of the three foundations contained an easily-operated and standard sub-index system, which compounded the specific natural and social conditions of Beijing and was concrete enough to measure and evaluate. Then with the method of the Analytical Hierarchy Process （AHP）, the comprehensive index （CI） could be obtained, which represented the health of the forest ecosystem. As a case study, the forest ecosystems in the Badaling area were sampled, evaluated, compared and ranked by use of the EIS-BFEH. The result show that the health of natural forests is much better than that of plantations in the Badaling forest center： the average comprehensive index of the former is 7.9, while the latter is only 6.6. From the results, it could also be found that there are nine units in the healthy state, two units in the subhealthy state, and only one unit of Robiniapseudoacacia in the morbid state.

Ecosystem Health Assessment of the Egong Bay Fisheries Area in Shenzhen Based on Index of Biological Integrity of Fish

[Objective] The ecosystem health of the Egong Bay fisheries area in Shenzhen was assessed,based on the index of biological integrity of fish( F-IBI),for the reference of ecological restoration in typical fisheries area in the coast of South China Sea. [Method]Based on four seasons survey from August( summer) and November( autumn) in 2012 to February( winter) and May( spring) in 2013,six indicators including total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species,percentage of benthic-feeding species and percentage of benthic-feeding and piscivorous species,were used in computing F-IBI of Egong Bay. The suitability of F-IBI was tested by principal component analysis( PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. [Result]Total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species and percentage of benthic-feeding species were major assessment indicators for Egong Bay fisheries area. F-IBI of Egong Bay fisheries area was correlated with water temperature,salinity,chemical oxygen demand( COD) and petroleum,and was negative correlation to p H,dissolved oxygen( DO),dissolved inorganic nitrogen( DIN),reactive phosphate( PO_4^(3-)-P),and suspended matters. There were significant correction between the F-IBI with the salinity,COD,and suspended matters.[Conclusion]F-IBI system,based on total species number of fish,percentage of Sciaenidae species,percentage of Sparidae species,percentage of planktivorous species,percentage of benthic-feeding species and percentage of benthic-feeding and piscivorous species was feasible in Egong Bay fisheries area.

Ecosystem Health: Assessment Framework, Spatial Evolution, and Regional Optimization in Southwest China

Regional ecological health,the core of comprehensive ecosystem assessments,is an important foundation for regional exploration,environmental conservation,and sustainable development.The mountainous areas in southwest China are backward in economy,but industrialization and urbanization have been rapid in recent years.This study assessed the ecosystem health of the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China using a pressure-state-response(PSR)model.Spatiotemporal patterns of regional ecosystem health were analyzed from 2000 to 2016,including overall characteristics as well as local characteristics.Ecosystem health in most regions was improved over time(Y=0.0058 X–11.0132,R2=0.95,P<0.001),and areas with poorer ecosystem health decreased from half to one-third of the total area.Analysis of the primacy ratio and the variation coefficient confirmed that the gap in health scores between regions has gradually expanded since 2007,but there are more high quality regions overall(Z of Moran’s index<1.96,P>0.05).Overall,the regional ecosystems to the east of the Hu line-an imaginary line dividing east and west China into roughly equivalent parts-were healthier than those to the west.The pressure and state scores of ecosystems were determined by physiographic condition,and the response scores by government policies and social concern.The spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem health were dominated to a greater extent by natural than anthropogenic factors,which explains why the shift in the patterns aligned with the direction of the Hu line.Dividing regions into key management areas based on natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic development could contribute to the formulation of a reasonable ecological and environmental protection policy,guaranteeing ecosystem services in the long run.

Vegetation characteristics and soil properties of artificially remediated grasslands:The case study of the Shimenhe mining area in Qilian Mountains,northwest China

