Pulsed Modulation in Electro-Hyperthermia

Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) is one of the novel oncological treatments with many preclinical and clinical results showing its advantages. The basis of the method is the synergy of thermal and nonthermal effects, similar to the thermal action of conventional hyperthermia combined with ionizing radiation (radiotherapy). The electric field and the radiofrequency current produced both the thermal and nonthermal processes. The thermal effects produce the elevated temperature as a thermal background to optimize the nonthermal impacts. The low frequency amplitude modulation ensures accurate targeting and promotes immunogenic cell death to develop the tumor specific memory T cells disrupting the malignant cells by immune surveillance. This process (abscopal effect) works like a vaccination. The low frequency amplitude modulation is combined in the new method with the high power pulses for short time, increasing the tumor distortion ability of the electric field. The new modulation combination has much deeper penetration triplicating the active thickness of the effective treatment. The short pulse absorption increases the safety and decreases the thermal toxicity of the treatment, making the treatment safer. The increased power allows for reduced treatment time with the prescribed dose.

Indirect Vector Control of Linear Induction Motors Using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

Vector control schemes have recently been used to drive linear induction motors(LIM)in high-performance applications.This trend promotes the development of precise and efficient control schemes for individual motors.This research aims to present a novel framework for speed and thrust force control of LIM using space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)inverters.The framework under consideration is developed in four stages.To begin,MATLAB Simulink was used to develop a detailed mathematical and electromechanical dynamicmodel.The research presents a modified SVPWM inverter control scheme.By tuning the proportional-integral(PI)controller with a transfer function,optimized values for the PI controller are derived.All the subsystems mentioned above are integrated to create a robust simulation of the LIM’s precise speed and thrust force control scheme.The reference speed values were chosen to evaluate the performance of the respective system,and the developed system’s response was verified using various data sets.For the low-speed range,a reference value of 10m/s is used,while a reference value of 100 m/s is used for the high-speed range.The speed output response indicates that themotor reached reference speed in amatter of seconds,as the delay time is between 8 and 10 s.The maximum amplitude of thrust achieved is less than 400N,demonstrating the controller’s capability to control a high-speed LIM with minimal thrust ripple.Due to the controlled speed range,the developed system is highly recommended for low-speed and high-speed and heavy-duty traction applications.

Efficient combination and enhancement of high-power mid-infrared pulses in plasmas

High-power intense optical sources in the mid-to-long wavelength infrared region are very attractive for a wide range of fields from fundamental research to materials science and biology applications.However,there are still significant challenges in extending long-wavelength infrared pulses into the relativistic regime using conventional optical techniques.Here,based upon a new type of plasma-based optical method,we present an efficient scheme capable of combining several high-power long-wavelength infrared laser pulses into one single,more intense pulse,thus bringing the intensity of the output pulse to the relativistic regime.Such intense infrared pulses will open up new possibilities for strong-field physics and ultrafast applications.Furthermore,this is beneficial to understand the underlying physics and nonlinear processes of modulation,propagation and energy transfer of high-power intense laser pulses in plasmas.

An Optoelectronic Pulse Frequency Modulation Circuit for Retinal Prosthesis

A pulse frequency modulation（PFM） circuit for retinal prosthesis,which generates electrical pulses with frequency proportional to the intensity of incident light, is presented. The fundamental characteristic of the circuit is described and analyzed. The circuit is realized in 0.6μm CMOS process,and the simulation results testify to the possibility of sub-retinal implantation.

A NOVEL AERONAUTICAL STATIC INVERTER WITH HIGH FREQUENCY PULSE DC LINK

A new combined soft switching technique and a novel topology of aeronautical static inverter with high frequency pulse dc link are proposed in this paper, namely an electrical isolated converter can realize soft switching of two stage cascade converters. It lays technical foundation for high power density, high efficiency and low cost aeronautical static inverter. The operation and design approach of this topology are carefully analyzed and studied. The validity of this topology is verified by simulation and test.

Research on sinusoid modulated pulse MIG welding methodology

This article proposed a new methodology and the principle of sinusoid modulated pulse MIG welding, and systematically established the universal mathematical model of computation of the parameters of the sinusoid modulation pulse, achieving that the welding energy input can be effectively controlled and precisely regulated, the transition of pulse change is smooth and the welding process is stable and reliable. With the characteristics of sinusoidal waveform, such as infinite derivative continuity, eternal periodicity and limited control parameters, this article established the theoretical foundation for choiceness, unification and optimization of the parameters during the new sinusoid modulated pulse MIG welding. Bead-on-plate overlay welding is carried out on the pure aluminum sheet test sample for the test. The result indicated that during the welding process, the real-time current waveform is stable and clear; both the corresponding voltage and the instant welding energy waveform are very stable; the repeatability of the U-I graph plotted is high; its family of lines is clear, neat, and its distribution is concentrated showing that the welding process is stable and the neat and high quality ripple weld seam may be produced.

