Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China

The optimized management of crop fertilization is very important for improving crop yield and reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.Critical nutrient values can be used for evaluating the nutritional status of a crop,and they reflect the nutrient concentrations above which the plant is sufficiently supplied for achieving the maximum potential yield.Based on on-farm surveys of 504 farmers and 60 field experimental sites in the drylands of China,we proposed a recommended fertilization method to determine nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizer input rates for wheat production,and then validated the method by a field experiment at 66 different sites in northern China.The results showed that wheat grain yield varied from 1.1 to 9.2 t ha^(-1),averaging 4.6 t ha^(-1),and it had a quadratic relationship with the topsoil(0-20 cm)nitrate N and soil available P contents at harvest.However,yield was not correlated with the inputs of N,P,and K fertilizers.Based on the relationship(exponential decay model)between 95–105%of the relative yield and topsoil nitrate N,available P,and available K contents at wheat harvest from 60 field experiments,the topsoil critical nutrient values were determined as 34.6,15.6,and 150 mg kg^(-1)for soil nitrate N,available P,and available K,respectively.Then,based on five groups of relative yield(>125%,115–125%,105–115%,95–105%,and<95%)and the model,the five groups of topsoil critical nutrient levels and fertilization coefficients(Fc)were determined.Finally,we proposed a new method for calculating the recommended fertilizer input rate as:Fr=Gy×Nr×Fc,where Fr is the recommended fertilizer(N/P/K)input rate;Gy is the potential grain yield;Nr is the N(N_(rN)),P(N_(rP)),and K(N_(rK))nutrient requirements for wheat to produce 1,000 kg of grain;and Fc is a coefficient for N(N_c)/P(P_c)/K(K_c)fertilizer.A 2-year validated experiment confirmed that the new method reduced N fertilizer input by 17.5%(38.5 kg N ha^(-1))and P fertilizer input by 43.5%(57.5 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1))in northern China and did not reduce the wheat yield.This outcome can significantly increase the farmers’benefits(by 7.58%,or 139 US$ha^(-1)).Therefore,this new recommended fertilization method can be used as a tool to guide N,P,and K fertilizer application rates for dryland wheat production.

Effect of Tillage Methods and Foliar Fertilization (<i>Boost Extra</i>^TM) on Soil Physical Properties, Weed Dry Matter and Grain Yield of Sorghum in Ejiba, Kogi State, Nigeria

An experiment was carried out for two consecutive growing seasons (2012 and 2013) at the Research Site of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ejiba, Nigeria, to examine the response of sorghum to tillage methods and foliar fertilizer (Boost ExtraTM) application. A split plot experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates to randomize the tillage methods (main plots) and foliar fertilizer application (sub-plots), respectively. The experiment comprised of three tillage methods: No Tillage (NT), Manual Tillage (MT) and convectional tillage (Ploughing, Harrowing and Ridging, PHR) and three foliar fertilizer rates: 0, 2 and 4 liters of foliar fertilizer per hectare. The parameters taken on soil physical properties and weed characters are soil moisture content (%), soil temperature (℃), weed species and weed dry weight (g). Growth and yield parameters taken are: average plant height (cm), stem girth (cm), leaf area (m2), days to 50% flowering, root dry weight (g), shoot dry weight (g), weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield per land area. Weeds were identified and harvested, and their dry weights were taken and recorded. Data were also collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant differences between mean treatments were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability. The results obtained from this study indicated that tillage methods and foliar fertilizer application significantly affected growth and yield parameters of sorghum, consequently the yield per unit area. The results also indicated that “Manually Tilled” seedbed (MT) improved soil physical properties better than either plots with PHR or No Till plots in the study area. Foliar fertilizer application at 2 l/ha performed best in terms of growth and yield. It is therefore recommended that manual tillage should be used as a method of seedbed preparation for sorghum production. However, better and stable grain yield of sorghum could be obtained with the practice of manual tillage (MT) in combination with foliar fertilization at rate of 2 litres/ha. It is recommended that different tillage methods should be combined with foliar fertilizer application for higher grain yield in the study area.

