COMPARING TWO CLUSTERING-BASED TECHNIQUES TO TRACK MOBILE NODES IN INDUSTRIAL WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Tracking mobile nodes in dynamic and noisy conditions of industrial environments has provided a paradigm for many issues inherent in the area of distributed control systems in general and wireless sensor networks in particular. Due to the dynamic nature of the industrial environments, a practical tracking system is required that is adaptable to the changes in the environment. More specifically, given the limited resources of wireless nodes and the challenges created by harsh industrial environments there is a need for a technique that can modify the configuration of the system on the fly as new wireless nodes are added to the network and obsolete ones are removed. To address these issues, two cluster-based tracking systems, one static and the other dynamic, are proposed to organize the overall network field into a set of tracking zones, each composed of a sink node and a set of corresponding anchor nodes. To manage the wireless nodes activities and inter and intra cluster communications, an agent-based technique is employed. To compare the architectures, we report on a set of experiments performed in JADE （Java Agent Development Environment）. In these experiments, we compare two agent-based approaches （dynamic and static） for managing clusters of wireless sensor nodes in a distributed tracking system. The experimental results corroborate the efficiency of the static clusters versus the robustness and effectiveness of the dynamic clusters.

MPLPK:A mobile path localization protocol based on key nodes

To alleviate the localization error introduced by irregular sensor network deployment, a new mo bile path localization based on key nodes （MPLPK） protocol is proposed. It can recognize all con cave/convex nodes in the network as fixed anchor nodes, and simplify the following localization process based on these key nodes. The MPLPK protocol is composed of three steps. After all key nodes are found in the network, a mobile node applying improved minimum spanning tree （MST） algorithm is introduced to traverse and locate them. By taking the concave/convex nodes as anchors, the complexity of the irregular network can be degraded. And the simulation results demonstrate that MPEPK has 20% to 40% accuracy improvements than connectivity-based and anchor-free three-di- mensional localization （CATL） and approximate convex decomposition based localization （ACDL）.

The Performance Analysis for Distributed Collaborative Beamforming Transmission of Clustered Mobile Sensor Network

Sensor nodes cannot directly communicate with the distant unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV) for their low transmission power. Distributed collaborative beamforming from sensor nodes within a cluster is proposed to provide high speed data transmission to the distant UAV. The bit error ratio( BER) closed-form expression of distributed collaborative beamforming transmission with mobile sensor nodes has been derived. Furthermore,based on the theoretical BER analysis and the numerical results,we have analyzed the impacts of nodes 'mobility,number of sensor nodes,transmission power and the elevation angle of UAV on the BER performance of collaborative beamforming. And we come to the following conclusions: the mobility of sensor nodes largely decreases the BER performance; when the position deviation radius is large,incensement in power cannot improve BER anymore; the size of cluster should be bigger than 10 for the purpose of achieving good BER performance in Rayleigh fading channel.

Grid-Based Localization Mechanism with Mobile Reference Node in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks （WSNs） are based on monitoring or managing the sensing area by using the location information with sensor nodes. Most sensor nodes require hardware support or receive packets with location information to estimate their locations, which needs lots of time or costs. In this paper we proposed a localization mechanism using a mobile reference node （MRN） and trilateration in WSNs to reduce the energy consumption and location error. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can obtain more unknown nodes locations by the mobile reference node moving scheme and will decreases the energy consumption and average ocation error.

Path Planning for Mobile Anchor Node in Localization Based on Ad-Hoc Localization Algorithm

For mobile anchor node static path planning cannot accord the actual distribution of node for dynamic adjustment. We take advantage of the high localization accuracy and low computational complexity of ad-hoc localization system( AHLos)algorithm. This article introduces mobile anchor nodes instead of the traditional fixed anchor nodes to improve the algorithm. The result shows that, through introduce the mobile anchor node, the information of initial anchor nodes can be configured more flexible.Meanwhile,with the use of the approximate location and the transition path,the distance and energy consumption of the mobile anchor node is greatly reduced.

