The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.

RESEARCH & PRACTICE OF WATER-SAVING AGRICULTURE

China is one of the world’s major agricultural countries. About 80% of its annual water consumption is used for fanning undertakings. On the other hand, China is a country deficient in water resources and in particular, the water shortage is embarrassingly serious in the north. So the current development of water-saving agriculture (WSA) is a way of easing the strain between the supply and demand of water. This article expounds the WSA’s status in the development of the national economy, its research and implementation, and suggests an institutional system of WSA to be established in this country.

A Review on Water-Saving Agriculture in Europe

This paper aims to analyze the research on the current situation of water-saving agriculture development in Europe. Water-saving agriculture in Europe started early, governments and farmers in various countries have a strong awareness of water-saving in agriculture and have achieved certain results. Due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of up-to-date field research, the complexity of various agricultural disciplines and categories, and the lack of information sharing, the current cognition of recent progress in the development of water-saving agriculture in Europe is not comprehensive enough. This paper selects four representative European countries: Spain, Germany, Italy, and Denmark as the research objects. Based on the existing research of Chinese and Western scholars, this paper analyzes and studies the current situation of water-saving agriculture in Europe. It has far-reaching significance for other countries in the world to have further development in water-saving agriculture and to protect water resources.

Problems and Development Countermeasures of Agricultural Water-Saving Irrigation

Agriculture is the biggest water user in China,and the development of agricultural water-saving has great significance to the national economy and social development. In this paper,the present situation of water used in agriculture irrigation and water-saving potential were analyzed,and the ＂ bottleneck＂ and main problems existing in water-saving irrigation in China were discussed. From the aspects of engineering investment channels,agricultural water-saving policies and management system,reform of agricultural water price and water right transfer,improvement of farmers＇ water-saving consciousness,and promotion of rural land transfer,suggestions were proposed for the development of China＇s agricultural water-saving in future,which will provide a technical support for the sustainable use of agricultural water resources in China.

Analysis on the Water-saving Irrigation Technique Based on the Perspective of Food Safety

The paper analyzed the important role of water saving in protecting the food safety,introduced the present development of agricultural water-saving technique,pointed out the potential risks of water resources,and proposed the future development of water-saving irrigation.

Present Situation and Development Countermeasures of Modern Agriculture Industrial Clusters of 100 Billion Output in Nanchong City

Industrial clusters have an obvious role in promoting regional economic development and can enhance region core competitiveness.In order to rapidly promote the economic development of Nanchong,from the aspects of agricultural resources,brand advantages,modern agricultural demonstration zones,deep processing of agricultural products and cold chain logistics,the development status of modern agricultural industrial clusters of 100 billion output in Nanchong City is summarized in this article. For existing problems,resolution strategies are proposed from the aspects of focuses,work paths and safeguards.

消费帮扶促进小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的机制研究

小农户和现代农业发展脱节所形成的产销矛盾是脱贫地区乡村特色产业发展壮大面临的主要矛盾之一。在马克思社会再生产四环节理论框架下,消费帮扶推动脱贫地区小农户在再生产四环节即生产、分配、交换(流通)、消费的动态循环中衔接现代农业。衔接机制主要为:在消费环节,形成小农户经营理念迭代机制,促进小农户与现代市场理念衔接;在生产环节,形成倒逼机制,促进小农户与现代生产方式衔接;在流通环节,突破区域化流通格局,促进小农户与现代流通体系衔接;在分配环节,提升脱贫地区小农户在议价中的话语权,构建小农户与新型农业经营主体之间紧密型利益联结机制。在消费帮扶转型升级时期,应进一步从生产、分配、流通、消费四环节入手,继续发挥消费帮扶对小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的促进作用。

Strategic Measures for Implementing 300 Demonstration Projects to Lead the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Clusters with Output of 100 Billion Yuan

To carefully implement the rural revitalization strategy,further promote the structural reform of the agricultural supply front,implement the "155 Development Strategy",speed up the cultivation of the modern agricultural industrial clusters with output of 100 billion yuan,and constantly consolidate the industrial foundation of the " Second City in Chengdu-Chongqing Line",the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government of Nanchong City decided to implement the " 300 Demonstration Projects" of modern agriculture. It firmly grasps the " bull nose"( key part) of the project,energetically implements the construction of 100 modern circular agricultural demonstration parks,100 agricultural leading enterprises with output value of 100 billion yuan,and 100 agricultural new business model demonstration projects( hereinafter referred to as 300 Demonstration Projects),to realize the goal of the output value of the modern agriculture industrial clusters of Nanchong City exceeds 100 billion yuan in 2020.

