Elaidic acid leads to mitochondrial dysfunction via mitochondria-associated membranes triggers disruption of mitochondrial calcium fluxes

Elaidic acid(EA)stimulation can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS),accompanied by a large release of Ca^(2+),and ultimately the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in Kupffer cells(KCs).Mitochondrial instability or dysfunction may be the key stimulating factors to activate NLRP3 inflammasome,and sustained Ca^(2+)transfer can result in mitochondrial dysfunction.We focused on KCs to explore the damage to mitochondria by EA.After EA stimulation,cells produced an oxidative stress(OS)response with a significant increase in ROS release.Immunoprecipitation experiments and the addition of inhibitors revealed that the increase in the level of intracellular Ca^(2+)led to Ca^(2+)accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix via mitochondria-associated membranes(MAMs).This was accompanied by a significant release of m ROS,loss of MMP and ATP,and a significant increase in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening,ultimately leading to mitochondrial instability.These findings confirmed the mechanism that EA induced mitochondrial Ca^(2+)imbalance in KCs via MAM,ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.Meanwhile,EA induced OS and the decrease of MMP and ATP in rat liver,and significant lesions were found in liver mitochondria.Swelling of the inner mitochondrial cristae and mitochondrial vacuolization occurred,with a marked increase in lipid droplets.

Progress of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum-associated signaling and its regulation of chronic liver disease by Chinese medicine

The endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is connected to mitochondria through mitochondria-associated ER membranes(MAMs).MAMs provide a framework for crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria,playing a crucial role in regulating cellular calcium balance,lipid metabolism,and cell death.Dysregulation of MAMs is involved in the development of chronic liver disease(CLD).In CLD,changes in MAMs structure and function occur due to factors such as cellular stress,inflammation,and oxidative stress,leading to abnormal interactions between mitochondria and the ER,resulting in liver cell injury,fibrosis,and impaired liver function.Traditional Chinese medicine has shown some research progress in regulating MAMs signaling and treating CLD.This paper reviews the literature on the association between mitochondria and the ER,as well as the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating CLD.

Mitochondrial Membranes Restitution Proceeds via Vesicular Import from ER and Cytosol. Counterparts’ Resemblances and Variances in Mitochondria and Golgi Pathways

The processes of mitochondrial restitution are controlled by nuclear genes that encode proteins synthesized in ER and cytosol and delivered as organelle- and membrane-specific transport vesicles. The analysis of the transporters recovered from inner mitochondrial space (Mitosol) revealed that the ER-synthesized mitochondria-specific transport vesicles consist of two carriers, one remaining in outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), and the other that transfers specific membrane segments to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). The ER-assembled and IMM-committed membrane segments, while first integrated into OMM, undergo intra-mitochondrial lipid modification reflected in the synthesis of cardiolipin (CL) and inversion into Mitosol with load of IMM associated cytosolic proteins. Then, the CL-bedecked vesicles are released from OMM to Mitosol and upon contact with IMM fuse with the membrane, and the release of cytosolic cargo ensues. While ER-assembled mitochondria-specific transport vesicles fuse with OMM with the aid of the cytosolic, phosphatidylglycerol (PG)-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the Mitosol-contained CL-specific PLA guides vesicles fusion with IMM. The described path of translocation of the membrane segments and the cytosol synthesized proteins into the designated mitochondrial compartments sustains growth and identity of OMM, IMM, maintains protein delivery for intra-mitochondrial lipid and protein modification in Mitosol, and ensures conformity of the cytosolic proteins cargo delivered to matrix.

The Flow of Information from Nucleus to Golgi Is Contingent upon Nuclear Membrane Synthesis and Protraction of the Ceramide-Containing Membrane to Endoplasmic Reticulum

The nucleus-initiated augmentation of ER membrane is reflected in a coordinated synthesis and intercalation of the explicit proteins and lipids required for the replacement, repair and function of the cell and its organelles. The direct connection between nucleus and the membranes containing labeled sphingosine (SphN) and ceramide (Cer) was affirmed by determining synthetic activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The SPT and the newly synthesized serine-labeled lipid products were identified in the Outer- and Inner-Nuclear Membrane (ONM, INM) and ER. The pulse-chase experiments disclosed that the incorporation of radiolabeled lipids into both nuclear membranes declined upon their simultaneous increase in Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). These results, and prior findings regarding metabolic transfer of nuclear membrane phosphoinositides to the outer leaflet of ER [Slomiany and Slomiany, Health, 2011, 3, 187-199], allowed us to reason that INM and ONM are not distinct entities, but uninterrupted continuum facing nucleosol and then cytosol when protracted into segment known as ER. Consequently, the identification of SPT and its products in the inner leaflet of nuclear and ER microsomes lent credence to the luminal presence of Cer in Golgi, luminal synthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSphLs), sphingomyelin (SM), and their delivery to the outer leaflet of apical and basolateral cell membrane, respectively. The findings presented in this communication provide further support to our concept that the factual intercalation of proteins and lipids into the cell membranes can only take place during their simultaneous synthesis that is guided by the nuclear and cytosolic processes enacted in nuclear-ER membrane continuum. At the nuclear stage, the signal-specific genes expression promotes active synthesis and intercalation of lipids into the organelles’ customized membrane that is protracted and articulated in ER in form of transport vesicles.

Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER-transport vesicles built and restore outer mitochondrial membrane and deliver nuclear DNA translation products to generate cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) an important membrane phospholipid required for the synthesis of diphos-phatidylglycerol (DPG) commonly known as cardiolipin (CL) was identified in the fraction of endo-plasmic reticulum (ER)-derived transport vesicles which had no affinity for Golgi. The vesicles were produced in the presence of Brefeldin A (BFA), the agent known to inhibit ER-Golgi transport, and found to display affinity to mitochondria. The analysis revealed that their cargo was not containing proteins that are transported to Golgi, and that their membrane was free of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and ceramides (Cer). The incubation of PG-containing transport vesicles with mitochondria afforded incorporation of their membrane into the Outer Mito-chondrial Membrane (OMM) and formation of lyso-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG). In turn, upon further incubation with fresh transport active cytosol, the mitochondrial LPG was converted to PG. The results of analysis of the OMM, Inner Mitochondrial Mem-brane (IMM) and Inner Mitochondrial Space Components (IMSC) strongly suggest that PG-containing transport vesicles deliver nuclear DNA translation products to the IMSC and thus facilitate CL synthesis in the IMM. In summary, our studies provide evidence that ER-generated PG-enriched transport vesicles represent the general pathway for restitution of mitochondrial membranes and the delivery of nuclear DNA translation products that generate CL, and thus sustain the mitochondrial matrix CL-dependent metabolic reactions.

线粒体相关内质网膜及其在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中作用的研究进展

一直以来,细胞器被认为具有各自特异的组成和结构,独立发挥作用。现在越来越多研究表明,相邻的不同细胞器之间可以通过蛋白-蛋白或蛋白-脂质形成膜接触点,从而发生相互作用。线粒体相关内质网膜(mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes,MAMs)是线粒体与内质网之间相互接触的膜结构,多种蛋白富集在MAMs上,对内质网和线粒体之间的物质交流及二者的功能,起严格的调控作用。在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,MIRI)中,MAMs参与线粒体分裂、线粒体自噬、氧化应激、钙失衡等一系列关键的病理进程,对病情的发展、转归起着极为重要的作用,是一个很有希望的治疗靶点。该文着重于MAMs的结构、功能和其对MIRI进程调控方面的研究进展,进行一个详细的综述。

黄芪甲苷对被动型Heymann肾炎大鼠PERK通路的影响

目的:观察黄芪甲苷对被动型Heymann肾炎大鼠PERK通路的影响。方法:用羊抗大鼠Fx1A抗体血清尾静脉注射制备被动型Heymann肾炎大鼠模型。40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、黄芪甲苷低剂量组、黄芪甲苷高剂量组和贝那普利组。造模成功后各治疗组灌胃给药4周。定期检测24 h尿蛋白定量。4周后处死所有大鼠,采血检测血清白蛋白,PASM染色观察肾组织病理学改变,免疫组化检测肾组织磷酸化蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(p-PERK)、磷酸化真核细胞翻译起始因子2α(p-e IF2α)的表达,Western blot检测肾组织中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的表达。结果:模型组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量较正常对照组显著升高(P<0.05),并随着时间推移蛋白尿逐渐增多,至4周后达到高峰。在给药4周后,与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠肾组织p-PERK、p-e IF2α、GRP78表达明显升高,血清白蛋白明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,黄芪甲苷高剂量组及贝那普利组大鼠24 h尿蛋白显著减少,肾组织p-PERK、p-e IF2α、GRP78表达显著减少,血清白蛋白显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪甲苷可能通过抑制内质网应激(ERS)中的PERK通路缓解被动型Heymann肾炎大鼠肾脏损伤。

Evaluation of Estrogenic Receptor (ER) and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Agonists in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Using SPMD-Based Virtual Organisms

The evaluation of estrogenic activities and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in water from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) China was conducted by in vitro bioassays combined with SPMD-based virtual organisms (VO). VOs were deployed at seven sites in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China for two periods in 2009. The estrogenic activity was assessed using a rapid yeast estrogen bioassay, based on the expression of a green fluorescent reporter protein (yEGFP). The AhR activity was detected employing rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE). The results indicate that AhR agonists distributed widely in water of TGR and almost homogenously distributed in most area of TGR. Weak antiestrogenic activities were also found homogenously distributed in water of TGR. Further studies are needed to determine the identities of these estrogenic compounds and AhR agonists and their potential adverse effects on wild biota in TGR.