Simultaneous range and radial velocity estimation with a single narrowband LFM pulse

The mismatch effect induced by the radial motion of a target is analyzed for linear frequency modulated （LFM） signals. Then, a novel integrated processing scheme is proposed to re- solve the delay-Doppler coupling effect in LFM pulse compression. Therefore the range and radial velocity of the target can be si- multaneously estimated with a narrowband LFM pulse. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and good performance of the proposed method.

Research of a fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer and its application in a microsecond-range pulse modulator

As a combination device for a step-up pulse transformer and a magnetic switch,the saturable pulse transformer is widely used in pulsed-power and plasma technology.A fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer is constructed and analyzed in this paper.Preliminary experimental results show that if the primary energy storage capacitors are charged to 300 V,an output voltage of about 19 kV can be obtained across the capacitor connected to the secondary windings of a fractional-tum ratio saturable pulse transformer.Theoretical and experimental results reveal that this kind of pulse transformer is not only able to integrate a step-up transformer and a magnetic switch into one device,but can also lower the saturable inductance of its secondary windings,thus leading to the relatively high step-up ratio of the pulse transformer.Meanwhile,the application of the fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer in a μs range pulse modulator as a voltage step-up device and main switch is also included in this paper.The demonstrated experiments display that an output voltage with an amplitude of about 29 kV,and a 1.6 μs pulse width can be obtained across a 3500 Ω resistive load,based on a pulse modulator,if the primary energy storage capacitors are charged to 300 V.This compact fractional-turn ratio saturable pulse transformer can be applied in many other fields such as surface treatment,corona plasma generation and dielectric barrier discharge.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A SOLDER BALL UNDER PULSED LASER AND ITS EFFECT ON THE VIBRATION OF THE SOLDER

The research presented here is focused on the vibration condition of a small volume solder solder ball,which is placed on the surface of a soldering pad and is exerted a pulse modulated continuous wave laser heat source. Finite element method is applied to analyzed the temperature field in the solder ball, and experi- ment is conducted to test the vibration. the results show that,that, the temperature field flucturates with the same frequency as that of the laser pulse, which in turn causes a forced vibration of the same frequency in the liquid solder ball.

Behavior of Benzene Decomposition by Using Pulse Modulated Power Supply

For improving the energy efficiency of plasma volatile organic compounds( VOCs) decomposition, a pulse modulated power is used to drive the dielectric barrier discharge( DBD) plasma to treat benzene. Through the change of pulse duty cycle,the pulse modulation effect on benzene removal energy efficiency was investigated. The results show that pulse modulation can improve the energy yield and reduce the temperature of the chamber wall. There is an optimal duty cycle for achieving the maximum energy yield at a certain discharge voltage. The effect of initial benzene concentration on the decomposition efficiency and carbon selectivity in pulse modulation plasma were studied. The results indicate that the removal efficiency and carbon balance increase with the specific input energy( SIE) and decrease with the concentration. The energy yield increases with increasing initial concentration and achieves maximum around 180 J / L SIE for all initial concentrations.

Operation Mode on Pulse Modulation in Atmospheric Radio Frequency Glow Discharges

The discharge operation regime of pulse modulated atmospheric radio frequency （RF） glow discharge in helium is investigated on the duty cycle and frequency of modulation pulses. The characteristics of radio frequency discharge burst in terms of breakdown voltage, alpha（s）- gamma（γ） mode transition voltage and current are demonstrated by the discharge current voltage characteristics. The minimum breakdown voltage of RF discharge burst was obtained at the duty cycle of 20% and frequency of 400 kHz, respectively. The α-γ mode transition of RF discharge burst occurs at higher voltage and current by reducing the duty cycle and elevating the modulation frequency before the RF discharge burst evolving into the ignition phase, in which the RF discharge burst can operate stably in the γ mode. It proposes that the intensity and stability of RF discharge burst can be improved by manipulating the duty cycle and modulation frequency in pulse modulated atmospheric RF glow discharge.

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC POSITION SERVO SYSTEM WITH GENERALIZED PULSE CODE MODULATION

A hybrid control strategy has been designed and developed for the electro-hydraulic posi-tion servo control system with generalized Pulse code modulation （GPCM）, which is suitable for the area where the work condition is poor and a large flow rate is required. It is difficult to control the GPCM system because the system is discrete. With consideration of the stability and speediness of the GPCM position servo control system, a control strategy is developed through the theoretical and ex-perimental analyses. The control strategy integrates the merits of Bang-Bang control, PID control and fuzzy control. With this hybrid control strategy, the electro hydraulic control system has good per-formances, and the servo control is carried out with GPCM through on-off valves.

Chaotic pulse position modulation ultra-wideband system based on particle filtering

Traditional chaotic pulse position modulation(CPPM)system has many drawbacks.It introduces delay into the feedback loop,which will lead to divergence of chaotic map easily.The wrong decision of data will cause error propagation.Mismatch of parameters and synchronization error between the receiver and transmitter will arouse high bit error rate.To solve these problems,a demodulation algorithm of CPPM based on particle filtering is proposed.According to the mathematical model of the system,it tracks the real signal by online separation in demodulation.Simulation results show that the proposed method can track the true signal better than the traditional CPPM scheme.What's more,it has good synchronization robustness,reduced error propagation by wrong decision and low bit error rate.