中国农村金融支撑农业现代化的效率分析与优化路径——基于DEA-Malmquist指数

农业现代化是促进乡村振兴的必然一步,农业现代化的重要性不言而喻。农村金融作为推动农业现代化的重要动力,二者有着密不可分的联系。采用DEA方法,运用R-4.0.5软件测算2011—2018年中国31个省份(自治区、直辖市)的农村金融支撑农业现代化效率,结合Malmquist指数进行动态分析。研究发现:农村金融对农业现代化影响的效率在时间上呈快速增长态势,在地区上呈现出东部沿海与华北地区偏高、中西部地区偏低的区域差异性;农村金融支撑农业现代化主要受技术效率影响;农村金融支撑农业现代化的效率类型可分为新生型、稳定型与衰退型。基于此,明确了中国农村金融政策的方向,即:针对农村地区经济情况,合理选择金融政策;创新升级农村金融模式与金融产品类型,满足不同地区的金融需求;拓宽农村金融推广广度,提高农村金融渗透深度。

Implications of agricultural success in the Yellow River Basin and its strategy for green development

The Yellow River Basin is an important food production area and an ecological challenge for China, where environmental protection and water scarcity are the major constraints. For the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin,optimizing the adoption of chemicals in agricultural production and integrating crops with livestock are the key strategies for protecting the eco-environment.For dryland agriculture in the middle and upper reaches, this study summarizes four aspects of efficient precipitation techniques in terms of collection,storage, conservation, and use, which have greatly improved crop yields and supported dryland crop production. Irrigated agriculture in the middle and lower reaches is the core area of China's grain production, where the area under water-saving irrigation reached 13.0 Mha in 2018, greatly improving water use. Compared with 1998, cereal production in 2018 increased by 62.2 Mt under similar total water withdrawals(49.7 billion to 51.6 billion m~3),and the annual soil erosion at the Tongguan Hydrological Observatory reduced by 584 million m~3 in 2018, achieving great success in environmental protection and efficient water use. The Chinese government has set a goal for the Yellow River Basin to become the national leader in environmental protection and efficient water use by 2035. Such a high demand requires the combined efforts of the whole community, as well as the adoption of new technologies,coordinated basin-wide development, and adequate policy support.

农业信息化建设的实证研究——以山东省为例

【目的】信息化是当今世界发展的大趋势,是推动中国经济社会变革的重要力量。山东作为中国农业大省,农业发展受资源约束日益加剧,农业产业升级转型需求迫切。而作为中国第一个国家农村农业信息化示范省,山东省率先开展了信息化推进和提升现代农业发展的尝试。通过分析总结山东省农业信息化发展的实践与成效,进一步验证信息化在现代农业发展中的巨大作用,总结可借鉴的经验模式,以期为全国其他省份开展农业信息化建设提供参考。【方法】通过实地考察和座谈的方式了解山东省农业信息化发展的现状和问题,并以调研获取的数据为依据进行定量研究,不仅从宏观角度上把握山东省农业信息化建设的实践与成效,而且有针对性地提出农业信息化政策措施。【结果】山东省主要开展了省级农村农业信息化综合服务平台建设,"三网融合"信息服务高速通道建设,基层信息服务体系建设,示范工程建设,长效机制的探索工作。目前,省级农业信息化综合服务平台初步建成并试运行,建成了覆盖面广、快速便捷的农业信息服务高速通道,在全省范围内建设了2 000多个示范性基层信息服务站点,围绕蔬菜、果树、畜禽、水产等重点产业开展了科技信息服务、电子商务、农业物联网等示范工程,推广应用了一大批信息化成果,探索建立了农业信息化工作长效机制,有力推动了山东省现代农业发展和新农村建设,促进了信息化与农业现代化的融合发展。【结论】农业信息化是现代农业发展的重要支撑,是农业现代化水平的重要体现,是农业现代化建设的重要内容,也是实现农业增效、农民增收、农村发展的关键举措,以信息化推进现代农业发展,是山东省乃至全国发展农业信息化,实现"四化同步"的最佳路径。

生态化:中国现代农业发展的必然选择

在概述了现代农业生态化内涵的基础上,阐述了生态化是中国现代农业发展的必然选择。从自然资源开发利用、农业系统生态平衡、软硬件设施建设、农业生态系统结构,分析了我国农业生态化存在的主要问题;提出了我国现代农业生态化的发展策略:即实现现代农业主体经营意识的生态化;现代农业规划的生态化;现代农业生产技术的生态化;现代农业经济的生态化和现代农业管理的生态化。

江苏省现代高效农业发展目标与模式研究

现代高效农业是江苏省农业发展的主要方向,通过调研、座谈、资料收集等方法,在充分分析江苏现代高效农业发展背景的前提下,提出了江苏省现代高效农业的发展目标及主要模式,并针对江苏省实际情况,提出了江苏省发展现代高效农业的支撑体系,以促进江苏省现代高效农业的正确和快速发展。

