Research on Mixed Ownership Reform of State-Owned Enterprises from the Perspective of Marxist Political Economy

Under China’s socialist system,state-owned enterprises are key forces driving the economic trajectory and providing strong momentum.These enterprises not only bear the crucial responsibility of advancing the process of national modernization but also serve as the core of the national economic lifeline through their irreplaceable status and function amidst changing times.In the new era,with the advent of the technological revolution and the wave of globalization,state-owned enterprises face unprecedented opportunities and challenges.As a significant aspect of state-owned enterprise reform,the mixed ownership reform is not only a transformation in the structure of enterprise ownership but also a reflection of China’s broader,comprehensive reform efforts.By deeply advancing this reform,it will help optimize the allocation of state-owned assets and significantly boost technological and management innovation within state-owned enterprises,ensuring their competitiveness in the intense market environment.Therefore,this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis of the mixed ownership reform of state-owned enterprises from the perspective of Marxist political economy.

Research on Financial Performance of State-owned Enterprise Mixed Ownership Reform

Mixed ownership is an important form of realization of China＇s economic system reform and development, and it is also the main direction of state-owned enterprise reform. In order to further promote the deepening of the reform of mixed ownership, this paper randomly selects 200 listed state-owned enterprises as research objects, and studies the trends of the financial performance of these enterprises from the mixed state-owned enterprises and non-mixed-modification enterprises in the five years from 2013 to 2017, and compares their various trends. Financial indicators, a comprehensive evaluation of the problems and causes in the reform of the mixed ownership system, and then propose countermeasures to further deepen the reform of mixed ownership based on the research conclusions.

Game analysis of control right of state-owned shares under the background of the mixed ownership

Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18 th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the concept of the mixed ownership economy has received extensive attention from all sectors of society, which has effect on a coming new round of reformation on enterprise property. However, in order to take control of the state-owned shares in the end making the state ownership economy become the principal position and to enlarge the scale of state-owned shares, which guides the common development with the non-public sectors of the economy, how to determine the proportion of state-owned shares? Under the background of the mixed ownership reformation, the article explains the mixed ownership by explaining how to enlarge the state-owned assets controlling scale and how to improve the stateowned company 'economic effi ciency and how to protect the interests of small shareholders. The final conclusion is that the SASAC should use the thinking of relative holdings, instead of the absolute control thinking, and should make use of the games among the large shareholders and the pyramidal ownership structure to make the pattern of ownership diversify.

STUDY OF REENGINEERING THE STOCK EQUITY STRUCTURE IN CHINESE STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE REFORM

In this paper,it is first briefly described the basic situation and current policies of state owned enterprise reform in China.Then the major issues in the reform process are identified,the possible solutions in terms of reengineering stock equity structure and state share circulation are discussed,and finally some suggestions are made for the further state owned enterprise reform.Basing on the theory on the modern corporation system,relevant experiences of market economy nations and the practice of Chinese enterprise system reform.The approaches to determine the proportion of state share in the future corporations are proposed.Since the public ownership is not ideologically appropriate,the establishment of social security fund and mutual fund investment companies are suggested as new and acceptable pattern of public ownership.It is believed that these companies will be the major institutional shareholders in the future corporations.Their stock equity structure would mainly consist of institutional shareholders,which will be both consistent with international norms of modern corporations and with socialist public ownership with Chinese characteristics.

Impact of State Equity Participation on Family Enterprises’ Innovation Input

Whether the mixed-ownership reform whereby the state invests in nonstate enterprises will be effective is a question that has attracted widespread attention and discussion.This paper uses sample data from family-owned enterprises listed from 2009 to 2016 and empirically tests the impact of equity participation by the state in the family enterprises on their innovation input and the underlying mechanisms.Our results show that state investment has positive impacts on innovation input in the family enterprises.This effect is even more significant for high-tech family enterprises and/or those family enterprises confronting high policy uncertainty.Our results also reveal that when state investment is accompanied by a greater degree of state participation in enterprise operations or when the investment originates locally,there is a greater increase in innovation input.Further analysis of the underlying mechanisms reveals that state investment increases innovation input by increasing both willingness to innovate and the resources available for innovation.This paper provides new theoretical support and empirical evidence for pushing the mixed-ownership reform and stepping up the sustainable development of non-state enterprises including family ones.