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex subunit Emc6 is essential for rhodopsin localization and photoreceptor cell survival

The endoplasmic reticulum(ER)membrane protein complex(EMC)is responsible for monitoring the biogenesis and synthetic quality of membrane proteins with tail-anchored or multiple transmembrane domains.The EMC subunit EMC6 is one of the core members of EMC and forms an enclosed hydrophilic vestibule in cooperation with EMC3.Despite studies demonstrating that deletion of EMC3 led to rhodopsin mislocalization in rod photoreceptors of mice,the precise mechanism leading to the failure of rhodopsin trafficking remains unclear.Here,we generated the first rod photoreceptor-specific knockout of Emc6(RKO)and cone photoreceptor-specific knockout of Emc6(CKO)mouse models.Deficiency of Emc6 in rod photoreceptors led to progressive shortening of outer segments(OS),impaired visual function,mislocalization and reduced expression of rhodopsin,and increased gliosis in rod photoreceptors.In addition,CKO mice displayed the progressive death of cone photoreceptors and abnormal localization of cone opsin protein.Subsequently,proteomics analysis of the RKO mouse retina illustrated that several cilium-related proteins,particularly anoctamin-2(ANO2)and transmembrane protein 67(TMEM67),were significantly down-regulated prior to OS degeneration.Detrimental rod photoreceptor cilia and mislocalized membrane disc proteins were evident in RKO mice.Our data revealed that in addition to monitoring the synthesis of rhodopsin-dominated membrane disc proteins,EMC6 also impacted rod photoreceptors'ciliogenesis by regulating the synthesis of membrane proteins associated with cilia,contributing to the mislocalization of membrane disc proteins.

EGCG对三阴乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖抑制作用及机制

目的探讨表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯[(-)-epigallo-catechin-3-gallate,EGCG]对三阴乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和凋亡的影响及其可能作用机制。方法通过CCK-8实验观察不同浓度EGCG(10、20、40、80、160 mg.L-1)对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的影响;Hoechst33258染色法观察EGCG对MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的影响;JC-1法测定细胞线粒体膜电位;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测caspase-3活性的变化;Western blot法检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose reg-ulatd protein 78,GRP78)和caspase-3蛋白表达变化。结果EGCG能明显抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖,且随EGCG浓度的增加和作用时间的延长而增强,EGCG作用MDA-MB-231细胞12、24、48 h的IC50分别为69.1、40.4、29.4 mg.L-1。EGCG作用MDA-MB-231细胞24 h后,细胞出现体积变小、染色质聚集、细胞核边缘化等典型的凋亡形态学改变,且随EGCG浓度的增加,MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡率逐渐增加,线粒体膜电位明显降低,caspase-3活性明显增强,West-ern blot结果显示EGCG可抑制GRP78蛋白表达,增强活性caspase-3蛋白表达。结论 EGCG能够促进MDA-MB-231凋亡,其机制可能与内质网应激(Endoplasmic reticulumstress,ERS)引起的caspase-3激活有关。

钙敏感受体通过调控线粒体内钙参与心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤所致的凋亡

目的探究在心肌缺血-再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)过程中,钙敏感受体(calcium sensing receptor,CaR)参与IP3通路引起肌浆网的内钙耗竭,从而导致线粒体凋亡通路活化的机制。方法在培养的乳鼠心肌细胞模拟缺氧-复氧,应用IP3信号通路不同抑制剂激动CaR后观察线粒体内钙的变化,检测对线粒体势能的影响。结果 Hoechst 33342染色法分析发现凋亡细胞呈现典型的染色质浓缩成团块状。细胞凋亡率在H-Re组(33±6)%、Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组(31±5)%和Gd+Ni+Cd+H-Re组(34±3)%明显高于NPS-2390+Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组(20±4)%、2-APB+Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组(18±4)%和Ru+Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组(23±5)%。线粒体内钙浓度和线粒体膜电位的检测结果显示:在Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组,线粒体内钙浓度显著升高,线粒体膜电位明显下降;在2-APB+Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组,线粒体内钙浓度维持在较低水平,线粒体膜电位维持在较高水平。应用Ruthenium red(线粒体钙单向转运体的抑制剂),观察线粒体内钙浓度变化。结果发现,在Ru+Ca+Ni+Cd+H-Re组,线粒体内钙维持在较低的水平,而线粒体膜电位维持在较高的水平。结论钙敏感受体通过线粒体-肌浆网膜引起线粒体内钙增加,激活线粒体凋亡途径而导致心肌细胞凋亡。

