The Impact of Model Based Offset Scaling Technique on the Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses from 3D Seismic Data Acquired from the Tano Basin, Offshore Ghana

Amplitudes have been found to be a function of incident angle and offset. Hence data required to test for amplitude variation with angle or offset needs to have its amplitudes for all offsets preserved and not stacked. Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO)/Amplitude Variation with Angle (AVA) is necessary to account for information in the offset/angle parameter (mode converted S-wave and P-wave velocities). Since amplitudes are a function of the converted S- and P-waves, it is important to investigate the dependence of amplitudes on the elastic (P- and S-waves) parameters from the seismic data. By modelling these effects for different reservoir fluids via fluid substitution, various AVO geobody classes present along the well and in the entire seismic cube can be observed. AVO analysis was performed on one test well (Well_1) and 3D pre-stack angle gathers from the Tano Basin. The analysis involves creating a synthetic model to infer the effect of offset scaling techniques on amplitude responses in the Tano basin as compared to the effect of unscaled seismic data. The spectral balance process was performed to match the amplitude spectra of all angle stacks to that of the mid (26°) stack on the test lines. The process had an effect primarily on the far (34° - 40°) stacks. The frequency content of these stacks slightly increased to match that of the near and mid stacks. In offset scaling process, the root mean square (RMS) amplitude comparison between the synthetic and seismic suggests that the amplitude of the far traces should be reduced relative to the nears by up to 16%. However, the exact scaler values depend on the time window considered. This suggests that the amplitude scaling with offset delivered from seismic processing is only approximately correct and needs to be checked with well synthetics and adjusted accordingly prior to use for AVO studies. The AVO attribute volumes generated were better at resolving anomalies on spectrally balanced and offset scaled data than data delivered from conventional processing. A typical class II AVO anomaly is seen along the test well from the cross-plot analysis and AVO attribute cube which indicates an oil filled reservoir.

Constitutive modeling for mechanical behaviors of geomaterials, newdesigns and techniques in geotechnical engineering

This Special Issue of the Journal of Rock Mechanics and GeotechnicalEngineering （JRMGE） contains 13 papers prepared by internationalexperts on various general topics in geomechanics, rockmechanics and geotechnical engineering. It represents a usefulmix of theoretical developments, testing and practical applications.We present in the following brief details in the papers, alphabeticallyin accordance with the last name of the first author.Barla presents a review of tunneling techniques with emphasison the full-face method combining full-face excavation and facereinforcement by means of fiber-glass elements with a yieldcontrolsupport. This method has been used successfully in difficultgeologic conditions, and for a wide spectrum of ground situations.The validation of the method with respect to the Saint Martin LaPorte access adit along the LyoneTurin Base tunnel experiencingseverely squeezing conditions during excavation is also includedin the paper. The numerical modeling with consideration of therock mass time-dependent behavior showed a satisfactory agreementwith monitoring results.

Modeling and Simulation of Textile Supply Chain through Colored Petri Nets

The purpose of this paper is to describe the business process modeling and simulation of a textile supply chain using Colored Petri nets. Our model takes into account both the source process and delivery logistics that exist between any two members of supply chain;moreover, we model other activities performed by the company such as manufacturing clothing. The model has been built to acquire a better understanding about the behavior of a textile company in the fulfillment of requests from costumers. The model has been built using CPN Tools. This model was built with modules for activities of the supply chain textile, e.g. receiving orders of customers, determination of production plan, procurement raw material, transportation of raw material, production and delivering products to customers. This modularized model offers some advantages to represent complex supply chains according to their structure and requirements. Thus, we can add modules easily depending on the necessary activities.

Hybrid Model Testing Technique for Deep-Sea Platforms Based on Equivalent Water Depth Truncation

In this paper, an inner turret moored FPSO which works in the water of 320 m depth, is selected to study the socalled ＂passively-truncated ＋ numerical-simulation＂ type of hybrid model testing technique while the tnmcated water depth is 160 m and the model scale ）, = 80. During the investigation, the optimization design of the equivalent-depth truncated system is performed by using the similarity of the static characteristics between the truncated system and the full depth one as the objective function. According to the truncated system, the corresponding physical test model is made. By adopting the coupling time domain simulation method, the tnmcated system model test is numerically reconstructed to carefully verify the computer simulation software and to adjust the corresponding hydrodynamic parameters. Based on the above work, the numerical extrapolation to the full depth system is performed by using the verified computer software and the adjusted hydrodyrmmic parameters. The full depth system model test is then performed in the basin and the results are compared with those from the numerical extrapolation. At last, the implementation procedure and the key technique of the hybrid model testing of the deep-sea platforms are summarized and printed. Through the above investigations, some beneficial conclusions are presented.

A DIGITAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR DRYDEN ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE MODEL

Dryden model is usually used in studying the response of flight vehicle to atmospheric turbulence.For a modern flight simulator,it is necessary to generate random winds ( in Dryden model or sometimesothers) with a digital computer.In this paper,a theoretically strict new method to meet this purpose isproposed.By this method,we can acquire a three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence which containsthree components of wind velocity and three components of wind velocity gradient.The reliability of thismethod is checked by comparing the obtained autocorrelation value with the theoretical one.A numericalexample has shown a satisfactory result.Finally,some proposals about how to use this mathematicalmodel in flight simulator are given.

Progress on the Use of Stable Isotope Techniques in Catchment Hydrograph Separation: A Review

Hydrograph separation is a fundamental catchment descriptor,revealing information about sources of water in runoff generation processes. The water isotopes are ideal tracers in studying hydrological processes since the isotope fractionation produces a natural labeling effect within the hydrologic cycle. The water isotope technique has become one of effective means for investigating complex hydrologic system on a catchment scale. This paper reviews the progress on the use of stable water isotope techniques in catchment hydrograph separation in last decades. Also,the isotope mixing model for hydrograph separation and its uncertainties are explained in detail. In future research,there are three hot issues in the use of isotopic hydrograph separation（ IHS） ： integrating new approaches into IHS,calibration and verification of IHS model and IHS application in large river basins.

Solving the Jaynes-Cummings Model with Shift Operators Constructed by Means of the Matrix-Diagonalizing Technique

The Jaynes-Cummings model is solved with the raising and lowering（shift） operators using the matrix-diagonalizing technique. Bell nonlocality is also found to be present ubiquitously in the excitation states of the model.

Demand Flexibility of Residential Buildings:Definitions,Flexible Loads,and Quantification Methods

This paper reviews recent research on the demand flexibility of residential buildings in regard to definitions,flexible loads,and quantification methods.A systematic distinction of the terminology is made,including the demand flexibility,operation flexibility,and energy flexibility of buildings.A comprehensive definition of building demand flexibility is proposed based on an analysis of the existing definitions.Moreover,the flexibility capabilities and operation characteristics of the main residential flexible loads are summarized and compared.Models and evaluation indicators to quantify the flexibility of these flexible loads are reviewed and summarized.Current research gaps and challenges are identified and analyzed as well.The results indicate that previous studies have focused on the flexibility of central air conditioning,electric water heaters,wet appliances,refrigerators,and lighting,where the proportion of studies focusing on each of these subjects is 36.7%,25.7%,14.7%,9.2%,and 8.3%,respectively.These flexible loads are different in running modes,usage frequencies,seasons,and capabilities for shedding,shifting,and modulation,while their response characteristics are not yet clear.Furthermore,recommendations are given for the application of white-,black-,and grey-box models for modeling flexible loads in different situations.Numerous static flexibility evaluation indicators that are based on the aspects of power,temporality,energy,efficiency,economics,and the environment have been proposed in previous publications,but a consensus and standardized evaluation framework is lacking.This review can help readers better understand building demand flexibility and learn about the characteristics of different residential flexible loads,while also providing suggestions for future research on the modeling techniques and evaluation metrics of residential building demand flexibility.

Hybrid Verification of A Deepwater Cell-Truss Spar

Hybrid model testing technique is widely used in verification of a deepwater floating structure and its mooring system, but the design of the truncated mooring systems which can reproduce both static and dynamic response same as the full-depth mooring system is still a big challenge, especially for the mooring systems with large truncation. A Cell-Truss Spar operated in 1500 m water depth is verified in a wave basin with 4 m water depth. A large truncation factor arises even though a small model scale 1 ： 100 is adopted. Computer program modules for analyzing the static and frequency domain dynamic response of mooting line are combined with multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II to optimize the truncated mooring system. Considering the asyrmnetry of layout of mooring lines, two different truncated mooring systems are respectively designed for both directions in which the restoring forces of the mooring system are quite different. Not only the static characteristics of the mooring systems are calibrated, but also the dynamic responses of the single truncated mooring line are evaluated through time domain numerical simulation and model tests. The model test results of 100-year storm in the GOM are reconstructed and extrapolated to a full depth. It is found that the experimental and numerical resuits of Spar wave frequency motion agree well, and the dynamic responses of the full-depth mooring lines are better reproduced, but the low frequency surge motion is overestimated due to the smaller mooring-induced damping. It is a feasible method adopting different tnmcated mooring systems for different directions in which the restoring force characteristics are quite different and cannot be simulated by one truncated mooring system. Hybrid verification of a deepwater platform in wave basin with shallow water depth is still feasible if the truncated mooring systems are properly designed, and numerical extrapolation is necessary.