The mining of limestone mines plays a crucial role in societal and economic advancement.However,mining activities have led to destructive variations in grassland ecology and soil,causing numerous environmental problems,and effective artificial restoration measures have been used to restore grasslands in the Shimenhe mining areas to different degrees.In this study,we investigated,examined and analyzed plant community structure and its correlation with soil properties across varying degrees of alpine grassland restoration in Qilian Mountains Shimenhe restoration mines using the sample method,and studied the changes in species diversity using five diversity indexes(Simpson index,Shannon index,Margalef index,Dominance index and Evenness index).This study showed that the plant community characteristics with high recovered degree(HRD)> middle recovered degree(MRD)> low recovered degree(LRD)> very low recovered degree(VLRD),11 plant genera comprising 11 species across 10 families were identified.Dominant families with robust ecological adaptability included Leguminosae,Rosaceae,Gramineae,Asteraceae,and Salicaceae.The highest Simpson,Shannon,Margalef and Evenness index of HRD grassland community species were 0.82,1.96,1.66 and 0.89,respectively.The highest Dominance index of VLRD grassland community species was 0.34,which required several restoration methods such as spraying and mulching.Soil pH and EC tended to decrease with increasing restoration,SOC,SMC,TP,AP,NH4-N,TN,AN and NO3-N tended to increase and the content of soil environmental factors contributed to vegetation growth across various restoration levels the mine grassland.In conclusion,our study indicated that the community structure gradually diversified and soil properties changed positively with the increase of restoration degrees in the Qilian Mountains Shimenhe mine,and the best results of HRD restoration were obtained.This study provides the theoretical basis for the restoration and conservation of grasslands in mining areas by demonstrating examined the correlation between plant characteristics and soil properties in restored grasslands in alpine mining areas.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and crops in a mining area(Au-Ag-Cutrona-oil et al.) of the Nanyang Basin, Henan Province, China

Heavy metal distribution in mining areas has always been a hot research topic due to the special environment of these areas. This study aims to explore the impact of heavy metal pollution on soils and crops in the study area, ensure the safety of local crops and the health of local residents, and provide a basis for the subsequent environmental restoration and the prevention and control of environmental pollution. Based on the analysis of the heavy metal concentrations in local soils and crops, the study investigated the spatial distribution, pollution degrees, and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the farmland of a mining area in the southeastern Nanyang Basin, Henan province, China explored the sources of heavy metals and assessed the health risks caused by crop intake. The results of this study are as follows. The root soils of crops in the study area suffered heavy metal pollution to varying degrees. The degree of heavy metal pollution in maize fields is higher than that in wheat fields, and both types of fields suffer the most severe Cd pollution. Moreover, the root soils of different crops suffer compound pollution.The root soils in the maize fields suffer severe compound pollution at some sampling positions, whose distribution is similar to that of the mining area. Cd poses the highest potential ecological risks among all heavy metals, and the study area mainly suffers low and moderate comprehensive potential ecological risks. The principal component analysis(PCA) shows that the distribution of Zn, Cd, Pb, and As in soils of the study area is mainly affected by anthropogenic factors such as local mining activities;the distribution of Cr and Ni is primarily controlled by the local geological background;the distribution of Hg is mainly affected by local vehicle exhaust emissions, and the distribution of Cu is influenced by both human activities and the geological background. Different cereal crops in the study area are polluted with heavy metals dominated by Cd and Ni to varying degrees, especially wheat. As indicated by the health risk assessment results, the intake of maize in the study area does not pose significant human health risks;however, Cu has high risks to human health, and the compound heavy metal pollution caused by the intake of wheat in the study area poses risks to the health of both adults and children. Overall, the soils and crops in the study area suffer a high degree of heavy metal pollution, for which mining activities may be the main reason.

Toxicological effects of mining hazard elements

Mining plays a prominent role in the economy worldwide since human efforts have been more concentrated in extraction than recycling of natural resources.Ores composed of various minerals vary according to the geological evolution.These are raw materials for the conventional industries or fossil fuels for power generation.They can also be used in new technologies.The mining industry triggers intense environmental impacts.Human exposure to multiple small particles from mining effluent,such as dust,uranium,iron,lead,zinc,silicon,titanium,sulfur,nitrogen,platinum,chromium,vanadium,manganese,and mercury,is a health risk.Such elements can have several pathological effects,such as respiratory and cardiovascular,multiple chronic inflammation,and neurodegenerative diseases.Additionally,mining results in severe soil,water(surface and aquifer),and air contamination,reaching large areas far away from the source.Negligence of mining companies,with the recovery of ancient mined areas during the early development of environmental laws and regulations,compromises environmental integrity for more extended periods,increasing coverage of the affected areas.This review evaluates the toxicological effects on humans exposed to the mining wastes and the impact of these compounds on the ecosystem.The results of our evaluation can be used by the government,manufacturers,scientists,private environmental organizations,decision-makers,and readers from different areas of knowledge to explore the potential risk of mining to the ecosystem and human health.

