Dynamic Monitoring of Soil Erosion for Upper Stream of Miyun Reservoir in the Last 30 Years

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to assess the spatial distribution and dynamic properties of soil loss with geographic information system （GIS） and remote sensing （RS） technologies. To improve the accuracy of soil-erosion estimates, a new C-factor estimation model was developed based on land cover and time series normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） datasets. The new C-factor was then applied in the RUSLE to integrate rainfall, soil, vegetation, and topography data of different periods, and thus monitor the distribution of soil erosion patterns and their dynamics during a 3o-year period of the upstream watershed of Miynn Reservoir （UWMR）, China. The results showed that the new C-factor estimation method, which considers land cover status and dynamics, and explicitly incorporates within-land cover variability, was more rational, quantitative, and reliable. An average annual soil loss in UWMR of 25.68, 21.04, and 16.8o t ha-1 a-1 was estimated for 1990, 2000 and 2010, respectively, corroborated by comparing spatial and temporal variation in sediment yield. Between 2000 and 2010, a 1.38% average annual increase was observed in the area of lands that lost less than 5 t ha-1 a^-1, while during 1990-2000 such lands only increased on average by o.46%. Areas that classified as severe, very severe and extremely severe accounted for 5.68% of the total UWMR in 2010, and primarily occurred in dry areas or grasslands of sloping fields. The reason for the change in rate of soil loss is explained by an increased appreciation of soil conservation by developers and planners. Moreover,we recommend that UWMR watershed adopt further conservation measures such as terraced plowing of dry land, afforestation, or grassland enclosures as part of a concerted effort to reduce on-going soil erosion.

A SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIYUN RESERVOIR AREA, CHINA

Miyun Reservoir was designated as the water source of Beijing City in 1982. Since that time, socio economic development in Miyun Area has been slowing due to the restriction of severe environmental standards. More and more attention from the public and government has been paid to the regional sustainable development. And an effective planning for the local society management system is urgently desired. In this study, a regional sustainable development system dynamics model, named MiyunSD, is developed for supporting this planning task. MiyunSD consists of dynamic simulation models that explicitly consider information feedback that governs interactions in the system. Such models are capable of simulating the system′s behavior and predicting its developing situation of the future. For the study case, interactions among a number of system components within a time frame of fifteen years are examined dynamically. Three planning alternatives are carefully considered. The base run is based on an assumption that the existing pattern of human activities will prevail in the entire planning horizon, and the other alternatives are based on previous and present planning studies. The different alternatives will get different system′s environmental and socio economic results. Through analyzing these dynamic results, local authorities may find an optimal way to realize the objectives that the regional environment will be well protected and at the same time the economy will be rapidly developed.

Development and application of a GIS database for the Miyun Reservoir water quality protection

A high quality database is the starting point for any GIS application. For the Miyun Reservoir, a large amount of spatial data has been accumulated by numerous studies. This paper introduces a GIS database development in support of these studies. And some applications of the GIS database, include integration with GPS, view and management of data, and integration with WASP5 model, are also introduced.

Effects of Closing Mountain for Forest Restoration in the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closure area in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.10.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.

Characteristics of Non-Point Source Pollution in the Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major nutrients to cause eutrophication to degrade water quality of the Miyun Reservoir, a very important drinking water source of Beijing, China, and they are mainly from non-point sources. The watershed in Miyun County was selected as the study region with a total area of 1400 km\+2. Four typical monitoring catchments and two experimental units were used to monitor the precipitation, runoff, sediment yield and pollutant loading related to various land uses in the meantime. The results show that the total nutrient loss amounts of TN and TP are \{898.07\} t/a, and \{40.70\} t/a, respectively, in which nutrients N and P carried by runoff are \{91.3%\} and \{77.3%\}, respectively. There is relatively heavier soil erosion in the northern mountain area whereas the main nutrient loss occurs near the northeast edge of the reservoir. Different land uses would influence the loss amounts of non-point source pollutants. The amount of nutrient loss from the agricultural land per unit is highest, that from forestry comes next and that from grassland is lowest. However, due to the variability of land use areas, agricultural land contributes a lot to TP and forestry lands to TN.