Appropriate Location and Deployment Method for Successful Iron Fertilization

“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N2-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100 m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100 m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may be indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found for a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the successful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the following two groups;the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration group (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO2, Dissolved CO2 (DCO2)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-a, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying the Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the accurate measurement of algal blooms.

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer Application Methods on Grain Protein Content During Filling Stage of Winter Wheat

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.

Leaching and Transformation of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Soil After Application of N with Irrigation: A Soil Column Method

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH4+-N + NO3- -N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH4+-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH4+-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH4+-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH4+-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.

Study on the Rapid Method to Predict Longevity of Controlled Release Fertilizer Coated by Water Soluble Resin

The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.

Response of Tomato Plants to a New Application Method of Polyolefin-Coated Fertilizer

The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.

Effects of Different Soil Preparation and Fertilizer Application Methods on the Growth and Yield of the Rice-Crayfish Rotation Direct Seeding Rice Nongxiang 32

In order to improve the yield and fertilizer utilization of the ricecrayfish rotation and direct seeding rice Nongxiang 32,the effects of different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods on the growth,yield and fertilizer utilization of the variety were studied.The results showed that,under the rice-crayfish rotation and direct seeding farming mode,the contributions of seed setting rate,1000-grain weight,yield,and fertilizer contribution rate to yield of Nongxiang 32 in the treatments with rotary tillage with base fertilizer,rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer were relatively higher than those in the treatments with rotary tillage without fertilizer,no-tillage without fertilizer and no-tillage without base fertilizer,and there were no significant differences between the three treatments.Rotary tillage with base fertilizer and rotary tillage without base fertilizer significantly increased the total number of stems and tillers,total number of ears,and number of effective ears.Rotary tillage and application of base fertilizer also significantly increased the number of tillers,plant weight and weed suppression ability in the early stage of rice growth.Therefore,in the different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods,the application of base fertilizer with rotary tillage was the best,followed by rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer.

Terminal fertility control: Clients’ own reason for the choice of the contraceptive method

Background: The prevalence of contraceptive use has increased worldwide due to the development and introduction of modern contraceptives and the establishment of organized family planning programs. In Nigeria, there is a very slow rise in contraceptive use prevalence, resulting in high fertility rate. Generally contraceptive is either used for birth spacing, or for the purpose of terminal fertility control to limit the number of children, and the choice of method for this purpose varies. Aims and Objectives: To determine the contraceptive methods of choice among clients seeking terminal fertility control, and their reasons for the choice of such methods. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of clients attending the family planning clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching hospital over a period of twenty-four months, between July, 2009 and June, 2011. All clients who had completed their family, and wanted a contraceptive method to limit their family size filled the semi-structured questionnaire after giving their informed consent. Clients’ own reasons for the choice of the particular contraceptive method were grouped, entered into SPSS work sheet, and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Result: There were five hundred and ninety-two new contraceptive method acceptors during the study period, of which 264 (44.6%) were for terminal fertility control. Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive was the method of choice for terminal fertility control by 145 (54.9%) of the clients, while 85 (32.2%) made intrauterine contraceptive device (copper-T) their method of choice, and the least chosen method was female surgical sterilization (2, 0.8%). Ease of administration, satisfaction with previous use, long duration of action, and husband’s preference were the reasons for the choice of the methods. Conclusion: There is awareness of terminal fertility control in Nigeria, especially in the southwestern region of the country, and this may be responsible for the decreasing prevalence of grandmultiparity in the region. However, reversible contraceptive method is the preferred option for this purpose.