秦皇岛昌黎邻近海域青岛文昌鱼资源调查及大型底栖动物群落特征研究

为了解秦皇岛昌黎邻近海域国家二级保护动物青岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma tsingdauense)的资源现状,科学评价该海域底栖环境生态健康状况,于2021年春、夏两季在昌黎邻近海域设置24个站位进行大型底栖动物及环境要素的调查监测,并使用香农威纳(Shannon Wiener)多样性指数及AZTI海洋生物指数(AMBI)、多变量AZTI海洋生物指数(M AMBI)对昌黎邻近海域大型底栖动物群落健康状况进行评价。调查结果表明:2021年夏季昌黎邻近海域青岛文昌鱼平均生物密度为5 ind./m^(2),处于近年调查的最低水平。春、夏两季昌黎邻近海域青岛文昌鱼均以Ⅲ龄鱼为主,种群年龄结构出现异常现象。春、夏两季共采集到大型底栖动物89种,两季大型底栖动物群落结构存在一定差异,物种更替率较高。两季大型底栖动物平均生物密度为138 ind./m^(2),平均生物量为20.95 g/m^(2),平均Shannon Wiener多样性指数为2.11。Shannon Wiener多样性指数及AMBI、M AMBI指数等生态健康评价方法评价结果相近,结果表明调查海域底栖生态系统受到一定程度的扰动,相较于春季,夏季受人为扰动程度更强。

黄土高原矿区生态系统服务价值的时空变化——以平朔矿区为例

开展矿区生态系统服务价值的时空分析对保护矿区生态环境、提升矿区生态系统功能具有重要意义。基于遥感数据和土地利用数据,采用3S技术、价值当量法和生态贡献度等方法,对黄土高原典型矿区——平朔矿区1990—2020年生态系统服务价值进行研究。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年平朔矿区6种土地利用类型面积变化迥异,耕地面积减少最大(1122.72 hm2),建设用地面积增加最大(2044.23 hm2)。(2)平朔矿区生态系统服务价值呈先下降后上升态势,由1990年的19562.43×104元减少到2010年的11265.40×104元,再增加到2020年的15755.47×104元,1990—2010年下降的主要原因是建设用地和草地的生态系统服务价值大幅减少,2010—2020年增加的主要原因是矿区实施了大量生态恢复治理工程。(3)1990—2020年平朔矿区除保持土壤价值增加外,其他各单项生态服务价值均有不同程度的减少,其中水源涵养、净化环境、生物多样性价值减少幅度较大,分别减少了115.84%、69.92%、18.29%。(4)1990—2020年平朔矿区生态系统服务价值的空间分布呈现南北高、中部低的特征。(5)平朔矿区草地、建设用地和林地的生态贡献度分别是-41.52%、-34.49%和-10.09%,三者是主要的贡献因子和敏感因子。

融合多源数据的粤港澳大湾区生态系统健康影响机制研究

从人地耦合视角出发,基于“活力—组织力—恢复力—贡献力”(VORS)模型,综合评价2000—2020年粤港澳大湾区生态系统健康状况。融合人口密度、POI等多源数据,利用最优参数的地理探测器揭示大湾区生态系统健康影响因素的作用机制。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年大湾区平均生态系统健康指数由0.279下降到0.255,湾区中部生态系统健康恶化加剧。(2)生态系统健康的空间集聚特征明显,热点区集中分布在北部肇庆、惠州市;冷点区集中分布在佛山、广州市,且城市交界处的生态系统健康指数变化最为剧烈。(3)人口密度成为影响大湾区生态系统健康的主导因子,其与各类城市设施用地交互作用下对生态系统健康的扰动最为剧烈。公共设施用地、工业设施用地、商业设施用地以及居住用地成为影响大湾区生态系统健康的关键因子,因其对原始自然环境和生态组分的破坏,加剧了生态系统健康的恶化。