3DT-PP:localization and path planning of mobile anchors over complex 3D terrains

Mobile anchors are widely used for localization in WSNs.However,special properties over 3D terrains limit the implementation of them.In this paper,a novel 3D localization algorithm is proposed,called 3 DT-PP,which utilizes path planning of mobile anchors over complex 3 D terrains,and simulations based upon the model of mountain surface network are conducted.The simulation results show that the algorithm decreases the position error by about 91%,8.7%and lowers calculation overhead by about 75%,1.3%,than the typical state-of-the-art localization algorithm(i.e.,'MDS-MAP','Landscape-3D').Thus,our algorithm is more potential in practical WSNs which are the characteristic of limited energy and 3D deployment.

Research on Link Duration for Mobile Multihop Communication Networks

Mobile multihop communication network is an important branch of modern mobile communication system, and is an important technical support for ubiquitous communication. The random movement of the nodes makes the networking be more flexible, but the frequently changing topology will decrease the link duration between nodes significantly, which will increase the packets loss probability and affect the network communication performance. Aiming at the problem of declining link duration caused by nomadic characteristics in mobile multihop communication network, four link duration models for possible moving states are established based on different features in real networking process in this paper, which will provide reliable criterion for the optimal routing selection. Model analysis and simulation results show that the reliable route established by the proposed model will effectively extend the link duration, and can enhance the global stability of the mobile multihop information transmission, so as to provide new option to transmission reliability improvement for the mobile communication network.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Quality of Service (QoS) in ZigBee Network through Mobile and Fixed Node

The standard specification of IEEE 802.15.4 is called ZigBee Propocol. ZigBee protocol required security, low data transfer rate, power efficient network. In addition, the ZigBee mobility function makes the ZigBee network more interactive and multi-purpose. The ZigBee mobile node has a significant effect on network parameters, namely MAC delay, end-to-end delay, MAC throughput and network load. However, a particular significant ZigBee node affects network data traffic and reduces the strength of the Quality of Service (QoS). The key issues are to analyze the QoS in order to increase overall performance of the network. The study proposes a ZigBee network with the mobile node and fixed node based on a variety of MAC layer settings. The Riverbed Network Simulator (Academic Modeler Release 17.5) is used for configuring and simulating the ZigBee network in a variety of conditions. The simulation results show that ZigBee with a fixed node performs better than the ZigBee mobile node. The ZigBee network with fixed node produces a lower network load and a high ratio of successfully transmitted data. The analysis of this study allows the ZigBee network to be better designed.

A Review on Efficient Routing Mechanisms in Urban Scenario of Vehicular Ad⁃Hoc Networks

Efficient routing protocols are crucial for enabling secure communication among the highly mobile and self-configurable nodes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks(VANETs). In this work, we present a performance evaluation of different routing protocols in VANETs based on the currently available research. Our study focuses on analyzing the strength and weaknesses of the routing protocols, namely, Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV), Dynamic Source Routing(DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector(DSDV), under varying network conditions. We examine the protocols’ performance based on key metrics such as throughput, delay, and energy consumption. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of each protocol in different scenarios, such as varying vehicular densities and mobility patterns. Our results show that AODV outperforms DSR and DSDV in terms of throughput and delay, while DSR consumes the least energy. We also observe that the performance of the routing protocols varies with the density of vehicles and the mobility patterns of the nodes. Our study highlights the importance of conducting real-world experiments to evaluate the performance of routing protocols in VANETs, as they provide more realistic and accurate results than simulation-based studies. Our findings can help in the selection and design of efficient and secure routing protocols for VANETs.

Design of Fuzzy Logic Control Framework for QoS Routing in MANET

Wireless networks with no infrastructure arise as a result of multiple wireless devices working together.The Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is a system for connecting independently located Mobile Nodes(MNs)via wireless links.A MANET is self-configuring in telecommunications,while MN produces non-infrastructure networks that are entirely decentralized.Both the MAC and routing layers of MANETs take into account issues related to Quality of Service(QoS).When culling a line of optical discernment communication,MANET can be an effective and cost-saving route cull option.To maintain QoS,however,more or fewer challenges must be overcome.This paper proposes a Fuzzy Logic Control(FLC)methodology for specifying a probabilistic QoS guaranteed for MANETs.The framework uses network node mobility to establish the probabil-istic quality of service.Fuzzy Logic(FL)implementations were added to Network Simulator-3(NS-3)and used with the proposed FLC framework for simulation.Researchers have found that for a given node’s mobility,the path’s bandwidth decreases with time,hop count,and radius.It is resolutely based on this fuzzy rule that the priority index for a packet is determined.Also,by avoiding sending pack-ets(PKT)out of source networks when there are no beneficial routes,bandwidth is not wasted.The FLC outperforms the scheduling methods with a wide range of results.To improve QoS within MANETs,it is therefore recommended that FLC is used to synchronize packets.Thus,using these performance metrics,the QoS-responsible routing can opt for more stable paths.Based on network simulation,it is evident that incorporating QoS into routing protocols is meant to improve traf-fic performance,in particular authentic-time traffic.

