On-chip optical matrix-vector multiplier based on mode division multiplexing

Published online:14 August 2023 A matrix-vector multiplication(MVM)optical signal processor based on mode division multiplexing(MDM)was proposed and demon-strated in the current work,which is composed of a mode multiplexer,a multimode beam splitter,a mode demultiplexer,a modulator ar-ray and combiners.In addition,the characteristics of MDM obviate the need for multiple wavelengths and therefore multiple laser light sources are unneeded,which greatly reduces the complexity and cost.A 4×4 MDM-MVM was realized on a standard silicon-on-insulator(SOI)platform.Combined with the off-chip light source and photode-tectors(PDs),4-level modulation has been demonstrated,and each level of the output signal could represent 2 bits of information.

Real-Time 4-Mode MDM Transmission Using Commercial 400G OTN Transceivers and All-Fiber Mode Multiplexers

Weakly-coupled mode division multiplexing(MDM)technique is considered a promising candidate to enhance the capacity of an optical transmission system,in which mode multiplexers/demultiplexers(MMUX/MDEMUX)with low insertion loss and modal crosstalk are the key components.In this paper,a low-modal-crosstalk 4-mode MMUX/MDEMUX for the weakly-coupled triple-ring-core few-mode fiber(TRC-FMF)is designed and fabricated with side-polishing processing.The measurement results show that a pair of MMUX/MDEMUX and 25 km weakly-coupled TRC-FMF MDM link achieve low modal crosstalk of lower than−17.5 dB and insertion loss of lower than 11.56 dB for all the four modes.Based on the TRC-FMF and all-fiber MMUX/MDEMUX,an experiment for 25 km real-time 4-mode 3-λwavelength division multiplexing(WDM)-MDM transmission is conducted using commercial 400G optical transport network(OTN)transceivers.The experimental results prove weakly-coupled MDM techniques facilitate a smooth upgrade of the optical transmission system.

Mode division multiplexing:from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission[Invited]

To overcome the capacity crunch of optical communications based on the traditional single-mode fiber(SMF), different modes in a few-mode fiber(FMF) can be employed for mode division multiplexing(MDM). MDM can also be extended to photonic integration for obtaining improved density and efficiency, as well as interconnection capacity. Therefore, MDM becomes the most promising method for maintaining the trend of "Moore’s law" in photonic integration and optical fiber transmission. In this tutorial, we provide a review of MDM works and cutting-edge progresses from photonic integration to optical fiber transmission, including our recent works of MDM low-noise amplification, FMF fiber design, MDM Si photonic devices, and so on. Research and application challenges of MDM for optical communications regarding long-haul transmission and short reach interconnection are discussed as well. The content is expected to be of important value for both academic researchers and industrial engineers during the development of next-generation optical communication systems,from photonic chips to fiber links.

Mode division multiplexed holography by out-of-plane scattering of plasmon/guided modes

We design and demonstrate a type of multiplexed hologram by nanoscatterers inside a dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguide with guided-wave illuminations. The mode division multiplexed hologram（MDMH） is fulfilled by the scattering of guided waves to free space with respect to different modes. According to different mode numbers, these guided modes have different responses to the multiplexed hologram, and then give rise to different holographic images in reconstructions. In experiments, we show two kinds of MDMHs based on TM0∕TE0 and TE0∕TE1 modes as examples. Our approach could enrich the holography method that favors on-chip integration.

Mode division multiplexing reconstructive spectrometer with an all-fiber photonics lantern

This study presents a high-accuracy,all-fber mode division multiplexing(MDM)reconstructive spectrometer(RS).The MDM was achieved by utilizing a custom-designed 3×1 mode-selective photonics lantern to launch distinct spatial modes into the multimode fber(MMF).This facilitated the information transmission by increasing light scattering processes,thereby encoding the optical spectra more comprehensively into speckle patterns.Spectral resolution of 2 pm and the recovery of 2000 spectral channels were accomplished.Compared to methods employing single-mode excitation and two-mode excitation,the three-mode excitation method reduced the recovered error by 88%and 50%respectively.A resolution enhancement approach based on alternating mode modulation was proposed,reaching the MMF limit for the 3 dB bandwidth of the spectral correlation function.The proof-of-concept study can be further extended to encompass diverse programmable mode excitations.It is not only succinct and highly efcient but also well-suited for a variety of high-accuracy,high-resolution spectral measurement scenarios.

