A New Mobility Management and Routing Scheme for Mobile Computing Environments

Mobility management is an essential component in enabling mobile hosts to move seamlessly from one location to another while maintaining the packet routing efficiency between the corresponding hosts. One of the concerns raised with the internet engineering task force(IETF)mobile IP standard is the excessive signaling generated for highly mobile computers. This paper introduces a scheme to address that issue by manipulating the inherent client-server interaction which exists in most applications to provide the correspondent host with the current mobile host binding. To evaluate the performance of the scheme, typical internet application sessions involving a mobile host is simulated and the signaling and routing costs are examined. Results show a substantial reduction in the mobility management overhead as well as the total cost of delivering packets to the mobile host.

Aviation-oriented Mobility Management Method in IP/LEO Satellite Networks

Taking into chief consideration the features of aviation nodes in satellite networks, such as high moving speed, long communication distance, and high connection frequency, this article proposes an aviation-oriented mobility management method for IP/low earth orbit （LEO） satellite networks. By introducing the concept of ground station real-time coverage area, the proposed method uses ground-station-based IP addressing method and cell paging scheme to decrease the frequency of IP binding update requests as well as the paging cost. In comparison with the paging mobile IP （P-MIP） method and the handover-independent IP mobility management method, as is verified by the mathematical analysis and simulation, the proposed method could decrease the management cost. It also possesses better ability to support the aviation nodes because it is subjected to fewer influences from increased node speeds and newly coming connection rates.

A three-level mobility management scheme for hierarchical mobile IPv6 networks

Performance evaluation shows that Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) cannot outperform standard Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) in all scenarios. Thus, adaptive protocol selection under certain circumstances is desired. Moreover, it is necessary to balance the load among different Mobility Anchor Points (MAPs). This paper proposes an efficient three-level hierarchical ar- chitecture for mobility management in HMIPv6 networks, in which a mobile node (MN) may register with either a higher/lower MAP or its home agent according to its speed and the number of connecting correspondent nodes (CNs). An admission control algorithm and a replacement algorithm are introduced to achieve load balancing between two MAP levels and among different MAPs within the same MAP level. Admission control is based on the number of CNs but not MNs that an MAP serves. In case there is no capacity for an MN, the MAP chooses an existing MN to be replaced. The replaced MN uses the MAP selection al- gorithm again to choose another mobility agent. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme achieves better performance not only in reducing the signaling overhead, but also in load balancing among different MAPs.

Mobility Management in Small Cell Cluster of Cellular Network

The installation of small cells in a 5G network extends the maximum coverage and provides high availability.However,this approach increases the handover overhead in the Core Network(CN)due to frequent handoffs.The variation of user density and movement inside a region of small cells also increases the handover overhead in CN.However,the present 5G system cannot reduce the handover overhead in CN under such circumstances because it relies on a traditionally rigid and complex hierarchical sequence for a handover procedure.Recently,Not Only Stack(NO Stack)architecture has been introduced for Radio Access Network(RAN)to reduce the signaling during handover.This paper proposes a system based on NO Stack architecture and solves the aforementioned problem by adding a dedicated local mobility controller to the edge cloud for each cluster.The dedicated cluster controller manages the user mobility locally inside a cluster and also maintains the forwarding data of a mobile user locally.To reduce the latency for X2-based handover requests,an edge cloud infrastructure has been also developed to provide high-computing for dedicated controllers at the edge of a cellular network.The proposed system is also compared with the traditional 3GPP architecture and other works in the context of overhead and delay caused by X2-based handover requests during user mobility.Simulated results show that the inclusion of a dedicated local controller for small clusters together with the implementation of NO Stack framework reduces the significant amount of overhead of X2-based handover requests at CN.

Proxy-Based Hierarchical Distributed Mobility Management for Tactical Networks

An important requirement in a military domain is a highly reliable mobility management method,especially when components of the networks aremoving in tactical network environments.To increase reliability,themobility management technology of the tactical network should be able to reflect the characteristics of the tactical network,such as a limited environment,failure,and hierarchical unit structure.In this paper,we propose a proxy-based hierarchical distributedmobilitymanagement scheme,which is highly focused on tactical networks.Considering the characteristics of tactical networks,the proposed scheme is composed of the following:1)a proxy-based method,2)a distributed mobility management method that synchronizes a mobility database between entities,and 3)a method of managing mobility by dividing the tactical network into upper and lower layers.Mathematical analysis and modeling and simulation results demonstrate that the method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method in overcoming entity failure,handover cost,and delay in tactical environments.