Tasks and Priorities for Comprehensively Deepening Reform of China’s State Sector of Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of China＇s comprehensive deepening of reform. The basic objective of comprehensively deepening reform of the state sector of economy in the new chapter is to fully integrate this sector with a sophisticated market economic system with the market playing the decisive role in resource allocation. In order to achieve this objective, China is confronted with the four major priorities of adjusting the functions and layout of the state sector of economy according to national mandates, expediting the mixed ownership reform, creating a classified and multi- tiered new system for the administration of the sector, and developing a modern corporate system for SOEs to ensure an efficient micro-level governance mechanism for the sector. （1） The functions of the different types of SOEs should be accurately defined and SOEs should be divided into the three types of public policy SOEs, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs. This classification forms the premises for reforming the state sector of economy. Based on the functions of the three types of SOEs, the directions and emphases for strategic adjustment should differ as well. （2） The mixed ownership reform should adhere to the methodological principles of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, implementing pilot programs, and promoting coordinated progress. Practical implementation should ensure fair and standard reform procedures, reform programs consistent with laws and regulations, open and fair equity transfers, as well as fair and transparent internal distributions. The mixed ownership reform of SOEs should introduce the employee stock ownership system and adhere to the principles of compatible incentives, shared growth, and long-term development. Monopolistic sectors should be transformed into competitive market structures to create conditions for the implementation of mixed ownership for SOEs. （3） The new system for the administration of the state sector of economy should comprise three hierarchies： the Commission for the Administration of State Economy at the top level, state capital operation companies or state capital investment companies at the intermediate level and general for-profit enterprises at the bottom level, which administer public policy, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs respectively. （4） Under the new system for the administration of the state sector of economy characterized by the three hierarchies and categories, the key for perfecting the modern corporate system of SOEs is to establish a differentiated, classified governance mechanism, i.e., different corporate governance mechanisms should be created for SOEs of different functions and roles.

The “China model” of SOE reform and its challenges

Editorial Note I Reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has always been an important issue in economic and state policy circles.Through 30 years of reform,beginning in1978,China’s SOEs have achieved remarkable success.

国企混改何以“改机制”“合优势”?——制度变迁视角下混合所有制并购研究

推动国有企业机制改革,实现国有资本与民营资本的优势融合,既是混合所有制改革的初衷,也是其核心挑战所在。本文基于制度变迁理论,探讨了如何在混合所有制改革中“改机制”“合优势”,并分析了其中的重点和难点。本文将混合所有制并购作为国有企业混合所有制改革的代理变量,将并购后企业绩效的提高作为衡量改革绩效的代理变量,实证检验了混合所有制并购对国有企业混合所有制改革绩效的影响。结果显示,混合所有制并购显著提高了国有企业混合所有制改革绩效,并购中引入的民营资本比例越多,混合所有制改革绩效越高,国有企业高管跨体制联结正向调节了混合所有制并购及民营资本引入比例对混合所有制改革绩效的提高效应。进一步研究发现,在不同制度环境下,混合所有制改革的效果存在差异:在市场化水平高的省份、民营经济规模大的行业,以及在金字塔层级长的国有企业中,由于市场逻辑的合法性更高,更有利于国有企业引入、实施、遵循和整合市场机制,从而提高国有企业混合所有制改革绩效。此外,混合所有制并购对累积超额回报率有正向影响,这反映了市场对此类并购活动的积极评价。

Building State-owned Assets Supervision System and Conducting Mixed Ownership Reforms to Reinforce Each Other’s Collaboration