Ultra-low power anti-crosstalk collision avoidance light detection and ranging using chaotic pulse position modulation approach

A novel concept of collision avoidance single-photon light detection and ranging（LIDAR） for vehicles has been demonstrated, in which chaotic pulse position modulation is applied on the transmitted laser pulses for robust anti-crosstalk purposes. Besides, single-photon detectors（SPD） and time correlated single photon counting techniques are adapted, to sense the ultra-low power used for the consideration of compact structure and eye safety. Parameters including pulse rate, discrimination threshold, and number of accumulated pulses have been thoroughly analyzed based on the detection requirements, resulting in specified receiver operating characteristics curves. Both simulation and indoor experiments were performed to verify the excellent anti-crosstalk capability of the presented collision avoidance LIDAR despite ultra-low transmitting power.

Spectrum for Pulse Frequency Modulation

This paper gives a spectrum expression which is simple and has a clear physical conception for pulse frequency modulation signal, and has been confirmed by an experiment simultaneously.

An Improved Submodule Unified Pulse Modulation Scheme for a Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper presents an improved submodule unified pulse width modulation(SUPWM)scheme for a hybrid modular multilevel converter(MMC)composed of half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)and full-bridge submodules(FBSMs).The proposed SUPWM scheme can achieve an output voltage of(2N+1)(where N is the number of submodules in each arm)levels,which is the same as that of the carrier-phase-shifted PWM(CPSPWM)scheme.Meanwhile,the proposed SUPWM scheme can alleviate the uneven loss distributions between the left leg and right leg in FBSMs of the hybrid MMC.Moreover,the capacitor voltages of the sub-modules can be well balanced without complicated closed-loop voltage balancing controllers.The validity of the proposed SUPWM scheme is verified by both the simulated and experimental results.

Modeling and Analysis of Pulse Skip Modulation

The state space average model and the large signal models of Pulse Skip Modulation （PSM） mode are given in this paper. Farther more, based on these models and simulations of PSM converter circuits, the analysis of the characteristics of PSM converter is described in this paper, of which include efficiency, frequency spectrum analysis, output voltage ripple, response speed and interference rejection capability. Compared with PWM control mode, PSM converter has high efficiency, especially with fight loads, quick response, good interference rejection and good EMC characteristic. Improved PSM slightly, it could be a kind of good independent regulating mode during the whole operating process for a DC-DC converter. Finally, some experimental results are also presented in this paper.

Linear and nonlinear characteristics of time-resolved photoluminescence modulation by terahertz pulse

The linear and nonlinear characteristics of time-resolved photoluminescence （PL） of n-type bulk semiconductor GaAs modulated with terahertz （THz） pulse are studied by using an ensemble Monte Carlo （EMC） method. In this paper the center energy valley （Г valley） electron concentration changes with the pulse delay time, sampling time and the outfield are mainly discussed. The results show that the sampling time and the THz field should exceed certain thresholds to effectively excite photoluminescence quenching （PLQ）. Adopting a direct current （DC） field makes the sampling time threshold shortened and the linear range of THz field-modulation PL expanded. Moreover, controlling the sampling time and the outfield intensity can improve the linear quality： with forward time, the larger outfield is used; with backward time, the smaller outfield is used. This study can provide a theoretical basis of THz field linear modulation in a larger range for new light emitting devices.

Pulse modulated microwave and infrared thermography for superficial hyperthermia

A 3D temperature field distribution of biological tissue for superficial hyperthermia using a pulse modulated microwave （PMMW） was presented. A 3D sliced homogeneous phantom was radiated by the PMMW and an infrared thermal imager was applied to image temperature distribution throughout the phantom. The period of the PMMW is 3 s and the output power is 35 W. The temperature rises by at least 3 ℃ in the phantom when the duty cycle varies from 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 to 1 （denoted by scenarios 1-4）. Both the accumulative temperature-volume histogram and the relative depth-area ratio histogram show that the maximum temperature rise （MTR） is 6.6 and 8 ℃ in scenarios 2 and 3, and they are superior to scenarios 1 and 4. Furthermore, the PMMW can control temperature field distribution of biological tissue. It provides both preliminary basis for thermal volume control and new technology for temperature control and monitor in superficial hyperthermia.

Comparison of performance between bipolar and unipolar double-frequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation in a digitally controlled H-bridge inverter system

By deriving the discrete-time models of a digitally controlled H-bridge inverter system modulated by bipolar sinu- soidal pulse width modulation （BSPWM） and unipolar double-frequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation （UDFSPWM） respectively, the performances of the two modulation strategies are analyzed in detail. The circuit parameters, used in this paper, are fixed. When the systems, modulated by BSPWM and UDFSPWM, have the same switching frequency, the stabil- ity boundaries of the two systems are the same. However, when the equivalent switching frequencies of the two systems are the same, the BSPWM modulated system is more stable than the UDFSPWM modulated system. In addition, a convenient method of establishing the discrete-time model of piecewise smooth system is presented. Finally, the analytical results are confirmed by circuit simulations and experimental measurements.