现代农业示范区总体规划理论与实践

规划是现代农业示范区建设的顶层设计,构建系统而科学的理论指导体系,有利于顺利编制和实施规划。该文从现代农业特征出发,通过梳理国内外众多现代农业发展相关理论,采用层次分类法构建现代农业示范区规划理论指导体系。针对示范区规划重要的总体方案设计环节,采用主次分析法重点梳理与集成了发展定位、总体统筹、空间布局、产业发展等相关基础理论。以《海口市国家现代农业示范区规划》为例,分析了理论指导下的现代农业示范区规划实践。该研究可为各地现代农业示范区规划提供借鉴与参考。

山西太原都市型现代农业主导产业选择分析

都市型现代农业是我国现代农业的重要表现形式。积极发展都市型现代农业,是大城市现代农业发展的战略取向。然而,在都市农业发展的进程中,主导产业具有极其重要的作用。本文简要回顾了以往的主导产业理论与选择基准,运用区位商法与显示性对称比较优势指数法分析了太原市农业结构内部各行业的比较优势。结果表明:农业的优势区域是尖草坪区、清徐县和小店区;林业在迎泽区、杏花岭区和娄烦县的比较优势明显;种植业在杏花岭区、阳曲县、迎泽区等区县比较优势明显;渔业的生产优势区域为娄烦县、晋源区和迎泽区。籍此,结合太原市的资源禀赋、区位条件等优势,积极选择与识别能够带动太原都市农业快速发展的主导产业,并且结合太原农业发展的现实情况,按照观光休闲农业圈、特色种养农业圈、科技示范农业圈及合作辐射农业圈四个圈层进行合理布局,这是新时期该地区进行产业结构调整与优化、制定产业发展政策及区域经济发展战略规划的重要任务。

都市型现代农业的发展模式研究

都市型现代农业是我国现代农业的重要表现形式,其发展模式主要有设施农业、观光休闲农业、农业科技园区、循环农业、生态农业和籽种农业等。北京都市型现代农业经过十几年的建设与发展取得了显著成效,为今后的发展奠定了坚实基础,但仍面临城乡居民收入差距拉大、市场经济发育欠成熟、土地流转机制未建立、农业生态环境污染严重等制约因素。根据区域比较优势原则,建议将北京地区划分成观光休闲农业圈、科技示范农业圈、特色种养农业圈及合作辐射农业圈。在不同的圈层区域,都市型现代农业应按照不同的模式发展。

中国都市现代农业产业化发展模式研究--以西安市为例

农业产业化是现代农业的重要内涵与农业经济发展的新形式。改革开发以来,我国社会经济尤其是城市化快速发展,都市现代农业产业化发展的条件已经具备。文章在对国内外农业产业化发展模式阐述评析的基础上,结合实地调研资料,分析了西安市农业产业化发展的现状特点,进而遵循劳动地域分工理论与产业经济理论,从发挥资源、区位、交通、市场、科技、组织方武等优势因素出发,构建出符合该市现代农业发展的"龙头企业(公司)+农户"、"农户+主导产业"、"农户+合作经济组织(农业协会)+超市"三种类型的农业产业化发展模式,并探讨了其实施机制。

“现代农业”再认识

进一步发展现代农业是实现农业与农村经济发展的重要产业支撑。现代农业的发展离不开科学技术的进步,但单纯利用现代科技装备起来的农业还不是现代农业。现代农业与农业产业化和涉农企业相关,但不完全相同,现代农业的发展离不开现代产业组织和现代涉农产业系统的培育与完善,其本质上就是在发达国家的农业总产值中占有重要比重的涉农产业(Agribusiness)。对现代农业进行概念的辨析和内涵的界定,分析现代农业的主要特征,对于正确认识现代农业及其对于我国农业甚至整个国民经济的重要作用具有积极意义。

生态脆弱地区现代农业产业发展的思路与对策研究——以贵州省为例

本文通过对贵州现代农业发展背景、发展目标的分析,指出依托特色农业资源优势,大力发展特色农业产业,是构建贵州现代农业产业体系、推动现代农业发展的战略重点;为进一步发挥特色农业在推动贵州现代农业发展中的作用,针对特色农业发展中面临的一系列困难和问题,提出了加快贵州特色农业发展的思路与对策建议。

现代农业是新农村建设的基础工程

本文通过对现代农业内涵与特征的阐述,并从产业支撑、农民素质提升、粮食安全、资金支持等四个方面,对现代农业是新农村建设基础工程的机理进行分析,最后提出了政策建议。