温度和孵化方式对大鳍鳠受精卵孵化效果的影响

为探究大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus)受精卵的最适孵化温度及孵化方式,采用单因子设计实验研究了不同温度(22、24、26、28和30℃)、不同孵化方式(脱黏孵化(蛋白酶脱黏、滑石粉脱黏)、挂网孵化、孵化框孵化)对大鳍鳠受精卵孵化效果的影响。结果表明:大鳍鳠仔鱼出膜率随孵化温度的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,分别为22℃组(0)<30℃组(12.51%)<24℃组(17.95%)<26℃组(25.40%)<28℃组(30.51%),不同温度组差异显著,二项式拟合得到最适孵化温度为26.8℃;出膜后24 h成活率表现为24℃组(54.76%)显著低于26℃组(95.45%)、28℃组(91.67%)和30℃组(92.59%),后三者之间差异不显著;96 h成活率分别为52.38%、90.91%、92.59%和40.74%,表明低温(24℃)和高温(30℃)都显著影响成活率。仔鱼出膜时间随温度的上升而逐渐缩短,范围为46~88 h。4种孵化方式的24 h好卵率结果表明挂网组(48.11%)>孵化框组(45.05%)>蛋白酶脱黏组(19.98%)>滑石粉脱黏组(15.32%),四个实验组之间差异显著。出膜率表现为挂网组(16.07%)>蛋白酶脱黏组(12.08%)>孵化框组(9.61%)>滑石粉脱黏组(9.26%)。出膜率/24 h好卵率显示脱黏组的值最大(均为60.46%),显著高于挂网组(33.40%)和孵化框组(21.32%)。在实验设置的3个蛋白酶脱黏浓度梯度下,24 h和48 h好卵率均表现为0.75 g/L组显著高于3 g/L组和1.5 g/L组,后两者之间差异不显著,出膜率则表现为随浓度降低而显著降低的趋势,说明卵膜对受精卵起到较好的保护作用,同时对出膜过程造成困难,导致出膜率降低。可见,温度和孵化方式均对大鳍鳠受精卵孵化有显著影响,大鳍鳠的最适孵化温度为26.8℃,孵化方式优先选择蛋白酶脱黏孵化,浓度为3 g/L。

施肥方式和减施氮肥对寒地水稻抗倒性的影响

为明确施肥方式和减施氮肥的主效及互作效应对寒地水稻产量及抗倒性的影响,以水稻‘垦粳8’为材料,比较不同施肥方式和减施氮肥对寒地水稻产量、株高、以及各节间长度、直径、鲜重、茎壁厚度及抗折力的影响差异。结果表明:侧深施肥产量、第三节间长度、重心高度分别显著或极显著高于全层施肥7.49%、7.02%、2.54%。侧深施肥第一节间直径、茎壁厚度、鲜重、抗折力分别显著或极显著低于全层施肥7.85%、14.18%、4.13%、2.03%;第二节间直径、茎壁厚度、抗折力分别显著或极显著低于全层施肥8.15%、9.18%、18.61%;第三节间茎壁厚度和抗折力分别极显著低于全层施肥16.00%、16.15%。侧深施肥的抗倒伏指数极显著低于全层施肥16.60%。减施氮肥条件下重心高度、各节间长度、茎壁厚度、节间鲜重及节间抗折力变化多利于提高水稻抗倒性,减氮15%和减氮30%处理的抗倒伏指数较常规施氮分别极显著提高6.19%和9.52%。全层施肥条件下抗倒伏指数随施氮量下降呈增加趋势,而侧深施肥的减氮施肥水平间差异不显著。

丘陵果园立式螺旋开沟施肥机设计与试验

针对丘陵果园大型开沟施肥机无法进入,小型开沟施肥机因低功率限制无法达到所需开沟深度且功能单一的问题,设计了一种适宜丘陵地区25°坡度地形集开沟、施肥、覆土三大功能为一体的小型立式螺旋开沟施肥机。通过理论分析对开沟装置、施肥装置和覆土装置等关键部件进行了设计。根据丘陵果园土壤板结的特点选择Hertz-Mindlin with Bonding接触模型建立了开沟仿真模型,并以降低开沟旋转功耗、前进功耗、比功为目标,设计Box-Behnken试验对螺旋开沟刀结构参数进行优化。刀具优化仿真试验结果为:螺旋开沟刀的螺旋角、齿数、刃角、齿长分别取17.6°、10、30°、19.76 mm,此时,开沟旋转功耗、前进功耗、比功分别为6.74 kW、0.132 kW、0.165 kW·h/kg。将优化后的螺旋开沟刀试制并开展仿真验证试验,结果表明,试验与仿真测得开沟旋转功耗相对误差为5.6%,说明刀具优化结果正确。整机的田间试验结果表明,施肥机开沟深度稳定性系数、沟底宽度一致性系数、施肥均匀性系数、覆土率分别为96.91%、98.16%、97.08%、77.38%,各项指标均满足农艺要求。