LUCC and its impact on run-off yield in the Bai River catchment—upstream of the Miyun Reservoir basin

Aims The Miyun Reservoir is the most important drinking water source for Beijing—the capital of China with a population of more than 16 million.Since the 1980s,the inflow to the reservoir has been decreasing,which seriously threatens the security of water use in Beijing.Our goal was to analyze the impact of land use and cover change(LUCC)on run-off yield in the upstream of the Miyun Reservoir.Methods In this study,the Soil andWater Assessment Tool(SWAT)was used to simulate the impacts of LUCC on the run-off yield in the Bai River catchment—upstream of the Miyun Reservoir basin in northern China.The investigation was conducted using two 6-year historical streamflow records:from 1986 to 1991 and from 2000 to 2005.A split sample procedure was used for model calibration and validation.The data from 1986 to 1988 and from 2000 to 2002 were used for calibration,while those from 1989 to 1991 and from 2003 to 2005 for validation.The SWAT calibration was based on monthly measured discharge at Zhangjiafen station at the catchment outlet from Bai River catchment.Additionally,the influence of LUCC on the surface run-off was distinguished from that of climate change on the surface runoff through SWAT scenarios modeling,the twoway analysis of variance(ANOVA),and the rainfall–run-off double-mass analysis in the Bai River catchment.Important Findings We found that the SWAT model could be used successfully to accurately simulate run-off yield and different LUCC patterns affecting water quantity in this catchment.During calibraion for the two periods the simulated monthly run-off satisfactorily matched the observed values,with the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient>0.9 and 0.7 and a coefficient of determination of 0.9 and 0.65 at the outlet station(Zhangjiafen station),while during validation for the two periods the obtained values were 0.85,0.65 and 0.9,0.65,respectively.During the period of 1986–91,both the SWAT scenarios modeling and the analysis of the two-way ANOVA method showed that LUCC and climate change had some impact on run-off,and the impact of climate change was more significant than that of LUCC.Compared with the period during 1986–91,the run-off yield in the period during 2000–05 significantly decreased.The obtained results from the rainfall–run-off double-mass analysis indicate that since 1998 LUCC has had an increasing influence on the run-off,while the response of the run-off to rainfall has been decreasing.Since 1998,the LUCC has been a major driving force for run-off change in Bai River catchment.

A comparison of single- and multi-site calibration and validation： a case study of SWAT in the Miyun Reservoir watershed, China

An essential task in evaluating global water resource and pollution problems is to obtain the optimum set of parameters in hydrological models through calibra- tion and validation. For a large-scale watershed, single-site calibration and validation may ignore spatial heterogeneity and may not meet the needs of the entire watershed. The goal of this study is to apply a multi-site calibration and validation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT）, using the observed flow data at three monitoring sites within the Baihe watershed of the Miyun Reservoir watershed, China. Our results indicate that the multi-site calibration parameter values are more reasonable than those obtained from single-site calibrations. These results are mainly due to significant differences in the topographic factors over the large-scale area, human activities and climate variability. The multi-site method involves the division of the large watershed into smaller watersheds, and applying the calibrated parameters of the multi-site calibration to the entire watershed. It was anticipated that this case study could provide experience of multi-site calibration in a large-scale basin, and provide a good foundation for the simulation of other pollutants in follow- up work in the Miyun Reservoir watershed and other similar large areas.

Study on the endogenous phosphorus load of sediments in Miyun reservoir

Based on the research into the physical-chemical properties and distribution of sediments and the characteristics of pore water in sediments of Miyun reservoir, the release flux of the total phosphorus (TP) from sediments is estimated by simulating deposit environment of reservoir bottom in laboratory. They are 0.018 mg·cm-2·d-1 and 0.821 mg·cm-2·d-1 at 2℃ and 8℃ respectively. The gross TP released in a year is 11.34t. As a contrast, the pore water diffusion simulation method is used to measure gross TP released and gains 11.56t. The two results are relatively close and prove that experiment simulation has some reliability. On the basis of experiments, some conclusions can be drawn: (1) Endogenous phosphorus from sediments accounts for 27.9 percent of the TP entering the reservoir, and it cannot be ignored; and (2) increasing temperature is helpful to TP releasing from sediments.