中国陆地边境地区城镇化与生态系统健康的动态交互响应

研究目的:探究边境地区城镇化与生态系统健康的变化情况及两者的相互解耦状态特征,为区域经济和环境协调发展提供参考。研究方法:城镇化发展水平测定、生态系统健康评价、随机森林模型、解耦模型。研究结果:(1)在时间维度上,综合城镇化由萌芽阶段升为初步发展阶段,人口、土地、经济、社会城镇化水平均呈上升趋势;生态系统健康整体呈波动下降趋势,表现为生态系统自然健康下降,但综合生态系统服务指数提升。(2)在空间维度上,综合城镇化等级较高的地区多分布在内蒙区,等级较低的地区多分布在新疆区;生态系统健康指数较高的地区多分布在东北区、滇桂区和西藏区,指数较低的地区多分布在内蒙区和新疆区。(3)土地城镇化对生态系统健康变化的影响日益显著。(4)城镇化与生态系统健康间的解耦关系在2000—2020年呈现出由扩张性负解耦到强解耦的变化趋势。研究结论:边境地区城镇化与生态系统健康解耦状态多变且区域差异显著,沿边地区在发展经济的同时,需因地制宜提出生态保护措施,实现经济与环境的可持续发展。

神东采煤沉陷区生态环境一体化监测技术与应用

【背景】干旱半干旱采煤沉陷区生态环境监测是区域性生态环境保护与治理的重要前提,对推动绿色矿山建设具有重要意义。【方法】立足政府对矿山生态环境的监管要求,分析了神东采煤沉陷区生态环境监测的难点,详细论述了“煤-岩-水-土-气-植-碳”一体化监测技术体系,制定了神东生态环境一体化监测要素、主要方法、技术路线,分析了“天-空-塔-地-室”一体化观测的时空协同关系,设计并实现了神东生态环境监测平台,在神东采煤沉陷区进行了生态环境一体化监测实践。【结果和结论】研究表明:(1)提出的“煤-岩-水-土-气-植-碳”要素一体化监测和“天-空-塔-地-室”多观测平台协同的技术体系,统筹考虑了各监管部门的要求和不同观测平台的优势,解决了生态环境多要素耦合协同分析、多部门监测要求协调的问题,满足了多个监管部门对指标覆盖性和监测效率的要求。(2)研发的神东生态环境监测平台集成了多源数据高效组织管理模型、智能决策模型等,解决了多源异构大数据管理与时空协同处理、基于多源监测大数据的生态修复智能决策等问题,助力了采煤沉陷区生态修复工程与植物日常管护。(3)提出的采煤沉陷区生态环境一体化监测技术在神东矿区绿色矿山建设中应用,在植物类型与种植密度优化决策、植被长势与土壤墒情研判、修复工程的植株数量与存活率智能监测验收等方面取得了良好的应用效果,为干旱半干旱采煤沉陷区生态环境监测治理提供了典型案例参考。

基于VORC模型的水网乡村生态系统健康评价及管控策略——以吴江区为例

健康的生态系统能够维持生态活力及组织力,抵御和适应外界压力,发挥生态系统服务功能。文章以苏州市吴江区为例,基于“活力(V)—组织力(O)—恢复力(R)—贡献力(C)”模型,定量评价水网乡村生态系统健康水平,分析生态系统健康空间分异特征,为生态空间分区管控提供科学依据。研究结果表明:吴江区生态系统健康综合指数在空间分布上呈正相关性,表现出“高值区较离散,低值区较集聚”的特征。健康高值区多聚集于乡村水网密布区域,生态环境质量较好,生态功能较完善;健康低值区主要集中于乡村工业产业建设集聚区域,受建设用地扩张影响,水网乡村景观生态健康水平下降。结合健康等级将吴江区划分为核心保护区、生态缓冲区、协调发展区和开发管控区等4类空间管控分区,并针对性地提出差异化管控策略。生态系统健康评价可为生态空间分区管控提供依据和参考,促进水网乡村生态系统持续、健康发展。