Performance Analysis for Mobility Management of Dual Connectivity in HetNet

Dual connectivity(DC)is regarded as a promising technology to increase users’throughput,provide radio link robustness,and improve load-balancing among base stations(BSs).However,since the introduction of DC makes the mobility of network more complex and diversified,especially the mobility management of heterogeneous networks(HetNets)based on DC faces great challenges.Taking event-A3-based measurement report as the trigger condition for handover(HO),this paper compares and evaluates the influences of HO of master nodes(MNs)and secondary nodes(SNs)on link reliability in different bearing modes.Particularly,hybrid automatic repeat request(HARQ),throughput,channel quality indicators(CQIs),and data packets queuing time are taken as link reliability analysis indicators.Besides,we study how DC utilizes the traffic split ratio between MNs and SNs to maximize the superiority of throughput.Simulation results show that DC can effectively reduce the impact of HO on the number of HARQ and increase the throughput of users.When the data traffic is tilted to the secondary nodes,the superiority of throughput is more obvious.

A Mobility Management Solution Based on ID/Locator Separation

Current mobility management solutions based on ID/Locator separation are not easily deployed and cannot solve routing scalability and mobility problems. This paper proposes a novel network architecture based on ID/Locator separation and suggests a new mobility management solution. This solution solves the problem of scalability in the network and also provides better support for mobility. It can be easily deployed because no modification of the mobile host’s protocol stack is required. The identifier contains some routing information; so the solution provides intrinsic interworking with traditional mobile hosts. Because the mapping systems are distributed to the edge networks, robustness of the whole system is enhanced and handover delay is decreased.

Adaptive path selection for the improved distributed mobility management

Current mobility management schemes usually represent centralized or hierarchical architectures,which force data traffic to be processed by a centralized mobility anchor.This allows the mobile node(MN)to be reachable anywhere and provides an efficient method for seamless session continuity.However,all of the signal messages and data traffic converge on particular mobility anchor,which causes excessive signaling and traffic at the centralized mobility anchor and single point of failure issues as data traffic increases.To overcome these limitations and handle increasing data traffic,the distributed mobility management(DMM)scheme has emerged as an alternative solution.Although previous researches have been conducted on DMM support,because their schemes employ an unconditional way to make direct paths after handover,they have some drawbacks,such as several signaling and chain of tunneling problems.Therefore,this paper introduces a new DMM scheme which adaptively creates a direct path.To support it,we present the path selection algorithm,which selects the most efficient path between a direct path and no direct path based on routing hops and traffic load.Through the performance analysis and results,we confirm that the proposed scheme is superior in terms of signaling and packet delivery costs.

5G High Mobility Wireless Communications: Challenges and Solutions

The fifth generation(5G) network is expected to support significantly large amount of mobile data traffic and huge number of wireless connections,to achieve better spectrum- and energy-efficiency,as well as quality of service(QoS) in terms of delay,reliability and security.Furthermore,the 5G network shall also incorporate high mobility requirements as an integral part,providing satisfactory service to users travelling at a speed up to 500 km/h.This paper provides a survey of potential high mobility wireless communication(HMWC) techniques for 5G network.After discussing the typical requirements and challenges of HMWC,key techniques to cope with the challenges are reviewed,including transmission techniques under the fast timevarying channels,network architecture with mobility support,and mobility management.Finally,future research directions on 5G high mobility communications are given.

Cluster-Based Group Mobility Support for Smart IoT

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network(6LoWPAN)connects the highly constrained sensor nodes with the internet using the IPv6 protocol.6LoWPAN has improved the scalability of the Internet of Things(IoTs)infrastructure and allows mobile nodes to send packets over the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network.Several mobility managements schemes have been suggested for handling the registration and handover procedures in 6LoWPAN.However,these schemes have performance constraints,such as increased transmission cost,signalling overhead,registration,and handover latency.To address these issues,we propose a novel cluster-based group mobility scheme(CGM6)for 6LoWPAN.To reduce the signalling cost in the CGM6 scheme,we propose to combine the functions of the Authentication,Authorization and Accounting(AAA)server and Local Mobility Anchor(LMA)in AMAG6(AAA+MAG for 6LoWPAN).AMAG6 acts as a cluster head and exchange its information directly with its neighbouring AMAG6 during the mobility.Furthermore,AMAG6 is responsible for the binding and authentication process.To reduce the transmission cost,we also propose enhancements in registration and Handover procedures.The performance of CGM6 is evaluated through extensive simulations.The simulation results show that CGM6 has reduced the handoff latency by 32%,registration delay by 11%and transmission cost by 37%compared to the state-of-the-art mobility management schemes.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Optimization for Drone Mobility in 5G and Beyond Ultra-Dense Networks

