Although modulation classification based on deep neural network can achieve high Modulation Classification(MC)accuracies,catastrophic forgetting will occur when the neural network model continues to learn new tasks.In...Although modulation classification based on deep neural network can achieve high Modulation Classification(MC)accuracies,catastrophic forgetting will occur when the neural network model continues to learn new tasks.In this paper,we simulate the dynamic wireless communication environment and focus on breaking the learning paradigm of isolated automatic MC.We innovate a research algorithm for continuous automatic MC.Firstly,a memory for storing representative old task modulation signals is built,which is employed to limit the gradient update direction of new tasks in the continuous learning stage to ensure that the loss of old tasks is also in a downward trend.Secondly,in order to better simulate the dynamic wireless communication environment,we employ the mini-batch gradient algorithm which is more suitable for continuous learning.Finally,the signal in the memory can be replayed to further strengthen the characteristics of the old task signal in the model.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims at identifying the modulation of the received signals,which is a significant approach to identifying the target in military and civil applications.In this paper,a novel dat...Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims at identifying the modulation of the received signals,which is a significant approach to identifying the target in military and civil applications.In this paper,a novel data-driven framework named convolutional and transformer-based deep neural network(CTDNN)is proposed to improve the classification performance.CTDNN can be divided into four modules,i.e.,convolutional neural network(CNN)backbone,transition module,transformer module,and final classifier.In the CNN backbone,a wide and deep convolution structure is designed,which consists of 1×15 convolution kernels and intensive cross-layer connections instead of traditional 1×3 kernels and sequential connections.In the transition module,a 1×1 convolution layer is utilized to compress the channels of the previous multi-scale CNN features.In the transformer module,three self-attention layers are designed for extracting global features and generating the classification vector.In the classifier,the final decision is made based on the maximum a posterior probability.Extensive simulations are conducted,and the result shows that our proposed CTDNN can achieve superior classification performance than traditional deep models.展开更多
Radio modulation classification has always been an important technology in the field of communications.The difficulty of incremental learning in radio modulation classification is that learning new tasks will lead to ...Radio modulation classification has always been an important technology in the field of communications.The difficulty of incremental learning in radio modulation classification is that learning new tasks will lead to catastrophic forgetting of old tasks.In this paper,we propose a sample memory and recall framework for incremental learning of radio modulation classification.For data with different signal-to-noise ratios,we use a partial memory strategy by selecting appropriate samples for memorizing.We compare the performance of our proposed method with three baselines through a large number of simulation experiments.Results show that our method achieves far higher classification accuracy than finetuning method and feature extraction method.Furthermore,it performs closely to joint training method which uses all old data in terms of classification accuracy which validates the effectiveness of our method against catastrophic forgetting.展开更多
An automatic method for classifying frequency shift keying(FSK),minimum shift keying(MSK),phase shift keying(PSK),quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM),and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)is proposed by...An automatic method for classifying frequency shift keying(FSK),minimum shift keying(MSK),phase shift keying(PSK),quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM),and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)is proposed by simultaneously using normality test,spectral analysis,and geometrical characteristics of in-phase-quadrature(I-Q)constellation diagram.Since the extracted features are unique for each modulation,they can be considered as a fingerprint of each modulation.We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previously published methods in terms of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and success rate.For example,the success rate of the proposed method for 64-QAM modulation at SNR=11 dB is 99%.Another advantage of the proposed method is its wide SNR range;such that the probability of classification for 16-QAM at SNR=3 dB is almost 1.The proposed method also provides a database for geometrical features of I-Q constellation diagram.By comparing and correlating the data of the provided database with the estimated I-Q diagram of the received signal,the processing gain of 4 dB is obtained.Whatever can be mentioned about the preference of the proposed algorithm are low complexity,low SNR,wide range of modulation set,and enhanced recognition at higher-order modulations.展开更多
Deep Learning(DL)is such a powerful tool that we have seen tremendous success in areas such as Computer Vision,Speech Recognition,and Natural Language Processing.Since Automated Modulation Classification(AMC)is an imp...Deep Learning(DL)is such a powerful tool that we have seen tremendous success in areas such as Computer Vision,Speech Recognition,and Natural Language Processing.Since Automated Modulation Classification(AMC)is an important part in Cognitive Radio Networks,we try to explore its potential in solving signal modulation recognition problem.It cannot be overlooked that DL model is a complex model,thus making them prone to over-fitting.DL model requires many training data to combat with over-fitting,but adding high quality labels to training data manually is not always cheap and accessible,especially in real-time system,which may counter unprecedented data in dataset.Semi-supervised Learning is a way to exploit unlabeled data effectively to reduce over-fitting in DL.In this paper,we extend Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)to the semi-supervised learning will show it is a method can be used to create a more dataefficient classifier.展开更多