羊膜移植联合板层角膜移植术治疗蚕蚀性角膜溃疡

目的观察羊膜移植联合板层角膜移植术治疗蚕蚀性角膜溃疡的临床效果。方法采用羊膜移植联合板层角膜移植术治疗蚕蚀性角膜溃疡患者15例(16眼),术后辅以地塞米松及环孢霉素A眼液局部治疗,观察羊膜植片生长情况、视力及病情有无复发。术后随访10～18(平均12)月。结果15例(16眼)蚕蚀性角膜溃疡患者术后均未见角膜病变复发,羊膜植片生长良好,未见脱落及溶解,无新生血管长入,视力有不同程度的提高。结论羊膜移植联合板层角膜移植术可有效治疗蚕蚀性角膜溃疡,防止病变复发。

浸矿细菌表面性质研究

为了探索浸矿细菌的吸附机理 ,提高生物冶金运作中的金属回收率 ,对浸矿细菌的表面性质进行了研究。在对硫培养的T .f(Thiobacillusferrooxidans)进行透射电镜 (TEM )观察时发现在它们的吸附面形成了外膜泡 ,而在铁培养的细菌中未观察到外膜泡。外膜泡仅在存在固体矿物的基质中形成 ,说明它在浸矿细菌吸附至矿物过程中起着十分重要的作用 ;用电镜细胞化学方法证实了浸矿细菌表面存在着脂类、多糖和蛋白质等物质 ,并阐明了它们在吸附过程中的作用 ;用FTIR法证实了T .f表面存在着—CONH—、OH、CH3 、CH2 等基团及C -O键。分析了这些基团在吸附过程中的作用。

C末端缺失NR2B亚单位表达载体的构建及其在NMDA受体装配研究中的应用

目的 :研究 NMDA受体 NR2 B亚单位细胞内 C末端 ,在 NR1- 1a/ NR2 B亚型 NMDA受体装配和表面表达中的作用。方法 :构建 C末端不同缺失和 GFP标记的 NR2 B亚单位表达载体 ,单独转染或与 NR1亚单位共转染到 HEK2 93细胞 ,用抗 GFP多克隆抗体和 Cy3荧光素交联的二抗作活细胞表面受体染色。结果 :成功构建了 8个 C末端不同缺失的 GFP- NR2 B表达质粒 (GFP- NR2 BΔ1～Δ 8)。将 GFP- NR1- 1a,GFP- NR2 B及 GFP- NR2 BΔ 1～Δ 8分别单独转染 HEK2 93细胞 ,不能获得达细胞膜表面的表达。而将这些质粒分别与 NR1- 1a共转染 2 93细胞 ,发现 GFP - NR2 B及 C末端部分缺失的 GFP- NR2 BΔ1～Δ6 ,均能与 NR1- 1a一起表达于细胞膜表面 ,而仅留有 PDZ结合基序的 GFP- NR2 BΔ7和 C末端全长缺失的 GFP- NR2 BΔ8,则不能与 NR1- 1a一起表达于细胞膜表面。结论 :NR1- 1a与 NR2 B的共表达和装配 ,是形成 NR1- 1a/ NR2 B亚型 NMDA受体并表达于细胞表面的必要条件。NR2 B与 NR1- 1a装配时 ,NR2 B对 NR1- 1a C1盒中内质网滞留基序的遮蔽和阻滞作用 ,并不依赖于 NR2 B C末端某一特定的区域 ,相反可能仅要求有一定长度的 NR2 B C末端。