4.096 Tbit/s multidimensional multiplexing signals transmission over 1000 km few mode fiber

We experimentally transmit eight wavelength-division-multiplexing(WDM)channels,16 quadratic-amplitude-modulation(QAM)signals at 32-GBaud,over 1000 km few mode fiber(FMF).In this experiment,we use WDM,mode division multiplexing,and polarization multiplexing for signal transmission.Through the multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)equalization algorithms,we achieve the total line transmission rate of 4.096 Tbit/s.The results prove that the bit error rates(BERs)for the16QAM signals after 1000 km FMF transmission are below the soft-decision forward-error-correction(SD-FEC)threshold of2.4×10^(-2),and the net rate reaches 3.413 Tbit/s.Our proposed system provides a reference for the future development of high-capacity communication.

Optical multiplexing techniques and their marriage for on-chip and optical fiber communication:a review

Herein,an attention-grabbing and up-to-date review related to major multiplexing techniques is presented which in-cludes wavelength division multiplexing(WDM),polarization division multiplexing(PDM),space division multiplexing(SDM),mode division multiplexing(MDM)and orbital angular momentum multiplexing(OAMM).Multiplexing is a mech-anism by which multiple signals are combined into a shared channel used to showcase the maximum capacity of the op-tical links.However,it is critical to develop hybrid multiplexing methods to allow enhanced channel numbers.In this re-view,we have also included hybrid multiplexing techniques such as WDM-PDM,WDM-MDM and PDM-MDM.It is prob-able to attain N×M channels by utilizing N wavelengths and M guided-modes by simply utilizing hybrid WDM-MDM(de)multiplexers.To the best of our knowledge,this review paper is one of its kind which has highlighted the most prom-inent and recent signs of progress in multiplexing techniques in one place.

中美地方治理比较研究

在经济全球化的时代,中国地方治理面临着新的机遇和挑战。治理理论在西方的成功实践引起了我国政治学界的高度关注。在市场经济不断完善和全球化冲击的环境下,中国地方政府如何借鉴西方地方政府治理的成功经验,创新和完善地方治理的模式,重塑政府形象,对于构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。

大麦叶绿体分裂的研究

报道了大麦叶绿体分裂的全过程。发现叶绿体是在长轴的中部或近中部产生缢痕、逐渐紧缩并断裂为两个子叶绿体的。并对遗传性黄化大麦叶绿体的结构特征、叶绿体分裂机制、同步性及子叶绿体的大小等进行讨论。

Speckle backpropagation for compensation of nonlinear effects in few-mode optical fibers

We propose an alternative approach to compensation of intermodal interactions in few-mode optical fibers by means of digital backpropagation.Instead of solving the inverse generalized multimode nonlinear Schr?dinger equation,we accomplish backpropagation of the multimode signals with help of their near-field intensity distributions captured by a camera.We demonstrate that this task can successfully be handled by a deep neural network and provide a proof of concept by training an autoencoder for backpropagation of six linearly polarized[LP]modes of a step-index fiber.

Speed-Direction Sensing under Multiple Vehicles Scenario Using Photonic Radars

Recent reports from World Health Organization(WHO)show the impact of human negligence as a serious concern for road accidents and casualties worldwide.There are number of reasons which led to this negligence;hence,need of intelligent transportation system(ITS)gains more attention from researchers worldwide.For achieving such autonomy different sensors are involved in autonomous vehicles which can sense road conditions and warn the control system about possible hazards.This work is focused on designing one such sensor system which can detect and range multiple targets under the impact of adverse atmospheric conditions.A high-speed Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave(LFMCW)based Photonic Radar is proposed to detect multiple targets by integrating Mode division multiplexing(MDM).Reported results in terms of range frequency,Doppler frequency and range resolution are demonstrated using numerical simulations with the bandwidths of 1 and 4 GHz and under adverse atmospheric conditions carrying 75 dB/km of attenuation.To prove the effectiveness of the proposed photonic radar,moving targets are also demonstrated with different speed.System reported substantial range resolution of 15 cm using 1 GHz of bandwidth and 3 cm using 4 GHz of bandwidth.

