Study on Construction of Forestry Socialized Service Systems Based on Barnard's Organizational Structure Theory

Construction of forestry socialized service systems is the important content for reform of collective forestry tenure systems.Based on the necessity,possibility and problem of construction of forestry socialized service system,according to Barnard's Organizational Structure theory,the path and countermeasure of forestry socialized service system in China are discussed.

A Historical Overview of China's Upgrading of Its Industrial Structure

This paper investigates the history of upgrade of industrial structure in human society from a combined perspective of economic and philosophical history encompassing primitive society,ancient society and recent and modern society.As far as recent and modern society is concerned,this paper divides the upgrade into two basic aspects:the shifting dominant position of primary,secondary and tertiary industries,and that of laborintensive,capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries.Moreover,this paper has examined the history of upgrade of industrial structure in China since 1949 and identified that the upgrade of China's industrial structure demonstrates not only the characteristics of middle and late stages of industrialization but characteristics of modernization as well.According to the general pattern of upgrade of industrial structure in recent and modern society and China's reality,great efforts must be made to improve China's indigenous innovation capacity,expedite agriculture modernization,increase competitiveness and qualitative development of manufacturing sector,and vigorously promote service sector(especially producers services),environmental protection industry,culture industry and maritime industry.

Application and development of modern long-span space structures in China

Modem long-span space structures,developed during the 1970s and 1980s,are light and effective structures based on new technologies and light-weight high-strength materials,such as membranes and steel cables.These structures include air-supported membrane structures,cable-membrane structures,cable truss structures,beam string structures,suspen-domes,cable domes,composite structures of cable dome and single-layer lattice shell,Tensairity structures and so forth.For the premodem space structures widely used since the mid-twentieth century(such as thin shells,space trusses,lattice shells and ordinary cable structures),new space structures have been developed by the combination of different structural forms and materials.The application of prestressing technology and the innovation of structural concepts and configurations are also associated with modem space structures,including composite space trusses,open-web grid structures,polyhedron space frame structures,partial double-layer lattice shells,cable-stayed grid structures,tree-type structures,prestressed segmental steel structures and so forth.This paper provides a review of the structural characteristics and practical applications in China of modem rigid space structures,modem flexible space structures and modem rigid-flexible combined space structures.

BAMBOO CANOPY:TOWARDS A LIGHT CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO

Despite the abundance of highly sustainable bamboo,people tend to overlook its structural performance for construction purposes.This paper therefore explores the potential of bamboo architecture to develop light-weight building systems and also to create an effect of lightness.Developed by a team at the School of Architecture of Southeast University,Bamboo Canopy is an outdoor stage canopy in Anji,China,that pushes the boundaries of bamboo as a material for building woven gridshell structure.The work is designed as a long-lifespan bamboo structure,with the design team and locals participating in its construction.Positioned on a public stage,Bamboo Canopy experiments with the combination of sustainable construction and local craftsmanship to produce a highly engaging architectural intervention that activates the existing place.With its wing-like form,it invites visitors to join the performance scene-as they approach the shell,the structure reveals itself-with a 12.4-metre span and 6-metre roof overhang,the canopy covers more than 150 square metres with only 1.2 square metres touching the ground.Through analysing the form,structure and details of this experimental project,this paper clarifies not only the potentiality but also the feasibilities in using bamboo for light construction.

Modernised Traditional Lime Plasters for Modern Historic Living of Built Heritage:Case Studies from Germany and Reflection for China

Traditional plasters were generally produced until about the middle of the 20^(th) century.Among traditional plasters,lime plaster in Europe occupies a position of outstanding importance.Plasters play a key role as a protective and decorative outer layer in the care and rehabilitation of the built heritage.To meet the needs for protecting masonry and living in historic buildings in the modern age,traditional lime plasters can be modified to fulfill technical and aesthetic functions.This paper makes an assessment of the use of traditional and modern lime plasters in Germany.The rediscovery of lime plaster as a material for use in cultural heritage conservation has led to the application of traditional and modern plasters along with advanced guidelines and standards for their production and application.In China,a kind of lime-system has recently been developed that is historically and technically compatible with the types used historically;the new types lend itself well to use in modern conservation.

Introduction:Comparative Literature beyond Eurocentrism

This introductory essay discusses the Eurocentrism of Comparative Literature and argues that as an effect of the structures of the modern humanities,thestudy of non-European literatures has been mostly consigned to area studies and not literary studies departments at universities Therefore,despite the efforts to overcome this condition of the field,including the rise of World Literature since the turn of the 21st century,scholarship has reproduced the status quo to the extent that World Literature also remainsa largely Eurocentricproject.We argue that revisionist efforts have so far operated within the European theoretical space and referred toa limited number of languages.The essays collected in the present issue address this problem and propose diverse solutions for overcoming the Eurocentrism of the discipline.