Improving the state-owned assets supervision system(SOASS)can effectively get over the defects of systems and mechanisms and further promote the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises(SOEs);and the deepening of the reform can advance the change of the SOASS to the supervision on capital.By analyzing the relationship between the SOASS and the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises,we have found that collaborative promotion of the change of the SOASS to the supervision on capital and promotion of the reform of mixed ownership can do good to ameliorating the corporate management mechanism,improving the market-oriented management mechanism of enterprises and completing the medium-and long-term incentive mechanisms,etc.to enhance business operation efficiency.Due to such prevailing problems as relative dispersion and vagueness of the policies relating to deepening the reform of SOEs,inconsistent progress of the reform of state-owned assets(SOAs)and SOEs,and corporate reform focusing on apprence,improving the SOASS and deepening collaborative development of the reform of mixed ownership of SOEs are hindered by some constraints.To construct and improve the SOASS and the reform of mixed ownership collaboratively,we should make efforts to promote the reform in the following five aspects,namely,placing importance to policy coordination,boosting synchronism of the reform of SOAs and SOEs at different levels and in different areas to coordinate the nationwide reform of SOAs and SOEs,facilitating reform of the mechanism of enterprises of mixed ownership through mixed capital,and promoting the SOASS and stimulating classified monitoring and reform of mixed ownership based on classified reform of SOEs.

国有企业改革与人力资本结构优化

人力资本是第一生产要素,做强做优做大国有企业很大程度上受制于人力资本这一约束条件。本文将2016年《中央企业深化改革瘦身健体工作方案》作为外生政策冲击,构建双重差分模型,系统检验了瘦身健体改革对企业人力资本结构的影响及作用机制。结果发现,相比政策推出之前,瘦身健体改革方案实施显著优化了国有企业的人力资本结构,高技能劳动力占比增加4.35%。机制检验结果显示,瘦身健体改革主要通过提高企业技术创新水平和提升企业ESG表现两条路径优化国有企业人力资本结构。异质性检验结果显示,在资产专用性较低、数字化进程较快、产品市场竞争较强以及资本市场关注度较高的国有企业中瘦身健体改革显著优化企业人力资本结构的现象更为明显。本研究不仅丰富和拓展了国有企业改革经济后果与劳动经济学方面的研究文献,而且对全面认识国有企业以何种路径提升新质生产力和核心竞争力以及后续改革向何处着力的相关政策制定具有重要的理论和现实意义。

高管声誉对国企高管薪酬影响研究

国有企业在我国经济发展中起到关键的物质保障和政治基础性作用,而国有企业高管薪酬的改革问题一直备受社会公众的广泛关注。文章通过对2012—2020年我国上市国有企业相关数据进行实证分析发现,高管声誉对国企高管薪酬有显著影响作用。这为进行国企高管薪酬改革提供一个思路,能够更好地促进国有企业积极健康稳定发展。

State-owned Enterprises' Outward Investment and the Structural Reform in China

Since China＇s accession to the WTO in 2001, China has been on a steep learning curve in terms of engaging in outward direct investment, and state-owned enterprises （SOEs） have played a predominant role in this drive. We argue that investment overseas by SOEs is a double-edged sword as far as its impact on domestic reform is concerned. Investing overseas offers opportunities to deepen structural reform in China, but such investment could also strengthen the monopoly position of some SOEs, which is inconsistent with the objective of domestic reform. Therefore, it is important for China to deepen domestic reform with respect to competition, ownership and regulations, to maximize the benefits from investing overseas＇. The present paper also discusses how building market-compatible institutions will resuh in increased innovation. This provides opportunities for Chinese firms to effectively catch up with the advanced technologies to remain competitive in overseas markets.

逆向混改助力民企创新——国有资本参股对民营企业双元创新投入的影响研究

逆向混改有利于提高民营企业创新投入吗?以A股民营控股上市公司为样本考察国有资本参股的逆向混改对民营企业双元创新投入的影响后发现:首先,国有资本参股对于民营企业双元创新投入存在异质性影响,即能够显著提高民营企业开发式创新投入,而对探索式创新投入无明显作用(国企“两利一率”考核压力影响了国有资本参股对民营企业探索式创新投入的作用);其次,缓解融资约束与提高风险承担能力是上述关系的作用机制;再次,制度环境、行业竞争和技术董事数量等情境因素会影响国有资本参股对民营企业开发式创新投入的治理效果;最后,国有资本参股能够通过提高开发式创新投入的方式提高民营企业价值。通过揭示国有资本参股对民营企业双元创新投入的影响及其作用机理,回应了国有产权对民营企业创新作用的研究分歧,也拓宽了混合所有制改革思路。