A Systematic Overview of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks:Applications,Challenge and Research Perspectives

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs)are becoming increasingly popular in marine applications due to advances in wireless and microelectronics technology.However,UWSNs present challenges in processing,energy,and memory storage due to the use of acoustic waves for communication,which results in long delays,significant power consumption,limited bandwidth,and packet loss.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in UWSNs,including essential services,common platforms,critical elements,and components such as localization algorithms,communication,synchronization,security,mobility,and applications.Despite significant progress,reliable and flexible solutions are needed to meet the evolving requirements of UWSNs.The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for future research in the field of UWSNs by examining recent advancements,establishing a standard platform and service criteria,using a taxonomy to determine critical elements,and emphasizing important unresolved issues.

Chain-type wireless sensor network node scheduling strategy

In order to reduce power consumption of sensor nodes and extend network survival time in the wireless sensor network （WSN）, sensor nodes are scheduled in an active or dormant mode. A chain-type WSN is fundamental y different from other types of WSNs, in which the sensor nodes are deployed along elongated geographic areas and form a chain-type network topo-logy structure. This paper investigates the node scheduling prob-lem in the chain-type WSN. Firstly, a node dormant scheduling mode is analyzed theoretical y from geographic coverage, and then three neighboring nodes scheduling criteria are proposed. Sec-ondly, a hybrid coverage scheduling algorithm and dead areas are presented. Final y, node scheduling in mine tunnel WSN with uniform deployment （UD）, non-uniform deployment （NUD） and op-timal distribution point spacing （ODS） is simulated. The results show that the node scheduling with UD and NUD, especial y NUD, can effectively extend the network survival time. Therefore, a strat-egy of adding a few mobile nodes which activate the network in dead areas is proposed, which can further extend the network survival time by balancing the energy consumption of nodes.

QoS in FANET Business and Swarm Data

This article shows the quality of services in a wireless swarm of drones that form an ad hoc network between them Fly Ad Hoc Networks(FANET).Each drone has the ability to send and receive information(like a router);and can behave as a hierarchical node whit the intregration of three protocols:Multiprotocol Label Switch(MPLS),Fast Hierarchical AD Hoc Mobile(FHAM)and Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6),in conclusion MPLS+FHAM+IPv6.The metrics analyzed in the FANET are:delay,jitter,throughput,lost and sent packets/received.Testing process was carried out with swarms composed of 10,20,30 and 40 units;In this work,the stage with 40 droneswas analyzed showing registration processes,and sentmessages sequences between different drones that were part of the same swarm.A special analysis about the traffic between drones(end-to-end)was carried out,as well as the possible security flaws in each drone and the current status and future trends in real services.Regarding future trends,in a real environment,we took as a starting point,metrics results obtained in the simulation(positive according to the obtained results).These results gave us a clear vision of how the network will behave in a real environment with the aim to carry out the experiment on a physical level in the near future.This work also shows the experience quality from the service quality metrics obtained through a mathematical model.This quality of experience model will allow us to use it objectively in the agricultural sector,which is a great interest area and is where we are working with drones.Finally in this article we show our advances for a business model applied to the aforementioned agricultural sector,as well as the data analysis and services available to the end customer.These services available to the end customer have been classified into a basic,medium,advanced and plus level.