Complex sources of air-soil-water pollution processes in the Miyun reservoir region

The comprehensive impact of atmospheric dry deposition and wet deposition and the pollution sources of farmlands, mining areas, and towns along the Baihe River on the water quality of Miyun reservoir is investigated from the angle of the complex sources of air-soil-water pollution processes, in the context of the 1990-2001 precipitation chemical data at Shangdianzi station-a WMO regional background air pollution monitoring station 15 km far from the Miyun reservoir, in conjunction with the atmospheric dry deposition and wet deposition data of the 2002 -2003 Beijing City Air Pollution Observation Field Experiment (BECAPEX). Analysis results suggest that the major ions in precipitation in the Miyun reservoir region in this period were SO 42-, NO 3-, NH4+ and Ca2+; wet acid deposition quantity of Miyun reservoir in the summer half year (April to September) was greater than the quantity in the winter half year (October to March), and the annual wet acid deposition in the reservoir exhibited a rising trend with the mean 1038.45 t, the maximum 1766.31 t occurred in 1996, and the minimum 604.02 t in 1994; the long-term averaged pH of atmospheric precipitation in the Miyun reservoir region was 5.20, i.e. weakly acidic, and the interannual variation of pH values displayed a falling trend. pH values of water body at various depths in the Miyun reservoir were all greater than 7.0, but they exhibited vertical and horizontal nonhomogeneity, and at the same region pH decreased vertically with depth; the 2002 and 2003 annual dustfalls in the Miyun reservoir were 13513.08 t and 3577.64 t, respectively, and the spring dustfall was the number one in a year, accounting for the 61.91% and 44.56% of the annual totals of 2002 and 2003, respectively. Because the atmospheric dry deposition and wet depositions contain multiple types heavy metal elements and harmful elements, they to some extent exacerbated the eutrophication, acidification and potential heavy metal pollution of the reservoir water. The above comprehensive analysis results reveal the complex source characters of the air-soil-water pollution process and the multi-sphere interaction effect. Besides, summer (rainy season) is a season when local soil pollutants enter the water system of reservoir after being washed out by torrential rain or heavy precipitation, which starts the air-soil-water chaining pollution processes, and results in the water pollution of rivers and reservoirs. It is found from the statistical analysis in this paper that the water pollution of Miyun reservoir was correlated with the rain wash-out and confluent flow in the peripheral and upstream local region of the reservoir, and the pollutant concentration of the reservoir water was significantly correlated with the upstream local region precipitation. Those correlation characters reveal the effect of the air-soil-water multi-spheric interaction of reservoir water pollution process. This paper presents the point of view of the complex source analysis of reservoir water pollution and a technical approach for tracing the spatial distribution of the upstream pollution source of the water systems of reservoir.

Chemical forms of heavy metal contaminants in sediments of Miyun reservoir

The chemical forms, spatial distribution and sources of As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn in sediments of the Miyun reservoir were studied. The results of sequential extraction demonstrate that most of As, Pb and Zn were bound to the residual fraction, Hg was associated with the sulfide fraction while Cd was associated with the carbonate fraction and the residual fraction. On the vertical profiles the concentrations of the heavy metals in total and each fractions mostly decreased with increasing depths in sediments, suggesting that the heavy metals input from the upstream watershed increases yearly. Summation of the residual fraction, the sulfide fraction and the carbonate fraction accounts for 60.03%―85.60% of the total heavy metal contents in the sediments, which represent the geochemical background values of the elements and relate closely to soil erosion. Results of the main factor analysis show that most sediments of the reservoir come from the upstream soil erosion, the point source pollution and domestic waste. Moreover, the microbial activities taking place on the sediment-water interface are also one of the major factors to cause the increasing content of the organic matter fraction and the iron-manganese oxide fraction. Environmental change of the reservoir water could make the removability of the heavy metals increase, leading to the increase of their concentrations in pore water in sediments, and imperiling water quality of the reservoir.