半干旱草原露天矿区生态累积效应:评估模型与应用

为揭示半干旱草原露天矿区生态环境质量状况,分离矿区人类活动生态累积效应并识别其演变态势,在厘清矿区生态累积效应概念的基础上,构建适用于半干旱草原的露天矿区生态环境质量评估指数(Surface Mining Areas Eco-environmental Evaluation Index,SMAEEI)以及矿区生态累积效应定量评估模型。选取内蒙古胜利矿区为研究区,量化分析1986—2020年区域生态环境质量和生态累积效应的时空分布规律,以及主要人类活动的生态累积效应差异。结果表明:①SMAEEI适用于半干旱草原露天矿区,能客观呈现各地类生态环境质量高低顺序。35 a间研究区生态环境质量呈极显著下降趋势,且其空间差异显著减弱。露天矿场、城镇扩张区、锡林河湿地及北侧草地生态环境质量出现极显著、显著的退化趋势。②半干旱草原露天矿区生态累积效应定量评估模型能剔除气候因素对生态系统的耦合影响,分离并量化人类活动对矿区生态系统的累积效应,揭示累积的方向、程度和空间范围。35 a间研究区生态服务价值累积量(Change of Ecosystem Service Value Cumulant,COESVC)共减少1186157.03万元,出现负向生态累积效应,生态系统服务功能下降。高度、中度负向累积区集中在湿地和草地退化区、城镇区、露天矿场。③露天开采、城镇建设造成的单位面积负向生态累积效应最明显,前者在单位时间内带来的负向累积变化最剧烈,后者负向累积效应的局部影响程度和偏离度最大;放牧活动引起的负向生态累积效应影响范围最广、总量最大,但局部影响程度最小,生态系统服务功能较其余人类活动更稳定。研究成果可将矿区人类活动引起的生态环境实物量变动转化为价值量描述,为采用货币形式测算矿区生产生活行为的环境损害成本提供可行方法。

新疆煤炭资源-水资源-自然生态地理组合类型划分及生态修复策略

源于不同类型资源配置或要素组合之下所呈现的区域差异性,分区分类、因地制宜是科学实施生态保护修复的题中之义。在新疆,大规模采矿扰动与干旱脆弱生态环境的空间耦合所导致的土地退化问题严峻,而资源禀赋及生态环境差异又决定了不同矿区生态问题及保护修复措施的差异将是一种必然,但尚缺乏保护修复分类方案的理论与实践探索。为此,尝试从“煤炭资源-水资源-自然生态地理(简称CR-WR-PGE)”的不同组合类型出发,对新疆5个煤炭基地所涉及的矿区进行分类,进而提出差异化的生态保护修复策略。结果表明:(1)基于CR-WR-PGE的定性关联分析,构建了基于空间叠置法的CR-WR-PGE组合类型划分理念及概念模型,提出了包括3个方面、5项指标叠置的简化划分方式。(2)以5个煤炭基地为例,共划分出69种CR-WR-PGE组合类型,其中准东、吐哈、伊犁、库拜、和丰分别有15、17、25、33、24种不同的组合类型,并较为系统的分析了5个煤炭基地各自组合类型的主要特征。(3)结合CR-WR-PGE不同组合类型的共性与特性提出了新疆矿区三级分类体系,包括戈壁荒漠矿区、荒漠草原矿区和绿洲矿区3个Ⅰ级类,并细化为6个Ⅱ级类和17个Ⅲ级类。(4)基于Ⅰ级类划分结果,提出差异化的生态保护修复策略,其中戈壁荒漠矿区可适当放宽对于植被恢复的要求,并重视规模性砾幕层重构;荒漠草原矿区则可通过引导型修复模式,消除或减少人类活动负面扰动来促进土地生态系统要素的自我恢复;绿洲矿区在生态保护方面仍需由政府规划主导,但生态修复方面可允许资本有序注入矿山生态修复领域,探索建立多元市场化修复机制。未来,建议在矿区生态保护修复领域树立CR-WR-PGE组合类型这一新理念,既可为“一矿一策”提供边界和指导,又能为维护区域生态安全提供科学依据。

江西省兴国县矿山生态修复对生态系统服务影响研究

本文以兴国县和兴国县矿山生态修复区为研究对象,基于GIS空间分析技术,建立生态系统服务物质量评估模型,评估兴国县和兴国县矿山生态修复区2019年和2021年生态系统服务物质量,探讨矿山修复区修复前后土地利用类型变化对生态系统服务的影响。研究结果显示:兴国县2021年五项生态系统服务较2019年有所下降;从空间分布上看,粮食生产服务分布广泛,高低值分布较为零散,水源涵养服务高值集中于兴国县北部和东北部,土壤保持服务高值较少,分布于兴国县中南部,固碳服务与释氧服务高值则集中于兴国县中部;兴国县矿山生态修复区修复后采矿用地转为耕地与林地,区域内粮食生产量增加了6.17 t,固碳量增加了246992.43 t·C,释氧量增加了187892.85 t·O_(2),土壤保持量增加了5.79 t,水源涵养量减少了3.913×10^(7)m^(3)。研究表明矿山生态修复区的生态修复工程很大程度上导致了土地利用现状发生变化,从而影响区域内的生态环境。耕地、林地对区域生态系统服务贡献显著。