Automatic modulation classification is the process of identification of the modulation type of a signal in a general environment. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the tracking performance of large margin c...Automatic modulation classification is the process of identification of the modulation type of a signal in a general environment. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the tracking performance of large margin classifier against signal-tonoise ratio (SNR), and classifies all forms of primary user's signals in a cognitive radio environment. For achieving this objective, two structures of a large margin are developed in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels with priori unknown SNR. A combination of higher order statistics and instantaneous characteristics is selected as effective features. Simulation results show that the classification rates of the proposed structures are well robust against environmental SNR changes.展开更多
Considering that real communication signals corrupted by noise are generally nonstationary, and timefrequency distributions are especially suitable for the analysis of nonstationary signals, time-frequency distributio...Considering that real communication signals corrupted by noise are generally nonstationary, and timefrequency distributions are especially suitable for the analysis of nonstationary signals, time-frequency distributions are introduced for the modulation classification of communication signals: The extracted time-frequency features have good classification information, and they are insensitive to signal to noise ratio (SNR) variation. According to good classification by the correct rate of a neural network classifier, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier with better generalization, as well as, addition of time-frequency features set for classifying six different modulation types has been proposed. Computer simulations show that the MLP classifier outperforms the decision-theoretic classifier at low SNRs, and the classification experiments for real MPSK signals verify engineering significance of the MLP classifier.展开更多
The aim of modulation classification (MC) is to identify the modulation type of a commtmication signal. It plays an important role in many cooperative or noncooperative communication applications. Three spectrogram-...The aim of modulation classification (MC) is to identify the modulation type of a commtmication signal. It plays an important role in many cooperative or noncooperative communication applications. Three spectrogram-based modulation classification methods are proposed. Their recognition scope and performance are investigated or evaluated by theoretical analysis and extensive simulation studies. The method taking moment-like features is robust to frequency offset while the other two, which make use of principal component analysis (PCA) with different transformation inputs, can achieve satisfactory accuracy even at low SNR (as low as 2 dB). Due to the properties of spectrogram, the statistical pattern recognition techniques, and the image preprocessing steps, all of our methods are insensitive to unknown phase and frequency offsets, timing errors, and the arriving sequence of symbols.展开更多
A new method suited for hardware implementation is developed to classify 8 different digital modulation types with raised cosine base-band impulse without knowing the carrier frequency and symbol timing. The normalize...A new method suited for hardware implementation is developed to classify 8 different digital modulation types with raised cosine base-band impulse without knowing the carrier frequency and symbol timing. The normalized histogram of stagnation points for instantaneous parameters is used to recognize both ideal rectangular and raised cosine base-band digital signals. Carrier frequency estimation is used to enhance the recognition rate of phase-modulated signals. In the condition of 10 dB signal noise ratio (SNR), the recognizing rate is over 80% . The new algorithm is suited for hardware implementation.展开更多
Due to the limited computational capability and the diversity of the Internet of Things devices working in different environment,we consider fewshot learning-based automatic modulation classification(AMC)to improve it...Due to the limited computational capability and the diversity of the Internet of Things devices working in different environment,we consider fewshot learning-based automatic modulation classification(AMC)to improve its reliability.A data enhancement module(DEM)is designed by a convolutional layer to supplement frequency-domain information as well as providing nonlinear mapping that is beneficial for AMC.Multimodal network is designed to have multiple residual blocks,where each residual block has multiple convolutional kernels of different sizes for diverse feature extraction.Moreover,a deep supervised loss function is designed to supervise all parts of the network including the hidden layers and the DEM.Since different model may output different results,cooperative classifier is designed to avoid the randomness of single model and improve the reliability.Simulation results show that this few-shot learning-based AMC method can significantly improve the AMC accuracy compared to the existing methods.