Comparison of the activities of binder-added and binder-free Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts in methane dehydroaromatization at 1073 K in periodic CH_4-H_2 switch operation mode

Three industry-supplied, well-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts, two binder-added and one binder-free, were tested for the first time in methane dehydroaromatization to benzene at 1073 K and 10000 mL/（g·h） in periodic CH4-H2 switch operation mode, and their catalytic performances were compared with those of three self-prepared, binder-free powder Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. XRD, 27Al NMR, SEM, BET and NH3-TPD characterizations of all the catalysts show that the zeolites in the two binder-added catalysts are comparable to those in the three binder-free powder catalysts in crystallinity, crystal size, micropore volume and Br{／o}nsted acidity. The test results, on the other hand, show that the catalytic performances of the two binder-added catalysts are worse than those of the four binder-free catalysts on both catalyst mass and zeolite mass bases. Then, TPO and BET measurements of all spent samples were conducted to get a deep insight into the negative effects of binder addition, and the results suggest that the binder additives functioned mainly to enhance the polyaromatization of formed aromatics to coke on their external surfaces and consequently lower the catalysts＇ benzene formation activity and selectivity.

Study on attrition of spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydro-aromatization in a gas–solid fluidized bed

As a potential methane efficient conversion process,non-oxidative aromatization of methane in fluidized bed requires a catalyst with good attrition resistance,especially in the states of high temperature,longtime rapid movement and chemical reaction.Existing evaluation methods for attrition resistance,such as ASTM D5757 and Jet Cup test,are targeted for fresh catalysts at ambient temperature,which cannot well reflect the real process.In this study,spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by dipping and spray drying was placed in a self-made apparatus for attrition testing,in which the catalyst attrition under different system temperatures,running time and process factors was investigated with percent mass loss(PML),particle size-mass distribution(PSMD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).Carbon deposition on the catalyst before and after activation,aromatization and regeneration was analyzed by thermogravimetry(TG),and the attrited catalysts were evaluated for methane dehydro-aromatization(MDA).The results show that the surface abrasion and body breakage of catalyst particles occur continuously,with the increase of system temperature and running time,and make the PML rise gradually.The process factors of activation,aromatization and regeneration can cause the catalyst attrition and carbon deposits,which broaden the PSMD in varying degrees,and the carbon-substances on catalysts greatly improve their attrition resistance at high temperature.Catalyst attrition has a certain influence on its catalytic performance,and the main reasons point to particle breakage and fine powder escape.

Methane dehydro-aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts in the absence of oxygen:Effect of steam-treatment on catalyst stability

The effect of steam-treatment to HZSM-5 zeolite and Mo/HZSM-5 with a steaming time range of 0.5-1 h on the catalytic performance of methane dehydro-aromatization （MDA） over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared with impregnation has been studied in detail in combination with the characterization of 1H MAS NMR technique. Both the deactivation rate constant （kd） and the Brtnsted acid sites per unit cell were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the stability of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts treated with steam at 813 K before and after impregnation of molybdenum species, and the corresponding variation of their Brtnsted acid sites. The results reveal that a V-shape relationship between kd and the number of B 1 acid sites per unit cell is presented on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst under the tested steam-treatment and reaction conditions.

Study on Bifunctionality of Mo/HZSM-5 Catalysts for Methane Dehydro-Aromatization under Non-oxidative Condition

The optimum Mo/[H^+] ratio per unit cell of the active precursors in Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts for methane dehydro-aromatization, measured by1H MAS NMR, was found to be about 1 when adjusting the acid sites by altering either the SiO2/Al2O3 ratios or the Mo loading. This implies that a concerted interaction between the Mo species and the Bronsted acid sites probably features the bifunctionality of the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst. On the other hand, it was found that the driving force for Mo species to move into the HSZM-5 zeolite channels and the interaction between the Mo species and the Bronsted acid sites are closely and proportionably related with the amount of Bronsted acid sites per unit cell.

Propane Aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 Catalysts

Impregnation, mechanical mixing and hydrothermal treatment methods were used to introduce molybdenum species into the HZSM-5 zeolite. The structure and surface acidity of the catalysts were studied by means of XRD, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, TPR and XPS. The effects of Mo content and reaction time on stream on the aromatization of propane were investigated. It was found that the performance of the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the hydrothermal treatment method was much better than that of the other two catalysts. For example, under the reaction conditions of 823 K and 600 h-1, propane conversion and aromatics selectivity over the catalyst prepared by hydrothermal pretreatment could reach 89.17% and 78.56%, respectively. XRD and XPS results showed that the Mo species in the catalysts prepared by hydrothermal treatment were highly dispersed on the surface of the HZSM-5, and larger amounts of them could penetrate into the HZSM-5 channel, as compared with the other two kinds of catalysts. These factors may be responsible for their high activities for propane aromatization. IR and NH3-TPD studies indicated that the number of Bronsted acid centers decreased and the Lewis acid centers increased after Mo was introduced into the HZSM-5 zeolite.