Drone applications in 5th generation(5G)networks mainly focus on services and use cases such as providing connectivity during crowded events,human-instigated disasters,unmanned aerial vehicle traffic management,internet of things in the sky,and situation awareness.4G and 5G cellular networks face various challenges to ensure dynamic control and safe mobility of the drone when it is tasked with delivering these services.The drone can fly in three-dimensional space.The drone connectivity can suffer from increased handover cost due to several reasons,including variations in the received signal strength indicator,co-channel interference offered to the drone by neighboring cells,and abrupt drop in lobe edge signals due to antenna nulls.The baseline greedy handover algorithm only ensures the strongest connection between the drone and small cells so that the drone may experience several handovers.Intended for fast environment learning,machine learning techniques such as Q-learning help the drone fly with minimum handover cost along with robust connectivity.In this study,we propose a Q-learning-based approach evaluated in three different scenarios.The handover decision is optimized gradually using Q-learning to provide efficient mobility support with high data rate in time-sensitive applications,tactile internet,and haptics communication.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively minimize the handover cost in a learning environment.This work presents a notable contribution to determine the optimal route of drones for researchers who are exploring UAV use cases in cellular networks where a large testing site comprised of several cells with multiple UAVs is under consideration.

QoS-Aware Dynamic Resource Management in Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing Networks

In mobile cloud computing(MCC) systems,both the mobile access network and the cloud computing network are heterogeneous,implying the diverse configurations of hardware,software,architecture,resource,etc.In such heterogeneous mobile cloud(HMC) networks,both radio and cloud resources could become the system bottleneck,thus designing the schemes that separately and independently manage the resources may severely hinder the system performance.In this paper,we aim to design the network as the integration of the mobile access part and the cloud computing part,utilizing the inherent heterogeneity to meet the diverse quality of service(QoS)requirements of tenants.Furthermore,we propose a novel cross-network radio and cloud resource management scheme for HMC networks,which is QoS-aware,with the objective of maximizing the tenant revenue while satisfying the QoS requirements.The proposed scheme is formulated as a restless bandits problem,whose "indexability" feature guarantees the low complexity with scalable and distributed characteristics.Extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate the significant performance improvement of the proposed scheme compared to the existing ones.

Conflict Resolution Strategy in Handover Management for 4G and 5G Networks

Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in the number of handovers(HOs).Mobility management is an important issue that requires considerable attention in heterogeneous networks,where 5G ultra-dense small cells coexist with current fourth-generation(4G)networks.Although mobility robustness optimization(MRO)and load balancing optimization(LBO)functions have been introduced in the 3GPP standard to address HO problems,non-robust and nonoptimal algorithms for selecting appropriate HO control parameters(HCPs)still exist,and an optimal solution is subjected to compromise between LBO and MRO functions.Thus,HO decision algorithms become inefficient.This paper proposes a conflict resolution technique to address the contradiction between MRO and LBO functions.The proposed technique exploits received signal reference power(RSRP),cell load and user speed to adapt HO margin(HM)and time to trigger(TTT).Estimated HM and TTT depend on a weighting function and HO type which is represented by user status during mobility.The proposed technique is validated with other existing algorithms from the literature.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms existing algorithms overall performance metrics.The proposed technique reduces the overall average HO ping-pong probability,HO failure rate and interruption time by more than 90%,46%and 58%,respectively,compared with the other schemes overall speed scenarios and simulation time.

A Novel Location Management Scheme based on DNS in Proxy Mobile IPv6

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide a network-based localized mobility management protocol, but it does not handle the global mobility of hosts. In this paper, we propose a location management scheme based on Domain Name System (DNS) for PMIPv6 which can support global mobility by using DNS as a location manager. In addition, to support large numbers of mobile terminals and enhance network scalability a paging extension scheme is introduced to PMIPv6. To evaluate the proposed location management scheme, we establish an analytical model, formulate the location update cost and the paging cost, and analyze the influence of the different factors on the total signaling cost. The performance results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the basic PMIPv6 under various parameters in terms of reducing the signaling overhead and the proposed scheme reduces signaling overhead compared to the basic PMIPv6.

Non-Orthogonal Transmission for User and Control Plane Split Architecture in 5G Systems and Beyond: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

In next generation networks,mobility management will be a critical issue due to dense base station(BS)deployment,for which user and control plane split architecture provides a promising solution.Jointly designing such architecture with nonorthogonal transmission brings in more flexibility to further improve system efficiency.This paper proposes a non-orthogonal transmission design for user and control plane split architecture.In this design,user equipments(UEs)will select the BS providing the strongest received signal to associate its data channel,but constantly connect its control channel to the nearest macro-cell BS(MBS).Upon non-orthogonal transmission,an MBS can multiplex data traffics and control signals on the same resource.Stochastic geometry based analysis is carried out to investigate outage probability,which extends its regular definition by jointly considering data and control channels,and then mobility-aware outage rate.Numerical results show that:1)The proposed split architecture alleviates the increase in handover rate for ultra dense networking,compared with conventional architecture.2)Non-orthogonal transmission outperforms traditional orthogonal transmission in the split architecture,because it is capable of accommodating more control channels.3)By carefully adjusting power levels,minimum outage probabilities can be reached for macrocell UEs in the proposed design.