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new modulation classification method based on the combination of clustering and neural network, in which a new algorithm is introduced to extract key features. In order to recognize modulat...In this paper, we propose a new modulation classification method based on the combination of clustering and neural network, in which a new algorithm is introduced to extract key features. In order to recognize modulation types based on the constellation diagram such as phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering is adopted for recovering the constellation under different number of clusters. Then cluster validity measure is applied to extract key features which discriminate between different modulation types. The features are sent to neural network so that modulation types can be recognized. In order to conquer the disadvantages of standard back propagation (BP) neural network, conjugate gradient learning algorithm of Polak-Ribiere update is employed to improve the speed of convergence and the performance of modulation recognition. Simulation results show that classification rates of the algorithm proposed in this paper are much higher than those of clustering algorithm.展开更多
To make the modulation classification system more suitable for signals in a wide range of signal to noise rate (SNR), a feature extraction method based on signal wavelet packet transform modulus maxima matrix (WPT...To make the modulation classification system more suitable for signals in a wide range of signal to noise rate (SNR), a feature extraction method based on signal wavelet packet transform modulus maxima matrix (WPTMMM) and a novel support vector machine fuzzy network (SVMFN) classifier is presented. The WPTMMM feature extraction method has less computational complexity, more stability, and has the preferable advantage of robust with the time parallel moving and white noise. Further, the SVMFN uses a new definition of fuzzy density that incorporates accuracy and uncertainty of the classifiers to improve recognition reliability to classify nine digital modulation types (i.e. 2ASK, 2FSK, 2PSK, 4ASK, 4FSK, 4PSK, 16QAM, MSK, and OQPSK). Computer simulation shows that the proposed scheme has the advantages of high accuracy and reliability (success rates are over 98% when SNR is not lower than 0dB), and it adapts to engineering applications.展开更多
Deep learning(DL) requires massive volume of data to train the network. Insufficient training data will cause serious overfitting problem and degrade the classification accuracy. In order to solve this problem, a meth...Deep learning(DL) requires massive volume of data to train the network. Insufficient training data will cause serious overfitting problem and degrade the classification accuracy. In order to solve this problem, a method for automatic modulation classification(AMC) using AlexNet with data augmentation was proposed. Three data augmentation methods is considered, i.e., random erasing, CutMix, and rotation. Firstly, modulated signals are converted into constellation representations. And all constellation representations are divided into training dataset and test dataset. Then, training dataset are augmented by three methods. Secondly, the optimal value of execution probability for random erasing and CutMix are determined. Simulation results show that both of them perform optimally when execution probability is 0.5. Thirdly, the performance of three data augmentation methods are evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that all augmentation methods can improve the classification accuracy. Rotation improves the classification accuracy by 13.04% when signal noise ratio(SNR) is 2 dB. Among three methods, rotation outperforms random erasing and CutMix when SNR is greater than-6 dB. Finally, compared with other classification algorithms, random erasing, CutMix, and rotation used in this paper achieved the performance significantly improved. It is worth mentioning that the classification accuracy can reach 90.5% with SNR at 10 dB.展开更多
Deep learning has recently been progressively introduced into the field of modulation classification due to its wide application in image, vision, and other areas. Modulation classification is not only the priority of...Deep learning has recently been progressively introduced into the field of modulation classification due to its wide application in image, vision, and other areas. Modulation classification is not only the priority of cognitive radio and spectrum sensing, but also the link during signal demodulation. Combining the advantages of convolutional neural network(CNN), long short-term memory(LSTM), and residual network(ResNet), a modulation classification method based on dual-channel CNN-LSTM and ResNet is proposed to automatically classify the modulation signal more accurately. Specifically, CNN and LSTM are initially used to form a dual-channel structure to effectively explore the spatial and temporal features of the original complex signal. It solves the problem of only focusing on temporal or spatial aspects, and increases the diversity of features. Secondly, the features extracted from CNN and LSTM are fused, making the extracted features richer and conducive to signal classification. In addition, a convolutional layer is added within the residual unit to deepen the network depth. As a result, more representative features are extracted, improving the classification performance. Finally, simulation results on the radio machine learning(RadioML) 2018.01 A dataset signify that the network’s classification performance is superior to many classifiers in the literature.展开更多
Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims to identify the modulation format of the received signals corrupted by the noise,which plays a major role in radio monitoring.In this paper,we propose a novel cascaded conv...Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims to identify the modulation format of the received signals corrupted by the noise,which plays a major role in radio monitoring.In this paper,we propose a novel cascaded convolutional neural network(CasCNN)-based hierarchical digital modulation classification scheme,where M-ary phase shift keying(PSK)and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)modulation formats are considered to be classified.In CasCNN,two-block convolutional neural networks are cascaded.The first block network is utilized to classify the different classes of modulation formats,namely PSK and QAM.The second block is designed to identify the indexes of the modulations in the same PSK or QAM class.Moreover,it is noted that the gird constellation diagram extracted from the received signal is utilized as the inputs to the CasCNN.Extensive simulations demonstrate that CasCNN yields performance gain and performs stronger robustness to frequency offset compared with other recent methods.Specifically,CasCNN achieves 90%classification accuracy at 4 dB signal-to-noise ratio when the symbol length is set as 256.展开更多
In this paper,a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) signal recognition algorithm is proposed based on amplitude distribution of the signal.The algorithm uses envelop amplitude distribution information extracted by wa...In this paper,a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) signal recognition algorithm is proposed based on amplitude distribution of the signal.The algorithm uses envelop amplitude distribution information extracted by wavelet analysis to do modulation classification.It provides robustness for symbol rate determination.Simulation shows that it is more effective and convenient than the recognition algorithm of likelihood function at moderate Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR).展开更多
The present research employs artificial intelligence to come up with an automatic solution for the modulation's classification of various radio signal varieties.As a result,the work we performed involved selecting...The present research employs artificial intelligence to come up with an automatic solution for the modulation's classification of various radio signal varieties.As a result,the work we performed involved selecting the database required for supervised deep learning,evaluating the performance of current techniques on unprocessed communication signals,and suggesting a deep learning networkbased method that would enable the classification of modulation types with the best possible ratio between computation time and accuracy.We started by examining the automatic classification models that are currently in usage.In light of the difficulty of forecasting in low Signal Noise Ratio(SNR)situations,we suggested an ensemble learning strategy based on adjusted Res Net and Transformer Neural Network,which is effective at extracting multi-scale features from the raw I/Q sequence data.Finally,we produced an architecture that is simple to use and apply to communication signals.The architecture of this solution is strong and optimal,enabling it to determine the type of modulation with up to 95%accuracy automatically.展开更多
文摘Although modulation classification based on deep neural network can achieve high Modulation Classification(MC)accuracies,catastrophic forgetting will occur when the neural network model continues to learn new tasks.In this paper,we simulate the dynamic wireless communication environment and focus on breaking the learning paradigm of isolated automatic MC.We innovate a research algorithm for continuous automatic MC.Firstly,a memory for storing representative old task modulation signals is built,which is employed to limit the gradient update direction of new tasks in the continuous learning stage to ensure that the loss of old tasks is also in a downward trend.Secondly,in order to better simulate the dynamic wireless communication environment,we employ the mini-batch gradient algorithm which is more suitable for continuous learning.Finally,the signal in the memory can be replayed to further strengthen the characteristics of the old task signal in the model.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(62171045,62201090)in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grants(2020YFB1807602,2019YFB1804404).
文摘Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims at identifying the modulation of the received signals,which is a significant approach to identifying the target in military and civil applications.In this paper,a novel data-driven framework named convolutional and transformer-based deep neural network(CTDNN)is proposed to improve the classification performance.CTDNN can be divided into four modules,i.e.,convolutional neural network(CNN)backbone,transition module,transformer module,and final classifier.In the CNN backbone,a wide and deep convolution structure is designed,which consists of 1×15 convolution kernels and intensive cross-layer connections instead of traditional 1×3 kernels and sequential connections.In the transition module,a 1×1 convolution layer is utilized to compress the channels of the previous multi-scale CNN features.In the transformer module,three self-attention layers are designed for extracting global features and generating the classification vector.In the classifier,the final decision is made based on the maximum a posterior probability.Extensive simulations are conducted,and the result shows that our proposed CTDNN can achieve superior classification performance than traditional deep models.
文摘Radio modulation classification has always been an important technology in the field of communications.The difficulty of incremental learning in radio modulation classification is that learning new tasks will lead to catastrophic forgetting of old tasks.In this paper,we propose a sample memory and recall framework for incremental learning of radio modulation classification.For data with different signal-to-noise ratios,we use a partial memory strategy by selecting appropriate samples for memorizing.We compare the performance of our proposed method with three baselines through a large number of simulation experiments.Results show that our method achieves far higher classification accuracy than finetuning method and feature extraction method.Furthermore,it performs closely to joint training method which uses all old data in terms of classification accuracy which validates the effectiveness of our method against catastrophic forgetting.