Intrinsic kinetics of methane aromatization under non-oxidative conditions over modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts

The intrinsic reaction kinetics of methane aromatization under non-oxidative conditions over modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts was studied in the quartz pipe-reactor under ordinary pressure with the temperature ranging from 913.15 to 973.15 K and the space velocity from 700 to 2100 ml/（g·h）. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was chosen to describe the intrinsic kinetics while Levenberg-Marquardt method was selected to determine the parameters in the kinetic model. Statistical test and residual error distribution diagrams showed that experimental data were in good agreement with calculated data, and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was suitable for the description of the intrinsic kinetics of methane aromatization under the reaction conditions discussed in this article.

Effect of Dimethyl Ether Co-feed on Catalytic Performance of Methane Dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst

The effect of dimethyl ether (DME) co-feed on the catalytic performance of methane dehy-droaromatization (MDA) over 6Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst was investigated as a function of DME concentration under reaction conditions of T=1023 K, p=101 kPa and SV=1500 ml/(g·h). A high benzene yield was obtained and the stability of the catalyst was improved by adding 1.5%DME to the CH4 feed. The C6H6 yield was as high as ca. 10% even after reaction for 6 h. The stability of the catalyst was further improved when DME concentration in the co-feed gas was increased to an appropriate value. TGA and TPO results of the used 6Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst showed that the amount of coke on the used catalyst was reduced and the chemical nature of the coke was changed. When 1.5%DME was added to the CH4 feed, the coke formed on the catalyst could be burned off more easily than that when only CH4 was used as reactant. It is supposed that the oxygen in DME may play a role in preventing the coke burnt off at lower temperature from transforming into the coke burnt off at higher temperature, which results in the improvement of the stability of the catalyst.

Study on the in situ desulfurization and viscosity reduction of heavy oil over MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst

Heavy oil is characterized by high viscosity.High viscosity makes it challenging to recover and transport.HZSM-5,MoO_(3)/HZSM-5,ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 and MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalysts were developed to promote in situ desulfurization and viscosity reduction of heavy oil.The physical and chemical properties of catalysts were characterized by XPS,XRD,TEM,NH3-TPD,etc.The effects of temperature,catalyst type and addition amount on viscosity and composition of heavy oil were evaluated.The results showed that the presence of MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 nanoparticles during aquathermolysis could improve the oil quality by reducing the heavy fractions.It reduced viscosity by 82.56%after the reaction at 280℃ and catalyst addition of 1 wt%.The contents of resins and asphaltic in the oil samples were 5.69%lower than that in the crude oil.Sulfur content decreased from 1.45%to 1.03%.The concentration of H2S produced by the reaction was 2225 ppm.The contents of sulfur-containing functional groups sulfoxide and sulfone sulfur in the oil samples decreased by 19.92%after the catalytic reaction.The content of stable thiophene sulfur increased by 5.71%.This study provided a basis for understanding the mechanism of heavy oil desulfurization and viscosity reduction.

Low-temperature activation of methane over rare earth metals promoted Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the presence of ethylene

At low temperature of 723 K, methane can be easily activated in the presence of ethylene in the feed, and converted to higher hydrocarbons （C2-C4） and aromatics （C6-C10）, through its reaction over rare metals modified Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts without undesirable carbon oxides formation. Methane can get 37.3% conversion over the above catalysts under low temperature, and the catalysts show a longer lifetime than usual metal supported HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts without adding any rare earth metals. The effects of methane activation over various rare earth metal promoted Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts on the products and influences of several reaction conditions such as temperature, catalyst lifetime and molar ratio of CH4/C2H4 have been discussed.

Influence of Pretreatment Conditions on Methane Aromatization Performance of Mo/HZSM-5 and Mo-Cu/HZSM-5 Catalysts

Mo/HZSM-5 is a good catalyst for methane aromatization, and the reaction,performance of Mo/HZSM-5 and Cu modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts under various pretreatment conditionshas been studied. The results indicate that the catalyst presented a distinguished catalyticactivity, benzene selectivity and a high stability when the bed temperature was raised in N_2atmosphere.

Mo-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷与丙烷混合物的无氧芳构化

研究了甲烷和丙烷的混合气体在 x% Mo+6% Zn/ HZSM-5催化剂上 (x=0 .3 ,0 .5 ,0 .7,0 .9)的无氧芳构化反应性能 .结果表明 ,在 873 K,GHSV=3 L/ (g· h)和 n(C1 ) / n(C3) =1 .0条件下 ,甲烷的转化率在2 9%～ 3 5 %之间 ,芳烃选择性大于 80 % .其中 0 .7% Mo+6% Zn/ HZSM-5对甲烷表现出最优的活性 ,甲烷转化率达到 3 4.8% ,丙烷转化率为 69.6% .探讨了反应时间和 n(C1 ) / n(C3)比对甲烷和丙烷转化率及其产物分布的影响 .结果显示 ,丙烷的存在促使甲烷活化并参与芳构化反应 .同位素 1 3CH4 示踪实验发现 ,1 3C进入了 C6 H+ 6 ,C7H+ 8和 C8H+ 1 0 碎片中 ,进一步证实了甲烷进入芳烃形成过程 .此种用丙烷活化甲烷的过程可能为天然气和炼厂气的直接利用提供了一个新的反应途径 .