Multiple-model Bayesian filtering with random finite set observation

The finite set statistics provides a mathematically rig- orous single target Bayesian filter （STBF） for tracking a target that generates multiple measurements in a cluttered environment. However, the target maneuvers may lead to the degraded track- ing performance and even track loss when using the STBF. The multiple-model technique has been generally considered as the mainstream approach to maneuvering the target tracking. Moti- vated by the above observations, we propose the multiple-model extension of the original STBF, called MM-STBF, to accommodate the possible target maneuvering behavior. Since the derived MM- STBF involve multiple integrals with no closed form in general, a sequential Monte Carlo implementation （for generic models） and a Gaussian mixture implementation （for linear Gaussian models） are presented. Simulation results show that the proposed MM-STBF outperforms the STBF in terms of root mean squared errors of dynamic state estimates.

Radio Optical Network Simulation Tool (RONST)

This paper presents a radio optical network simulation tool(RONST)for modeling optical-wireless systems.For a typical optical and electrical chain environment,performance should be optimized concurrently before system implementation.As a result,simulating such systems turns out to be a multidisciplinary problem.The governing equations are incompatible with co-simulation in the traditional environments of existing software(SW)packages.The ultra-wideband(UWB)technology is an ideal candidate for providing high-speed short-range access for wireless services.The limited wireless reach of this technology is a significant limitation.A feasible solution to the problem of extending UWB signals is to transmit these signals to endusers via optical fibers.This concept implies the need for the establishment of a dependable environment for studying such systems.Therefore,the essential novelty of the proposed SW is that it provides designers,engineers,and researchers with a dependable simulation framework that can accurately and efficiently predict and/or optimize the behavior of such systems in a single optical-electronic simulation package.Furthermore,it is supported by a strong mathematical foundation with integrated algorithms to achieve broad flexibility and low computational cost.To validate the proposed tool,RONST was deployed on an ultra-wideband over fiber(UWBoF)system.The bit error rate(BER)has been calculated over a UWBoF system,and there is good agreement between the experimental and simulated results.

A CONSTRAINED LEAST SQUARES FITTING TECHNIQUE FOR ARMA MODELING

Several ARMA modeling approaches are addressed. In these methods only part of a correlation sequence is employed for estimating parameters. It is satisfying, if the given correlation sequence is of real ARMA, since an ARMA process can be completely determined by part of its correlation se -quence. But for the case of a measured correlation sequence the whole sequence may be used to reduce the effect of error on model parameter estimation. In addition, these methods now do not guarantee a nonnegative spectral estimate. In view of the above-mentioned fact, a constrained least squares fitting technique is proposed which utilizes the whole measured correlation sequence and guarantees a nonnegative spectral estimate.

Radar Imaging Based on Iterative Algorithms

It has long been realized that the problem of radar imaging is a special case of image reconstruction in which the data are incomplete and noisy. In other fields, iterative reconstruction algorithms have been used successfully to improve the image quality. This paper studies the application of iterative algorithms in radar imaging. A discrete model is first derived, and the iterative algorithms are then adapted to radar imaging. Although such algorithms are usually time consuming, this paper shows that, if the algorithms are appropriately simplified, it is possible to realize them even in real time. The efficiency of iterative algorithms is shown through computer simulations.

Interactive mechanism and friction modelling of transient tribological phenomena in metal forming processes: A review

The accurate representation of tribological boundary conditions at the tool–workpiece interface is crucial for analysis and optimization of formability,material flow,and surface quality of components during metal forming processes.It has been found that these tribological conditions vary spatially and historically with process parameters and contact conditions.These time-dependent tribological behaviours are also known as transient tribological phenomena,which are widely observed during forming processes and many other manufacturing application scenarios.However,constant friction values are usually assigned to represent complex and dynamic interfacial conditions,which would introduce deviations in the relevant predictions.In this paper,transient tribological phenomena and the contemporary understanding of the interaction between friction and wear are reviewed,and it has been found that these phenomena are induced by the transitions of friction mechanisms and highly dependent on complex loading conditions at the interface.Friction modelling techniques for transient behaviours for metal forming applications are also reviewed.To accurately describe the evolutionary friction values and corresponding wear during forming,the advanced interactive friction modelling has been established for different application scenarios,including lubricated condition,dry sliding condition(metal-on-metal contact),and coated system.