Distribution and transportation of nitrogen in Miyun reservoir waters

The Miyun reservoir is an important water supply for Beijing city. The distribution laws of nitrogen in the Miyun reservoir waters and the transportation factors have been systematically analyzed in space and time by using water monitoring data sampled in the high-water and low-flow periods in 2001 and 2002. The nitrogen in east and west reservoir waters is distributed differently in space. It shows the change characteristics in high-water and low-flow periods and is affected by the source of nitrogen, runoff conditions, hydrodynamic conditions, precipitation and the control of bed mud, of which the source of nitrogen controls the change of concentration of nitrogen, the peripheral runoff controls the distribution law of nitrogen, bed mud controls the vertical distribution of nitrogen, and the contents of nitrogen and its change in the surrounding environment directly cause the change of concentration of total nitrogen in the waters. The improvement and protection of the waters in the Miyun reservoir basically rests with the amelioration of the peripheral environment.

Application of Element-Free Method to water quality analysis of Miyun reservoir

This paper presents a 3D mathematical model for transfer and transform of water contaminants in reservoir, describes the discrete methods and the compute process of using an element-free collocation method. By these models and methods, the water quality conditions of Miyun reservoir area, the quantified description of three dimensions concerning the distribution and change of diversified contaminants are obtained within the assigned time. The distributions of total nitrogen and total phosphorus of the reservoir area in 2003, 2004 and 2005 are simulated and forecasted by the boundary conditions in 2003, so the main development trend is shown. It is found through calculation that: The contribution of the bed mud with regard to total phosphorus is comparatively marked. On the whole, the influence factor of the bed mud in the reservoir area and other comprehensive factors to total phosphorus are quite great. The influence of the living things or other function in the surface water of the Chaohe River valley in the east of the reservoir on the total phosphorus is comparatively conspicuous. Within the reservoir area in spring, summer and autumn, the concentration distribution of total nitrogen is basically in the trend of a slow progressive decrease, but the concentration of total phosphorus increases progressively. It is just contrary in autumn, winter and spring, the concentration of total nitrogen increases and the concentration of total phosphorus decreases. On the whole of the year's development, the total nitrogen is basically in a steady state, and the total phosphorus is in the increasing trend with years, but the kind of the trend is not conspicuous.

密云水库流域降水径流非平稳特征识别及归因

为更准确揭示和认识变化环境下密云水库流域水文过程的非平稳特征,选取该流域1960—2019年降水和径流资料,采用多种时间序列分析方法综合诊断其趋势、突变点和周期等非平稳特征并进行成因分析。结果显示:该流域降水变化主要表现出较明显的随机特性,径流相比降水的下降趋势更显著,且在1979年发生了向下跳跃的强变异;相比气候变异影响,人类活动是密云水库流域径流减少的主导因素;1980—1998年流域水土保持措施与水利工程兴建对径流变化的贡献率为-111.40%,抵消了气候变异11.4%的增水效应;1999—2019年,塘坝建造和用地类型转变对径流变化的贡献率为-66.60%,同时叠加气候变异-33.40%的减水效应,导致近20年来该流域径流呈现显著减少的态势。研究结果可为密云水库安全运行、洪水调度以及流域水资源管理决策提供科学支撑。