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．

稀土改性Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷直接芳构化反应的研究 Ⅰ催化性能的研究

研究了稀土元素Ｙ、Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｅｕ、Ｅｒ、Ｙｂ和过渡金属Ｚｎ对Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的活性和选择性的影响，发现适量的稀土元素Ｙ、Ｌａ、Ｅｕ、Ｅｒ、Ｙｂ促进了催化剂的活性，提高了甲烷的转化率及苯的选择性，其中Ｙ或Ｅｕ改性的催化剂上的甲烷转化率分别达１９．６％和１９．３％，苯的选择性分别为９６．５％和９７．５％，还研究了非氧除炭再生催化剂的方法，发现催化剂经此方法再生后，其活性略有提高，且较稳定，说明原位非氧除炭再生催化剂的方法是可行的。

改性Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的甲烷无氧芳构化的研究

考察了Mo担载量及反应条件对改性Mo/HZSM-5催化剂甲烷无氧芳构化性能的影响。结果表明,Mo担载量对催化剂表面有所影响,从而影响了催化剂的性能,Mo担载量w(Mo)=6%的催化剂性能最佳;反应温度为973K、空速为1400ml/(g-cat.h)时6%Mo/HZSM-5苯收率最高可达5.25%。

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷无氧芳构化反应中积炭的研究

对经过程序升温表面甲烷无氧芳构化反应后的Mo/HZSM 5催化剂上的积炭进行程序升温加氢反应和程序升温二氧化碳反应 ,并对相应的催化剂上的积炭进行程序升温氧化反应和热重实验 ,以研究催化剂上的不同积炭物种 .结果表明 ,甲烷无氧芳构化反应后有两类烧炭峰 ,一类是低温烧炭峰 ,另一类是高温烧炭峰 ;H2 主要对高温烧炭峰发生作用 ,对低温烧炭峰几乎没有影响 ;CO2 可同时对两种烧炭峰产生影响 .由此推论 ,甲烷在无氧条件下直接转化生成芳烃的反应过程中 ,沉积在Mo/HZSM 5催化剂上的积炭有三种形式 ,即 :能够与H2 反应的积炭 ,能够与CO2 反应的积炭和可能以Mo2 C形式存在的物种 .

Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷脱氢芳构化反应—催化剂制备方法的影响

采用高温蒸汽处理的方法对机械混合法制备的Mo/HZSM-5催化剂进行了改良,利用XRD、XPS等表征催化剂的晶相组成、Mo物种的分散度。结果表明,Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的甲烷脱氢芳构化性能与其Mo物种的分散度密切相关。机械混合法制备的催化剂上,Mo物种主要以微晶的形式分布在分子筛的外表面,由于缺少分子筛孔道择形保护,使积炭副反应的容易发生。经高温蒸汽处理后,催化剂上Mo物种的分散度显著提高,有较多的Mo物种迁移至分子筛的孔道内,并与B酸发生强相互作用生成钼氧二聚体。因此在甲烷芳构化反应中,蒸汽处理的Mo/HZSM-5催化剂显示出较强的抗积炭能力,甲烷转化活性及芳烃的选择性较传统机械混合法制备的催化剂有明显提高。

分子筛性质对Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应的影响

通过改变合成条件与合成体系 ,考察了不同硅源合成的HZSM 5分子筛对Mo/HZSM 5催化剂上甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化反应性能的影响 .结果表明 ,用水玻璃合成的HZSM 5分子筛负载Mo后 ,其催化性能优于用硅溶胶合成的分子筛 .1HMASNMR测定结果表明 ,前者的Br¨onsted酸浓度较后者大 .通过改变合成条件 ,减小HZSM 5分子筛的粒度 。

改性Mo/HZSM-5在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能

硅铝摩尔比(nSi/nAl)不同的HZSM-5(Hydrogen Zeolite Socony Mobile-Five)制备的催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能不同。实验表明:nSi/nAl=40的Mo/HZSM-5在苯选择性、稳定性和苯生成速率等方面均优于其他硅铝摩尔比的催化剂;同时,对载体改性可以提高催化剂在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的性能。对比不同的改性方法发现,先碱处理再酸处理改性的wMo=0.03的Mo/HZSM-5较其他催化剂具有更好的催化性能,改性后的催化剂具有更好的稳定性以及使反应具有更高的苯选择性和苯生成速率。

添加Mo对Cu/HZSM-5催化剂性能影响

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over Cu-Mo/HZSM-5 composite catalysts prepared by an impregnation method has been studied. The reduction property and adsorption ability of the catalyst towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide have been investigated by TPR and TPD-MS techniques. The results indicated that the addition of Mo increased the activity and dimethyl ether selectivity of Cu/HZSM-5 catalyst, the most active and selective for dimethyl ether was the catalyst with n (Cu)/n (Mo) = 5:1. The addition of Mo caused the TPR peaks of Cu/HZSM-5 to move to higher temperatures. CO2-TPD results revealed the raise of the adsorbability of the catalyst toward CO2.