浙北平原河网地区典型湖漾水生态健康评价体系构建

文章针对不同现状生境特征水生态系统缺乏差异性评价标准的需求,选取浙江北部平原河网地区作为研究区域,基于平原河网中的典型湖漾水生态系统功能结构、区域特征,提出其水生态健康评价理论框架,涵盖物理生境健康、水质健康、沉积物健康和水生生物群落健康4大要素,涉及13项评价指标。遵循“以现行标准规范为先、以现有研究成果为鉴”的原则,明确每项指标的评分标准,采用综合评价法确定湖漾水生态健康评价等级,构建了一套科学适用的典型湖漾水生态健康评价体系,以期为浙北地区平原河网中典型湖漾的水生态系统健康评价与管理提供理论支撑。

祁连山南麓露天矿区高寒草地植被生态系统稳定性研究——以青海木里-聚乎更矿区为例

高寒草原矿区生态安全问题一直备受关注,开展高寒草原矿区植被生态系统稳定性研究,能够深刻揭示露天采矿活动及其生态修复工程对高寒草原矿区植被生态系统的影响。以祁连山南麓青海木里-聚乎更矿区为研究区,通过分析煤矿开采前至修复完成后2002—2022年共9期Landsat遥感影像,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据的网格化处理,以NDVI的均值(μ)、均方差(σ)和相对涨落值(δ)3个植被稳定性指数为依据,开展煤矿露天开采与整治修复过程对矿区植被生态系统稳定性的影响研究,揭示煤矿开采前至修复治理后全生命周期矿区植被生态系统变异性与稳定性特征,并对比两次生态修复的效果。结果表明:①矿区天然草地背景区植被生态系统处于宏观稳定状态,NDVI相对涨落值δ<0.45;②与天然草地背景区相比,煤矿开采后矿区NDVI相对涨落值明显增加,与背景区阈值的差值可达0.97,说明矿区植被生态系统失稳;③2015—2017年第一次修复治理后,矿区NDVI相对涨落值未能有效降低,该值范围为0.28~1.10,覆土+人工建植在高寒草原矿区修复效果不显著;④2020—2022年第二次修复治理后,矿区植被生态系统稳定性明显改善,治理区NDVI相对涨落值降低至与天然草地背景区相似水平(0.07~0.59),矿区植被生态系统稳定性排序为矿区坑底平台>矿区矿坑斜坡>矿区渣山;⑤土壤改良显著提高了各地形条件下植被生态系统的稳定性,促进植被正向演替,地形是影响矿区植被生态恢复的主要因子,可通过优化矿区渣山与阴坡斜坡的治理措施来进一步提升矿山受损植被生态系统的恢复效率。研究成果可为我国高寒草原矿区的资源合理开发和生态建设提供科学依据。

煤炭开采对生态环境的扰动特征分析及生态修复技术

为了提高中国矿山生态修复水平,针对煤炭开采对生态环境的扰动机理不清及生态修复技术不完善的问题,剖析了煤炭开采对生态环境的扰动特征,并梳理了现有的生态修复技术。煤炭开采对生态环境的扰动特征包括扰动周期漫长、扰动范围广泛、扰动对象复杂(土地、水资源、大气,植被)、时空异质性强。目前,煤矿区最主要且最有效的生态修复技术包括地貌重塑、土壤重构和植被重建(物种筛选技术、物种配置技术和种植技术),这些技术应作为未来研究的重点。总体来看,中国仍面临着废弃矿山数量多,生态问题类型杂,生态修复难度大的问题,未来仍需进一步认识煤矿开采对生态环境的扰动特征、扰动规律、损伤传导机制和扩散规律,以促进新生态修复技术的研发。

平朔矿区生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系

深入研究区域生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系,对实现生态环境保护与社会经济发展“双赢”具有重要意义.以平朔矿区为研究区域,以生态系统服务为研究对象,基于价值当量法和权衡协同度,对平朔矿区生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)1990年—2020年平朔矿区生态系统服务价值减少了3806.96×10^(4)元,其中水源涵养减少最大(2091.01×10^(4)元);(2)1990年—2020年平朔矿区生态系统服务以协同为主(占80.25%),水源涵养与其他生态系统服务的协同度最大,而保持土壤与其他生态系统服务的权衡度最大.定量评估生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系,有助于矿区生态管理科学化、生态效益最大化.