基于多因素分析的密云水库流域径流变化归因

为准确揭示密云水库流域径流变化的物理成因,基于降水、径流非平稳特征诊断结果,采用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)水文模型,基于Budyko理论的弹性系数法和水量平衡法揭示该流域径流变化原因;对比验证各模型归因结果差异,进一步探究归因方法和基准期选择对流域径流变化归因结果的影响。结果表明:基于Budyko理论的水量平衡方法更适用于水利工程众多、跨流域调水活动频繁的密云水库流域径流变化归因计算;利用该方法进行分析,当基准期长度达到16年及以上时,流域径流变化归因分析结果逐渐趋于稳定,而基准期选取过短会高估人类活动对径流的减水效应;此外,基准期选取靠近研究初始时段时,计算得到人类活动的减水效应相对较大。综合考虑上述各因素的影响,认为人类活动是密云水库流域径流变化的主导因素;在变化期Ⅰ,其减水效应在-128.32%~-119.56%波动,在变化期Ⅱ,其对径流的削减作用为-75.58%~-70.70%。研究结果有助于提升对密云水库流域径流复杂演变规律和物理成因的科学认识。

基于荧光指纹的土门西沟小流域农业面源溯源研究

于2022—2023年采集密云水库的典型农业小流域土门西沟小流域内源样品构建指纹库,采集7、8月河道6个重点断面水样进行三维荧光光谱测定,通过平行因子分析解析小流域氮素来源。结果表明:研究区氮平均质量浓度为7.92 mg/L,主要形态为硝态氮;通过结合荧光激发发射矩阵与平行因子分析共解析出4种荧光组分,主要包括两种类腐殖质组分(C1、C2)及类蛋白组分(C3、C4),C1与农业有机肥施用有关,C2与堆肥有关,C3、C4主要来自农村生活污水或未分解的尿素化肥;研究区农村生活污水荧光指数平均值约为2.16,土壤浸提液荧光指数平均值约为1.83,农村生活污水在8月对农业面源约贡献35%;小流域丰水期水质波动主要与类腐殖质C1、C2组分相关,应对研究区有机肥带来的农业面源给予关注并加强管控。

密云水库上游(北京段)流域水生态健康评价

密云水库是北京市重要饮用水水源地,开展流域水生态健康评价并分析影响水生态健康的关键因素,对于密云水库上游(北京段)流域水生态保护具有重要意义。基于密云水库上游20个小流域生境结构、水质和水生生物数据,结合密云水库上游(北京段)流域生态现状,构建了涵盖生境结构、水质和水生生物的评价指标体系,运用基于熵权法的综合健康指数法对流域水生态健康状况进行综合评价,结果表明:密云水库上游(北京段)流域水生态健康状况总体为亚健康,其中小流域健康、亚健康、一般等级占比分别为10%、65%、25%;密云水库上游(北京段)流域水生态健康状况具有较强的空间异质性,健康等级较高的地区主要分布在白马关河、琉璃河、汤河中游、天河上游,健康等级相对较低的地区主要分布在潮河、白河中下游、汤河下游、清水河、安达木河上游;面源污染、植被覆盖度低、水土流失等是影响密云水库上游(北京段)流域水生态健康的关键因素。

生态系统服务的潜在供给与实际使用——以密云水库为例

以北京市重要水源地——密云水库为对象,采用影子工程法、替代成本法等方法核算了水源涵养、洪水调蓄、水质净化和气候调节的潜在供给与实际使用价值。结果表明:(1)2020年,密云水库潜在供给价值为671.42亿元,实际使用价值为303.42亿元。2000—2020年,二者增幅分别为3.8%和76.6%;(2)2020年,密云水库生态系统服务平均利用率为45.2%,2000—2020年,上升了18.6%;(3)密云水库潜在供给与实际使用价值呈正相关,即生态系统服务的供应强度越大,人类对其使用程度越高;(4)2020年,密云水库以占密云区约6.3%的面积承担起了全区约35.1%的潜在供给价值和75.5%的实际使用价值。案例研究表明,潜在供给可为生态保护工程和措施的效益评估提供数据支撑,实际使用可纳入国民经济核算,为生态补偿和生态交易的标准制定提供决策支持和政策导向。

