Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) offer unique opportunities for the architecture and construction industry through different approaches with building information modeling (BIM). While VR offers architecture...Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) offer unique opportunities for the architecture and construction industry through different approaches with building information modeling (BIM). While VR offers architecture and construction practitioners the ability to personally experience the built environment in an immersive, MR with its unique ability of overlaying digital information in the real world allows practitioners to perform on-site visualization for construction planning and as-built verification. With their similar but distinct characteristics, VR and MR offer a variety of functionality to the architecture and construction industry that often confuses practitioners on what to choose to best fit their needs. To clarify this confusion, this paper investigates the available technologies of VR and MR in terms of both hardware and software and compares the functionality between the two for architecture and construction uses. While VR hardware has been developed into three categories based on their connection types and tracking methods, MR hardware has mainly focused on standalone devices. Eight VR software and nine MR software have been identified, investigated, and compared. This paper provides the latest information for architecture and construction practitioners on how VR and MR hardware and software work similarly and differently.展开更多
The short-term associations of ambient temperature exposure with lung function in middle-aged and elderly Chinese remain obscure.The study included 19,128 participants from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort's first(2013)...The short-term associations of ambient temperature exposure with lung function in middle-aged and elderly Chinese remain obscure.The study included 19,128 participants from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort's first(2013)and second(2018)follow-ups.The lung function for each subject was determined between April and December 2013 and re-assessed in 2018,with three parameters(forced vital capacity[FVC],forced expiratory volume in 1 s[FEV1],and peak expiratory flow[PEF])selected.The China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Center provided temperature data during the study period.In the two follow-ups,a total of 25,511 records(average age:first,64.57;second,65.80)were evaluated,including 10,604 males(41.57%).The inversely J-shaped associations between moving average temperatures(lag01–lag07)and FVC,FEV1,and PEF were observed,and the optimum temperatures at lag04 were 16.5C,18.7C,and 16.2C,respectively.At lag04,every 1C increase in temperature was associated with 14.07 mL,9.78 mL,and 62.72 mL/s increase in FVC,FEV1,and PEF in the lowtemperature zone(<the optimum temperatures),whereas 5.72 mL,2.01 mL,and 11.64 mL/s decrease in the high-temperature zone(the optimum temperatures),respectively(all P<0.05).We observed significant effect modifications of gender,age,body mass index,body surface area,smoking status,drinking status,and physical activity on the associations(all Pmodification<0.05).Non-optimal temperatures may cause lung function decline.Several individual characters and lifestyles have effect modification on the temperature effects.展开更多
文摘Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) offer unique opportunities for the architecture and construction industry through different approaches with building information modeling (BIM). While VR offers architecture and construction practitioners the ability to personally experience the built environment in an immersive, MR with its unique ability of overlaying digital information in the real world allows practitioners to perform on-site visualization for construction planning and as-built verification. With their similar but distinct characteristics, VR and MR offer a variety of functionality to the architecture and construction industry that often confuses practitioners on what to choose to best fit their needs. To clarify this confusion, this paper investigates the available technologies of VR and MR in terms of both hardware and software and compares the functionality between the two for architecture and construction uses. While VR hardware has been developed into three categories based on their connection types and tracking methods, MR hardware has mainly focused on standalone devices. Eight VR software and nine MR software have been identified, investigated, and compared. This paper provides the latest information for architecture and construction practitioners on how VR and MR hardware and software work similarly and differently.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1303903)the Major Research Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91843302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304086).
文摘The short-term associations of ambient temperature exposure with lung function in middle-aged and elderly Chinese remain obscure.The study included 19,128 participants from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort's first(2013)and second(2018)follow-ups.The lung function for each subject was determined between April and December 2013 and re-assessed in 2018,with three parameters(forced vital capacity[FVC],forced expiratory volume in 1 s[FEV1],and peak expiratory flow[PEF])selected.The China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Center provided temperature data during the study period.In the two follow-ups,a total of 25,511 records(average age:first,64.57;second,65.80)were evaluated,including 10,604 males(41.57%).The inversely J-shaped associations between moving average temperatures(lag01–lag07)and FVC,FEV1,and PEF were observed,and the optimum temperatures at lag04 were 16.5C,18.7C,and 16.2C,respectively.At lag04,every 1C increase in temperature was associated with 14.07 mL,9.78 mL,and 62.72 mL/s increase in FVC,FEV1,and PEF in the lowtemperature zone(<the optimum temperatures),whereas 5.72 mL,2.01 mL,and 11.64 mL/s decrease in the high-temperature zone(the optimum temperatures),respectively(all P<0.05).We observed significant effect modifications of gender,age,body mass index,body surface area,smoking status,drinking status,and physical activity on the associations(all Pmodification<0.05).Non-optimal temperatures may cause lung function decline.Several individual characters and lifestyles have effect modification on the temperature effects.