非国有资本参股对国有企业数字化转型的影响研究

国有企业推进数字化转型在促进自身发展升级时也能产生广泛的社会价值。基于2007—2020年上市企业数据,对非国有资本参股与国有企业数字化转型的关系及其内在机理进行实证分析。研究结果表明:国有企业在数字化转型中面临情境式困境,非国有资本参股通过加强企业创新动力、激发高管企业家精神与完善人才激励机制促进数字化转型,从而实现国有经济的高质量发展,但其效果会因国有企业特征、非国有资本特征以及外部环境特征有所差异。

国企改革三年行动收官后国企改革重点方向思路研究

国企是推进中国式现代化的核心主体,是实现中华民族伟大复兴和有效应对世界百年未有之大变局的重要力量。文章重点描述国企改革三年行动取得的主要成绩,通过三年行动破除了一批体制机制障碍,有效解决了一批长期没有解决的难题,在许多重要领域和关键环节实现重塑、重构;同时,阐述了当前国企改革存在的问题,在支撑企业核心竞争力提高和核心功能增强方面还有不足,在支撑中国式现代化建设中还存在诸多体制机制障碍;最后,提出了未来进一步推进国企改革的主要思路。研究得出,要继续通过实施更具战略性、系统性、突破性、实质性的国企改革提升行动,建设中国特色现代新国企,充分发挥在建设现代化产业体系、构建新发展格局中的科技创新、产业控制、安全支撑、国计民生、公共服务功能与作用。

环境规制、所有制结构与技术创新——兼论国企改革的作用

环境保护可以促进资源节约、推动技术进步,因此,基于环境保护优化经济结构成为经济发展的必然趋势。波特假说认为,环境规制在改善环境的同时也推动了企业技术创新和竞争力的提升,能够实现环境保护和经济发展的共赢。本文在控制了市场竞争强度、企业家精神等重要解释变量下,试图回答所有制结构在我国是否影响了波特效应。研究发现,尽管环境规制在一定程度上能促进企业加大技术创新,但从企业经济性质考察,环境规制的波特效应受所有制结构的影响,实际效果被降低了。可能的原因是当前我国的市场竞争环境还不够高效,环境规制对国有企业和民营企业产生了不同的效应,从整体上拖累了企业技术创新。因此有必要加快推进国有企业改革,改善市场竞争环境,依法加强环境规制,降低因企业性质差异而产生的不同环境规制影响。

非国有股东参与治理影响国有企业战略激进度吗?

以2008—2020年国有上市制造企业为样本,手工收集非国有股东控制权数据构建非国有股东参与治理指标,分析股权和控制权非对等配置逻辑下非国有股东参与治理对国有企业战略激进度的影响,分析结果显示二者呈倒U型关系。因此,混合所有制改革不仅仅是股权层面的混合,更要考虑非国有股东控制权比例的合理安排,才能更好地发挥不同所有制资本的协同治理效应。进一步的分析结果显示,高金字塔层级组国有企业、地方国有企业及低市场化程度地区国有企业中的上述关系更为明显。该结论对国有企业混合所有制改革中推动非国有资本融入内部治理机制有一定的参考价值。

国企混改路径创新:从中长期实现共同富裕

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,是中国式现代化的重要特征。推进共同富裕离不开构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制,国有企业作为中国特色社会主义市场经济的根基,促进共同富裕就要稳步推进国有企业混合所有制改革,做强做优做大国有企业。本轮国企混改推动了国有经济与市场经济融合发展,在提高国企运行效率、推动经济增长等方面取得显著成效。但不同的改制路径也暴露出新的问题,员工权益保护不足、效率与公平关系处理不当、绩效薪酬体系不合理等影响着共同富裕的实现进程。从整体上市、引入战略投资者、员工持股、国企债务等方面分析国企混改现存问题对我国共同富裕实现进程产生的影响;并从发挥国企产业引领作用、深化国有经济科技创新驱动效应、找准国企职能定位、健全企业治理结构、优化营商环境、推进分配体系现代化等角度提出政策建议——国企混改应从模式创新入手推动国企高质量发展,在保持经济增长韧性与可持续性的同时,以中长期改善民生为导向,推动中国共同富裕目标尽早实现。