Crowd evacuation simulation model with soft computing optimization techniques:a systematic literature review

Crowd evacuation simulation is an essential element when it comes to planning and preparation in evacuation management.This paper presents the survey based on systematic literature review(SLR)technique that aims to identify the crowd evacuation under microscopic model integrated with soft computing technique from previous works.In the review process,renowned databases were searched to retrieve the primary articles and total 38 studies were thoroughly studied.The researcher has identified the potential optimization factors in simulating crowd evacuation and research gaps based on acquired issues,limitation and challenges in this domain.The results of this SLR will serve as a guideline for the researchers that have same interest to develop better and effective crowd evacuation simulation model.The future direction from this SLR also suggests that there is a potential to hybrid the model with softcomputing optimization focusing on latest nature-inspired algorithms in improving the crowd evacuation model.

Brushless Doubly-Fed Machines:Opportunities and Challenges

The brushless doubly-fed machine(BDFM)is a family of multiport electric machines with two ac electrical ports and a common mechanical port.Different from the conventional singly-fed machines whose synchronous speed is solely determined by a single supply frequency and the actual pole pair number,the BDFM has two supply frequencies and two different pole pair numbers to control the rotor speed.By the two accessible electrical ports,all BDFMs are endowed with more degrees of freedom for speed and power control,inherent fault-tolerant capability and high reliability.The BDFM in its broad sense has been extensively investigated as a promising alternative to the conventional slip-ring doubly-fed induction machine(DFIM)during the past decades,for both limited and wide speed range applications.This paper presents a new theoretical framework of the BDFM within which all topological variants can be closely linked by the similarities in working principle.The individualities of each machine topology are presented first,followed by the commonalities such as the modeling techniques,modes of operation,design considerations and control strategies.The challenges are identified and highlighted based on recent developments and possible opportunities are predicted considering the unique nature of this special AC machine type.

Model Reduction and Controller Design for a Nonlinear Heat Conduction Problem Using Finite Element Method

The mathematical models for dynamic distributed parameter systems are given by systems of partial differential equations. With nonlinear material properties, the corresponding finite element (FE) models are large systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. However, in most cases, the actual dynamics of interest involve only a few of the variables, for which model reduction strategies based on system theoretical concepts can be immensely useful. This paper considers the problem of controlling a three dimensional profile on nontrivial geometries. Dynamic model is obtained by discretizing the domain using FE method. A nonlinear control law is proposed which transfers any arbitrary initial temperature profile to another arbitrary desired one. The large dynamic model is reduced using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Finally, the stability of the control law is proved through Lyapunov analysis. Results of numerical implementation are presented and possible further extensions are identified.

Synergistic impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on summer surface O_3 in East Asia

A factor separation technique and an improved regional air quality model （RAQM） were applied to calculate synergistic contributions of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds （AVOCs）,biogenic volatile organic compounds （BVOCs） and nitrogen oxides （NOx） to daily maximum surface O3（O3DM） concentrations in East Asia in summer （June to August 2000）.The summer averaged synergistic impacts of AVOCs and NOx are dominant in most areas of North China,with a maximum of 60 ppbv,while those of BVOCs and NOx are notable only in some limited areas with high BVOC emissions in South China,with a maximum of 25 ppbv.This result implies that BVOCs contribute much less to summer averaged O3DM concentrations than AVOCs in most areas of East Asia at a coarse spatial resolution （1×1） although global emissions of BVOCs are much greater than those of AVOCs.Daily maximum total contributions of BVOCs can approach 20 ppbv in North China,but they can reach 40 ppbv in South China,approaching or exceeding those in some developed countries in Europe and North America.BVOC emissions in such special areas should be considered when O3 control measures are taken.Synergistic contributions among AVOCs,BVOCs and NOx significantly enhance O3 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and decrease them in some areas in South China.Thus,the total contributions of BVOCs to O3DM vary significantly from day to day and from location to location.This result suggests that O3 control measures obtained from episodic studies could be limited for long-term applications.

Effect of calcination temperature on B-site vacancy content of La0.75Sr0.25Mn0.92△0.08O3-δperovskite

Lanthanum manganite with cation vacancies from nominal La（0.75）Sr（0.25）Mn（0.92）△（0.08）O（3-δ） nanocrystalline powder was successfully prepared at different calcination temperatures using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction shows that as the calcination temperature（T（Cal）） increases, the crystal particle diameter increases, but the B-site vacancy content decreases. According to a powder diffraction profile fitting technique and transmission electron microscopy results, the vacancy content can be estimated as 0.08,0.01, and 0.005 for T（Cal） = 1073,1273, and 1473 K, respectively. Magnetization versus temperature curves show that the magnetic transition temperatures, including the Curie temperature, are influenced by both B-site vacancies and double-exchange interaction between Mn^（3＋） and Mn^（4＋） cations. A core-shell model is proposed for vacancies located on the surfaces of the crystal particles. As an application, the magnetic moment angle θ（ij） between Mn^（3＋） and Mn^（4＋） cations on the surface, which decreases with decreasing vacancy content, can be obtained.