甘蔗横向种植机施肥机构设计与试验

针对甘蔗横向种植机施肥机构易出现堵塞的问题,结合农艺要求,设计一种端面反向螺旋施肥机构。为降低螺旋轴扭矩和提高肥料质量流速,通过理论分析选取螺旋轴叶片螺距、叶片厚度、叶片直径和螺旋轴轴径为变量,螺旋轴扭矩和肥料质量流速为目标,基于EDEM软件进行正交仿真试验得到各个因素与目标之间的回归方程,并求解得到最优参数组合:螺旋轴叶片螺距、叶片厚度、叶片直径和轴径分别为67 mm、2.5 mm、76 mm和32 mm。对最优参数组合模型进行仿真验证,结果表明螺旋轴扭矩和肥料质量流速的均值分别为6.3 N·m和0.055 kg/s,与回归方程求解结果基本一致。对端面反向螺旋设计进行仿真试验,确定反向螺距为33.5 mm时,可有效避免肥料堵塞在料槽端部。田间试验结果表明:螺旋轴扭矩和肥料质量流速的均值分别为4.3 N·m和0.0615 kg/s,该施肥机构满足农艺要求,负载扭矩较低,可有效减少肥料堵塞情况,为螺旋施肥机构开发提供参考。

控释肥颗粒群仿真接触参数标定与试验

接触参数影响控释肥颗粒离散元仿真结果。为了精准模拟控释肥颗粒力学行为与运动规律,本文基于离散元法对控释肥颗粒的接触参数进行标定与试验。首先,建立控释肥离散元基础模型,并利用台架和仿真试验相结合的方法,在EDEM中对控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间接触参数进行标定。其次,通过碰撞弹跳试验、斜面滑移试验和斜面滚动试验测得控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.539、0.507和0.105。最后,通过堆积试验、最陡爬坡试验和正交旋转组合试验,得到控释肥颗粒间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.38、0.25和0.09,并通过无底圆筒提升试验和排肥台架试验进行验证。试验结果表明,堆积角实际值与仿真结果的相对误差为1.54%,排肥量实际值与仿真结果4种转速下的相对误差分别为4.38%、4.23%、4.41%、4.36%,所标定的控释肥接触参数精准有效,可为控释肥离散元仿真提供数据和模型支撑。

人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法

人参为珍贵药材,具有大补元气、固脱生津、安神益智的功能。目前,人参播种施肥超标严重,因此,如何提高人参播种机施肥技术达到高产高效的生产水平,是当前人参播种机研发急需解决的问题。该文针对人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法的研究现状,探讨了人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法对人参生长周期的影响。通过采用人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法的改良,有效提高肥料利用率,改善土壤结构,促进人参生长和增产。旨在实现农业生产与环境保护的良性循环。

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法与钒钼黄比色法在有效磷含量测定中的应用比较

在农业生产过程中需要对土壤中的有效磷含量以及肥料中的有效磷含量进行检测,为配方施肥提供重要依据,有效磷检测方法的准确性是评判肥料质量高低、实现配方施肥的关键。研究对电感耦合等离子发射光谱法与钒钼黄比色法这两种有效磷检测方法的灵敏度和准确度进行了比较,明确了电感耦合等离子发射光谱法在213.6 nm条件下的磷检出限为0.05 mg/L,钒钼黄比色法在400 nm检测波长的灵敏度最高,检出限为0.32 mg/L。对两种检测方法的检测准确度进行比较,结果表明电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对不同浓度的有效磷检测准确度均高于96%,其准确度受磷浓度的影响小;传统的钒钼黄比色法检测准确度受磷浓度、检测波长影响较大,对磷含量低于5 mg/L的样品检测准确度下降,且低于电感耦合等离子发射光谱法的检测准确度。研究结果认为对于未知浓度范围的样品,钒钼黄比色法在400 nm波长检测条件下的检测结果较为理想。