无人机高光谱遥感和集成深度置信神经网络算法用于密云水库水质参数反演

随工业化及社会经济迅速发展,水源地面临的水体污染、恶化不断加剧,开展有效的水质监测是水源保护的重要前提。密云水库是北京重要的地表水源地,在保护首都水源安全方面发挥着重要作用。为更精准的监测密云水库水质参数及污染程度,采用4期无人机高光谱遥感数据,基于随机子空间的集成深度置信神经网络算法(EDBN),构建密云水库水质参数反演模型,对密云水库总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)两项水质参数进行反演。首先,采用基于递归特征消除法对高光谱影像降维处理,将光谱数据与地面水质监测数据进行叠加,通过最小化训练过程中误差来确定隐藏层数、神经节点数等网络结构参数;然后采用由知识源域向网络迁移方式逐步拓展网络,对密云水库总氮和总磷两个水质参数进行训练并对结果进行验证;最后,反演密云水库潮河大坝和白河大坝区域水质参数,揭示其主要水质参数时空演变规律。研究结果显示:(1)构建总氮、总磷反演模型R^(2)分别为0.8355、0.7703,MSE分别为0.0153、0.0008,这表明基于随机子空间的集成深度置信神经网络算法模型对密云水库水质参数反演效果较好;(2)密云水库总氮浓度变化随季节发生一定波动,在夏季浓度较低,秋季相对较高。总磷浓度变化相对平稳,表明密云水库周边区域对磷污染控制效果良好;(3)白河大坝区域水质优于潮河大坝区域,总氮浓度相对偏高,整体处于Ⅲ类水平。而总磷浓度较低,整体处于Ⅱ类水平,较好时可以达到Ⅰ类水平。整体水质可以满足饮用水源的标准,但仍需加强对氮、磷污染物有效监管。研究结果将为密云水库水质高效监测与水源保护提供重要科学依据。

密云水库上游潮白河流域丰平枯特征及其与入库水量的定量关系

[目的]揭示密云水库上游潮白河流域水量变化的年际时序规律及丰平枯季节性差异,为京津冀地区水资源高效利用及生态用水保障提供决策参考。[方法]在收集流域水量数据,进行潮白河流域逐月丰平枯水期分析的基础上,采用距平百分率解析潮白河流域水量变化特征,并推导流域丰平枯时段与径流水量的定量化关系。[结果]2010—2021年,潮白河流域的枯水期历时远大于丰水期和平水期时间,但丰水水量及其距平百分比每隔1~2 a均会呈现指数级增长趋势,表明潮白河流域近年来更多的表现出了极端的气候特征。潮白河流域的丰水时段均主要出现在7—12月,流域平水时段基本伴生于丰水时段,但是2010—2021年,潮河与白河流域仅出现了6~7个月的平水期;枯水时段占据了12 a来的大部分时期,阶段性密集分布在除丰水期和平水期以外的所有时段。在所有时段,白河流域的水量均高于潮河流域,这可能归因于春季融雪对径流的补给。[结论]2010—2021年,潮白河流域极端降水时间增多,但枯水时段的比例远高于平水期和丰水期。3者的比例关系是影响流域水量最重要的因素。

高水位运行条件下密云水库洪水防御对策分析

密云水库作为北京市重要的水资源战略储备基地的同时还承担着关键的防洪任务,近年来持续高水位运行使密云水库面临着“蓄泄”两难的实际问题,洪水防御压力不断增加。为分析密云水库现状防洪能力,从洪水监测预报预警、洪水调度和防洪抢险技术3个方面,围绕工程措施和非工程措施,开展密云水库洪水防御的对策分析。分析了密云水库建库以来历史洪水特征及预报预警现状,对中小洪水在不同控泄情景下进行调洪计算,提出中小洪水相机实施预报调度的措施建议,选取北京市、山西省、河南省典型降雨情景,开展极端降雨过程移置模拟,提出调度方案,为水库应对极端降雨提供参考。基于以上分析,提出了建设监测、预报、调度一体化的,具有预报、预警、预演、预案“四预”功能的智慧系统工作建议,以期为密云水库洪水调度优化和洪水防御技术提升提供参考。