A State-Based Dynamic Location Management Scheme

We consider a state-based dynamic location management scheme, in which, the user is partitioned into different mobility state set. And its location area size is changed dynamically corresponding to the state set that it belongs to. Comparing with the fixed LA scheme, numerical experiment result shows it's performance can be improved by 30% while the current location and paging procedure can still be applied. Besides, as this scheme need not process complicated user information, the requirement of computing power decreases significantly than the user-based schemes. Our scheme can be used in current 2G mobile systems (such as GSM, CDMA) and the third generation (3G) mobile systems with slightly modifying of the equipment software.

A New Handover Management Model for Two-Tier 5G Mobile Networks

There has been an exponential rise in mobile data traffic in recent times due to the increasing popularity of portable devices like tablets,smartphones,and laptops.The rapid rise in the use of these portable devices has put extreme stress on the network service providers while forcing telecommunication engineers to look for innovative solutions to meet the increased demand.One solution to the problem is the emergence of fifth-generation(5G)wireless communication,which can address the challenges by offering very broad wireless area capacity and potential cut-power consumption.The application of small cells is the fundamental mechanism for the 5Gtechnology.The use of small cells can enhance the facility for higher capacity and reuse.However,it must be noted that small cells deployment will lead to frequent handovers of mobile nodes.Considering the importance of small cells in 5G,this paper aims to examine a new resource management scheme that can work to minimize the rate of handovers formobile phones through careful resources allocation in a two-tier network.Therefore,the resource management problem has been formulated as an optimization issue thatwe aim to overcome through an optimal solution.To find a solution to the existing problem of frequent handovers,a heuristic approach has been used.This solution is then evaluated and validated through simulation and testing,during which the performance was noted to improve by 12%in the context of handover costs.Therefore,this model has been observed to be more efficient as compared to the existing model.

Intelligent Server Management Framework over Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

With the increasing importance of cloud services worldwide, the cloud infrastructure and platform management has become critical for cloud service providers. In this paper, a novel architecture of intelligent server management framework is proposed. In this framework, the communication layer is based on the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), which was developed for instant messaging and has been proven to be highly mature and suitable for mobile and large scalable deployment due to its extensibility and efficiency. The proposed architecture can simplify server management and increase flexibility and scalability when managing hundreds of thousands of servers in the cloud era.

Software defined satellite networks:A survey

In recent years,satellite networks have been proposed as an essential part of next-generation mobile communication systems.Software defined networking techniques are introduced in satellite networks to handle the growing challenges induced by time-varying topology,intermittent inter-satellite link and dramatically increased satellite constellation size.This survey covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks,including key techniques,existing solutions,challenges,opportunities,and simulation tools.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the most comprehensive survey that covers the latest progress of software defined satellite networks.An open GitHub repository is further created where the latest papers on this topic will be tracked and updated periodically.Compared with these existing surveys,this survey contributes from three aspects:(1)an up-to-date SDN-oriented review for the latest progress of key techniques and solutions in software defined satellite networks;(2)an inspiring summary of existing challenges,new research opportunities and publicly available simulation tools for follow-up studies;(3)an effort of building a public repository to track new results.

Fuzzy Logic Based Handover Authentication in 5g Telecommunication Heterogeneous Networks

Under various deployment circumstances,fifth-generation(5G)telecommunications delivers improved network compound management with fast communication channels.Due to the introduction of the Internet of Things(IoT)in data management,the majority of the ultra-dense network models in 5G networks frequently have decreased spectral efficiency,weak handover management,and vulnerabilities.The majority of traditional handover authentication models are seriously threatened,making them vulnerable to a variety of security attacks.The authentication of networked devices is the most important issue.Therefore,a model that incorporates the handover mechanism and authentication model must be created.This article uses a fuzzy logic model to create a handover and key management system that focuses on cloud handover management and authentication performance.In order to decrease delays in 5G networks,the fuzzy logic is built with multiple criteria that aim to reduce the number of executed handovers and target cell selection.The simulation is run to evaluate the model’s performance in terms of latency,spatial complexity,and other metrics related to authentication attack validation.