基于宏基因组测序揭示不同施肥方式对茶园土壤微生物群落的季节性影响

为揭示不同施肥方式对茶园土壤微生物群落的季节性影响,采用宏基因组测序,比较分析了同一茶园习惯施肥(CF)、微生物有机肥配施控释复合肥(MC),在冬季至夏季3个时间点[11月14日(CF1、MC1)、3月1日(CF2、MC2)、5月15日(CF3、MC3)]的土壤微生物群落组成和结构。结果表明,共获得311211956条高质量测序数据和1763759个Unigenes。主成分和相关性分析表明,MC1和CF1的土壤微生物基因丰度聚为一类,其他独聚一类。不同季节,CF和MC的细菌、古菌、真菌分别占微生物总数的88%~89%、0.8%~2.0%、0.02%~0.10%;古菌数量逐渐增加,真菌数量先增加后降低。CF2、CF3的古菌数量分别高于MC2、MC3,而真菌数量相反;CF2、CF3的细菌、真菌丰度分别显著低于MC2、MC3,古菌丰度相反。MC1、MC2、MC3之间的细菌、古菌、真菌丰度存在显著差异,而CF1与CF3的真菌丰度接近。相较于CF,MC提高了土壤细菌中的变形菌门、放线菌门、芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、装甲菌门相对丰度,降低了酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、浮霉菌门相对丰度;提高了古菌中的奇古菌门相对丰度,降低了广古菌门、泉古菌门、深古菌门相对丰度;提高了真菌中的毛霉门、捕虫霉门、隐真菌门相对丰度,降低了担子菌门相对丰度。总体上,CF和MC优势细菌门、优势古菌门、优势真菌门相对丰度的季节性变化趋势存在一定差异。茶园土壤微生物群落组成和结构呈现一定的季节性、施肥方式性变化规律;微生物有机肥配施控释复合肥可以提高土壤细菌丰度、真菌数量和丰度,降低古菌数量和丰度,改变土壤优势菌群的组成,为充分利用微生物资源、提高茶树养分利用率等提供了理论依据。

不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质的调控效应

为探明不同施肥方式对糜子营养品质、食味品质和产量的影响,于2019年在山西河曲进行试验,以河曲大红糜子为材料,选用不同配比的有机肥(羊粪)、生物菌肥、尿素和复合肥,研究不同施肥配比对糜子品质和产量的影响。结果表明:不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质性状显著影响,复合肥和有机肥(F+Y)配施显著提高糜子籽粒产量(GY)、净光合速率(Pn)、钙(Ca)和铁(Fe)含量,显著减低直链淀粉含量(AC);相关性分析发现,籽粒产量(GY)和净光合速率(Pn)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.82,镁(Mg)与铁(Fe)呈极显著正相关,值为0.68,直链淀粉含量(AC)与醇溶蛋白含量(Gli)、钙(Ca)达到极显著负相关,值分别为-0.66和-0.50;主成分分析发现,糜子各性状指标分为4个主成分,分别代表糜子食味品质、营养品质、产量指标和蛋白营养品质,综合得分以复合肥和有机肥(F+Y)处理最高,并显著高于其他处理。综上所述,复合肥(187.5 kg·hm^(-2))与有机肥(1.5×10^(4)kg·hm^(-2))配施是糜子获得优质高产的主要施肥方式。