民事执行分权改革的理性检视

民事执行分权改革艰难推进,相继出现执行局内分权和法院内分权两种典型的分权模式。然而执行案件的执结率却未出现期许中的上升,反而有逐年下降的趋势,改革效果不尽人意。改革目标定位的差误、改革方法的失当、对执行权本质的认识错觉共同致成了改革的偏失。上海模式的出现为民事执行分权改革提供了思路,执行裁判权的独立运行与“执行警务化”改革或可成为砸碎民事执行难、执行乱问题的“重锤”。

人民法庭负责执行的实践与模式选择

无论是在立法层面抑或是实践层面,人民法庭负责执行工作向来有规可循。在执行体制改革的浪潮中,各地人民法院在探索人民法庭负责执行工作中推陈出新。实践中人民法庭与执行局各自的执案守备范围不同,根据分案标准的不同,执行工作呈现出两种模式,固定分案执行模式及随机分案执行模式。在我国人民法庭负责执行工作制度化构建方面,固定分案执行模式应当成为基本走向。但是在理论和制度构建上则不应局限于人民法庭负责执行工作的改进,而应纵观全局,继续深化执行改革,健全解决执行难长效机制,组建专业化执行团队,依托现代信息技术,以执行指挥中心综合管理平台为核心,推进案件科学合理的繁简分流,以彰显执行的效率价值。

Experiments and simulation on the overall DMG of long-haul cascade FM-EDFA systems

All-fiber few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers(FM-EDFAs) with isolation and wavelength division multiplexers(IWDMs)have been developed to enable flexible pumping in different directions. The FM-EDFA can achieve >30 d B modal gain with<0.3 d B differential modal gain(DMG). We experimentally simulate the DMG performance of a cascade FM-EDFA system using the equivalent spectrum method. The overall DMG reaches 1.84 d B after 10-stage amplification. We also build a recirculating loop to simulate the system, and the developed FM-EDFA can support transmission up to 3270 km within a 2 d B overall DMG by optimizing the few-mode fiber length in the loop.

Transfer-learning multi-input multi-output equalizer for mode-division multiplexing systems

We propose a transfer-learning multi-input multi-output(TL-MIMO)scheme to significantly reduce the required training complexity for converging the equalizers in mode-division multiplexing(MDM)systems.Based on a built three-mode(LP01,LP11a,and LP11b)multiplexed experimental system,we thoughtfully investigate the TL-MIMO performances on the three-typed data,collecting from different sampling times,launching optical powers,and inputting optical signal-to-noise ratios(OSNRs).A dramatic reduction of approximately 40%–83.33%in the required training complexity is achieved in all three scenarios.Furthermore,the good stability of TL-MIMO in both the launched powers and OSNR test bands has also been proved.

InP-based monolithically integrated few-mode devices

Mode-division multiplexing（MDM） has become an increasingly important technology to further increase the transmission capacity of both optical-fiber-based communication networks, data centers and waveguidebased on-chip optical interconnects. Mode manipulation devices are indispensable in MDM system and have been widely studied in fiber, planar lightwave circuits, and silicon and InP based platforms. InP-based integration technology provides the easiest accessibility to bring together the functions of laser sources, modulators, and mode manipulation devices into a single chip, making it a promising solution for fully integrated few-mode transmitters in the MDM system. This paper reviews the recent progress in InP-based mode manipulation devices, including the few-mode converters, multiplexers, demultiplexers, and transmitters. The working principle, structures, and performance of InP-based few-mode devices are discussed.

C-band fundamental/first-order mode converter based on multimode interference coupler on InP substrate

The design, fabrication and characterization of a fundamental/first-order mode converter based on mul- timode interference coupler on InP substrate were reported. Detailed optimization of the device parameters were investigated using 3D beam propagation method. In the experiments, the fabricated mode converter realized mode conversion from the fundamental mode to the first-order mode in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm with ex- cess loss less than 3 dB. Moreover, LPol and LP11 fiber modes were successfully excited from a few-mode fiber by using the device. This InP-based mode converter can be a possible candidate for integrated transceivers for future mode-division multiplexing system.