内质网膜复合亚基3调控内质网应激影响人畸胎瘤细胞的存活

内质网膜蛋白复合物(endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex, EMC)在跨膜蛋白质的生物发生和膜整合中发挥重要作用。内质网膜复合亚基3(endoplasmic reticulum membrane complex 3,EMC3)是EMC的重要组成部分,但其在生殖细胞中发挥的作用未见报道。本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR法检测18周龄小鼠睾丸、肺、脾、下丘脑组织中的EMC3 mRNA表达水平差异。结果显示,小鼠睾丸中EMC3 mRNA表达水平较高。体外培养人畸胎癌细胞NCCIT,通过不同浓度衣霉素诱导细胞产生内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),应用实时荧光定量PCR法、蛋白质印迹法检测其中EMC3、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulatory protein, GRP78)、CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, CHOP)的mRNA及其蛋白质表达水平。结果显示,相对于对照组,EMC3、GRP78、CHOP的mRNA与蛋白质水平表达极显著升高(P<0.01),表明衣霉素成功诱导了NCCIT细胞产生内质网应激,EMC3在衣霉素诱导的内质网应激的精原细胞中,mRNA与蛋白质水平表达升高。以NCCIT细胞cDNA为模板,利用PCR法扩增EMC3基因片段,并将其与pRK5-myc载体连接,构建pRK5-myc-EMC3重组质粒,经双酶切鉴定及DNA测序表明:pRK5-myc-EMC3重组质粒构建成功。将重组质粒和空载体分别转染至NCCIT细胞中进行表达,应用实时荧光定量PCR法与CCK8法检测细胞中GRP78、CHOP的mRNA转录水平以及细胞活力。结果显示,EMC3转染组的GRP78、CHOP的mRNA水平表达显著升高(P<0.05),细胞活性极显著降低(P<0.01),表明EMC3可以在NCCIT细胞中调控内质网应激并抑制细胞存活的发生。综上表明,过表达EMC3能够在精原细胞中调控内质网应激抑制细胞存活,EMC3可能在精原细胞的内质网应激中发挥重要作用。

浅谈自粘橡胶沥青防水卷材粘结层的配方设计思想

介绍了自粘橡胶沥青防水卷材粘结层的配方设计思想,分析了胶粘剂的组成。

克痛药膜中元胡大黄姜黄血竭的薄层色谱研究

目的:研究克痛药膜中的元胡、血竭、姜黄、大黄4味中药的薄层色谱。方法:采用薄层色谱法,在硅胶G薄层板上,以环己烷-丙酮(8∶2)为展开剂,鉴别元胡;以石油醚(60～90℃)-乙醚(3∶2)为展开剂,鉴别大黄;以三氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸(96∶4∶0.7)为展开剂为展开剂,鉴别姜黄;以三氯甲烷-甲醇(19∶1)为展开剂,鉴别血竭。结果:依据正文所述方法,薄层展开后,色谱斑点显色清晰,分离效果好,与对照药材显色一致。结论:依据正文所述方法,针对元胡、血竭、姜黄、大黄4味中药,其薄层色谱图的检出成分消除了其它成分的干扰,专属性强,重现性好,方法简便,可以作为该制剂质量控制的检测标准。

乳状液膜法分离钬、铒的研究

采用乳状液膜法全分离１５种单一稀土元素的系统性研究的最后两个元素钬与铒的分离在前期研究的基础上，采用Ｐ５０７－ＬＭＳ－２－磺化煤油－ＨＣｌ液膜体系，研究了各主要影响因素，在最佳实验条件下，经三级分离。

健骨二仙丸对人工关节周围界膜TNF-α表达的影响

目的探讨中药健骨二仙丸对体外培养假体周围界膜TNF-α表达的抑制作用,为健骨二仙丸防治假体周围骨溶解提供科学依据。方法将备用的人工关节周围界膜组织培养液加入实验用大鼠含中药健骨二仙丸生药含药血清中,分空白对照组,健骨二仙丸组、固邦组,各组又分别分10%、20%两个浓度亚组,共计6个组,每组8个培养孔,各组添加空白血清或含药血清后在5%CO_2、37℃饱和湿度下培养72h。取上清液,用ELISA法测定TNF-α的含量,上述界膜组织标本同时做细菌培养。结果48个培养孔中的组织培养均成功,全部进入结果分析。①TNF-α水平:10%与20%空白对照组比较差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。10%健骨二仙丸组与空白对照各组相比差异无显著意义(P>0.05);20%健骨二仙丸组低于空白对照各组(P<0.05)。10%与20%固邦组低于空白对照各组(P<0.05和P<0.01)。20%健骨二仙丸组与10%和20%固邦组比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。②人工关节周围界膜组织细菌培养结果为阴性。结论健骨二仙丸能够抑制磨损颗粒诱导的假体周围界膜细胞因子的分泌,进而阻止假体周围破骨细胞性骨溶解,对假体无菌性松动可能具有较好的防治作用。