养殖尾水混合不同比例水溶肥种植水培生菜的综合效益评价

以“奶油生菜”为研究对象,将不同量的山崎配方水溶肥溶于工厂化养鱼尾水,配制成混合营养液,进行营养液膜栽培(NFT)水培生菜实验,以期筛选出最佳水肥配比,为实现工厂化养鱼尾水资源化利用提供理论依据。实验设置5个处理,分别为S1(123g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S2(98.4g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S3(73.8g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S4(49.2g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S5(24.6g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水),以CK(123g水溶肥+150L清水)作为对照,探究不同处理对生菜产量和品质的影响。采用基于熵权法的TOPSIS综合效益评价模型分析确定最佳水肥配比参数。结果表明,混合营养液能提高生菜对水肥的吸收量,但随水溶肥浓度增加,生菜耗肥量呈先增大后减小的趋势;不同处理下生菜耗水耗肥量均低于CK处理,S1-S5处理相比CK处理分别节肥25.01%、19.15%、34.12%、51.89%和74.10%。混合营养液能有效促进生菜生长,但生菜各项生长指标均随水溶肥浓度上升呈先增大后减少的趋势,S2处理下生菜产量最高,为1.88kg·m^(-2),相比CK处理增加15.32%。此外,混合营养液可提高生菜品质,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先增大后减小的趋势,S2处理下生菜可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高;维生素C(VC)含量、硝酸盐含量均与水溶肥浓度呈正相关,S1处理下VC含量最高,S1-S5处理下硝酸盐含量均低于CK处理。综合效益评价结果表明,S2处理对生菜的生长最为有利,可以获得较高的产量并兼具较好的品质,为最佳配比,养鱼尾水与水溶肥合理配施后,可显著促进水肥吸收,提高生菜产量和品质,实现作物生产效益最佳。

锌肥施用方式对苹果光合特性、品质及经济效益的影响

【目的】探究不同锌肥施用方式对土壤有效锌含量、苹果树叶片和果实锌含量、以及苹果光合特性、品质及经济效益的影响,以期为苹果合理施用锌肥提供参考。【方法】在陕西省蒲城县和乾县以“长富二号”苹果为试材,采用大田试验,设置不施锌(对照,T1)、叶面喷施锌肥(T2)和水肥一体化追施锌肥(T3)3个处理,测定不同处理土壤有效锌含量、苹果果实和叶片锌含量、叶片生物学性状以及苹果产量、品质和经济效益。【结果】在乾县和蒲城,在0~20和20~40 cm土层,T2和T3处理土壤有效锌含量均高于T1处理,且T3处理土壤有效锌含量最高,分别为1.88,1.22 mg/kg(0~20 cm土层)和1.16,0.70 mg/kg(20~40 cm土层)。在乾县,T2处理叶片和果实锌含量最高,其次为T3处理,T1处理最低;在蒲城,T2和T3处理叶片、果实锌含量均显著高于T1处理,其中T3处理均最高。在乾县和蒲城,与T1处理相比,T2和T3处理百叶厚和百叶质量及叶绿素含量总体上均显著增加。在乾县,苹果的果形指数为0.83~0.89,其中T1处理明显高于T2和T3处理;在蒲城,苹果的果形指数为0.81~0.91,其中T3处理明显高于T1和T2处理。在蒲城,3个处理的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量均无显著差异;在乾县,T2和T3处理可滴定酸含量显著高于T1处理,可溶性固形物含量3个处理间无显著差异。在乾县和蒲城,T2和T3处理可溶性糖和V C含量均显著高于T1处理。乾县T2处理苹果产量和净利润均最高,分别为30961 kg/hm^(2)和82505元/hm^(2),较T1处理分别增加了45.49%和52.85%;蒲城T3处理苹果产量和净利润均最高,分别为29159 kg/hm^(2)和78595元/hm^(2),较T1处理分别提高了28.56%和65.77%。【结论】施用锌肥有利于提高土壤、苹果叶片和果实锌含量以及苹果产量和品质;从产量和经济效益的角度出发,水肥一体化追施锌肥的效果比叶面喷施锌肥更稳定。