A Sequence-Scheduled and Query-Based MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks with a Mobile Node

Since mobile nodes such as autonomous underwater vehicles can effectively expand network coverage,underwater acoustic networks with mobile nodes have attracted more and more attention in recent years.To ensure the timely access of a mobile node without disturbing the normal transmission of data packets from static nodes,a sequence-scheduled and query-based medium access control protocol is proposed in this paper.The underwater nodes with data packets to be transmitted reply with a control packet for channel reservation after receiving the broadcast control packet of the buoy,then the reserved nodes transmit their data packets as the order calculated by the buoy.We develop a mechanism to adjust the transmission order of the control packets sent by the underwater nodes in the handshake phase to reduce the collision and guarantee the success rate of reservation,and a query is initiated when the reserved control packet of the mobile node is not received by the buoy in the handshake to respond to the data transmission request of the mobile node in time.Simulations show that the maximum nodal throughput of the proposed MAC protocol increases by at least 20%and the access delay of the mobile node decreases by about 90%,compared to the two reference protocols.Besides,the average access probability of the mobile node in the proposed protocol is more than 90%.

TCP Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks： Challenges and Solutions

Mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs） are a kind of very complex distributed communication systems with wireless mobile nodes that can be freely and dynamically self-organized into arbitrary and temporary network topologies. MANETs inherit several limitations of wireless networks, meanwhile make new challenges arising from the specificity of MANETs, such as route failures, hidden terminals and exposed terminals. When TCP is applied in a MANET environment, a number of tough problems have to be dealt with. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on this dynamic field is given. Specifically, for the first time all factors impairing TCP performance are identified based on network protocol hierarchy, i.e., lossy wireless channel at the physical layer; excessive contention and unfair access at the MAC layer; frail routing protocol at the network layer, the MAC layer and the network layer related mobile node; unfit congestion window size at the transport layer and the transport layer related asymmetric path. How these factors degrade TCP performance is clearly explained. Then, based on how to alleviate the impact of each of these factors listed above, the existing solutions are collected as comprehensively as possible and classified into a number of categories, and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Based on the limitations of these solutions, a set of open problems for designing more robust solutions is suggested.

Distributed localization using mobile beacons in wireless sensor networks

A new distributed node localization algorithm named mobile beacons-improved particle filter （MB-IPF） was proposed. In the algorithm, the mobile nodes equipped with globe position system （GPS） move around in the wireless sensor network （WSN） field based on the Gauss-Markov mobility model, and periodically broadcast the beacon messages Each unknown node estimates its location in a fully distributed mode based on the received mobile beacons. The localization algorithm is based on the IPF and several refinements, including the proposed weighted centroid algorithm, the residual resampling algorithm, and the markov chain monte carlo （MCMC） method etc., which were also introduced for performance improvement. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm is efficient for most applications.

Mobile node aware opportunistic routing in dynamic wireless sensor network

Opportunistic routing （OR） could adapt to dynamic wireless sensor networks （WSNs） because of its inherent broadcast nature. Most of the existing OR protocols focus on the variations of propagation environment which are caused by channel fading. However, a few works deal with the dynamic scenario with mobile nodes. In this paper, a mobile node （MN） aware OR （MN-OR） is proposed and applied to a WSN in the high-speed railway scenario where the destination node is deployed inside a high speed moving train, and the MN-OR not only considers the mobility of node but also utilizes the candidate waiting time induced by the timer-based coordination scheme. Specifically, to reduce the number of duplicate transmissions and mitigate the delay of information transmission, a new selection strategy of the candidate forwarders is presented. In addition, two priority assignment methods of the candidate forwarders are proposed for the general relay nodes （GRNs） and the rail-side nodes （RSNs） according to their different routing requirements. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MN-OR protocol can achieve better network performances compared with some existing routing schemes such as the well-known Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing （AODV） and the extremely opportunistic routing （ExOR） protocols.

基于无线传感器网络的分散目标跟踪:实际测试平台的开发应用(英文)

In the real world,centralized tracking in a large-scale wireless sensor network (WSN) may not be feasible due to the possible failure of fusion centre and the large communication delay in forwarding measurement data to the fusion centre. Distributed target tracking techniques can be employed by tasking sensor nodes near to the target to perform sensing,target state estimation and selection of future tasking sensor nodes. In this paper,the development and implementation of a prototype ultrasonic WSN test-bed to demonstrate distributed target tracking using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is described. In the test-bed,a mobile robot is used to simulate the moving target,and static/mobile sensor nodes are deployed to detect and track the target. The sensor nodes and robots are equipped with sonar and MICAZ to receive and process instructions. Experimental evaluation of a number of sensor scheduling schemes are reported which shows the superior tracking performance of our distributed competition based sensor scheduling scheme.