文摘An automatic method for classifying frequency shift keying(FSK),minimum shift keying(MSK),phase shift keying(PSK),quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM),and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)is proposed by simultaneously using normality test,spectral analysis,and geometrical characteristics of in-phase-quadrature(I-Q)constellation diagram.Since the extracted features are unique for each modulation,they can be considered as a fingerprint of each modulation.We show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the previously published methods in terms of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and success rate.For example,the success rate of the proposed method for 64-QAM modulation at SNR=11 dB is 99%.Another advantage of the proposed method is its wide SNR range;such that the probability of classification for 16-QAM at SNR=3 dB is almost 1.The proposed method also provides a database for geometrical features of I-Q constellation diagram.By comparing and correlating the data of the provided database with the estimated I-Q diagram of the received signal,the processing gain of 4 dB is obtained.Whatever can be mentioned about the preference of the proposed algorithm are low complexity,low SNR,wide range of modulation set,and enhanced recognition at higher-order modulations.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61771154,61603239,61772454,6171101570).
文摘Deep Learning(DL)is such a powerful tool that we have seen tremendous success in areas such as Computer Vision,Speech Recognition,and Natural Language Processing.Since Automated Modulation Classification(AMC)is an important part in Cognitive Radio Networks,we try to explore its potential in solving signal modulation recognition problem.It cannot be overlooked that DL model is a complex model,thus making them prone to over-fitting.DL model requires many training data to combat with over-fitting,but adding high quality labels to training data manually is not always cheap and accessible,especially in real-time system,which may counter unprecedented data in dataset.Semi-supervised Learning is a way to exploit unlabeled data effectively to reduce over-fitting in DL.In this paper,we extend Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)to the semi-supervised learning will show it is a method can be used to create a more dataefficient classifier.
文摘Automatic modulation classification is the process of identification of the modulation type of a signal in a general environment. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the tracking performance of large margin classifier against signal-tonoise ratio (SNR), and classifies all forms of primary user's signals in a cognitive radio environment. For achieving this objective, two structures of a large margin are developed in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels with priori unknown SNR. A combination of higher order statistics and instantaneous characteristics is selected as effective features. Simulation results show that the classification rates of the proposed structures are well robust against environmental SNR changes.
文摘Considering that real communication signals corrupted by noise are generally nonstationary, and timefrequency distributions are especially suitable for the analysis of nonstationary signals, time-frequency distributions are introduced for the modulation classification of communication signals: The extracted time-frequency features have good classification information, and they are insensitive to signal to noise ratio (SNR) variation. According to good classification by the correct rate of a neural network classifier, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier with better generalization, as well as, addition of time-frequency features set for classifying six different modulation types has been proposed. Computer simulations show that the MLP classifier outperforms the decision-theoretic classifier at low SNRs, and the classification experiments for real MPSK signals verify engineering significance of the MLP classifier.
文摘The aim of modulation classification (MC) is to identify the modulation type of a commtmication signal. It plays an important role in many cooperative or noncooperative communication applications. Three spectrogram-based modulation classification methods are proposed. Their recognition scope and performance are investigated or evaluated by theoretical analysis and extensive simulation studies. The method taking moment-like features is robust to frequency offset while the other two, which make use of principal component analysis (PCA) with different transformation inputs, can achieve satisfactory accuracy even at low SNR (as low as 2 dB). Due to the properties of spectrogram, the statistical pattern recognition techniques, and the image preprocessing steps, all of our methods are insensitive to unknown phase and frequency offsets, timing errors, and the arriving sequence of symbols.
文摘A new method suited for hardware implementation is developed to classify 8 different digital modulation types with raised cosine base-band impulse without knowing the carrier frequency and symbol timing. The normalized histogram of stagnation points for instantaneous parameters is used to recognize both ideal rectangular and raised cosine base-band digital signals. Carrier frequency estimation is used to enhance the recognition rate of phase-modulated signals. In the condition of 10 dB signal noise ratio (SNR), the recognizing rate is over 80% . The new algorithm is suited for hardware implementation.
基金supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2021YFB2900404.
文摘Due to the limited computational capability and the diversity of the Internet of Things devices working in different environment,we consider fewshot learning-based automatic modulation classification(AMC)to improve its reliability.A data enhancement module(DEM)is designed by a convolutional layer to supplement frequency-domain information as well as providing nonlinear mapping that is beneficial for AMC.Multimodal network is designed to have multiple residual blocks,where each residual block has multiple convolutional kernels of different sizes for diverse feature extraction.Moreover,a deep supervised loss function is designed to supervise all parts of the network including the hidden layers and the DEM.Since different model may output different results,cooperative classifier is designed to avoid the randomness of single model and improve the reliability.Simulation results show that this few-shot learning-based AMC method can significantly improve the AMC accuracy compared to the existing methods.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB310607)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60772062)the National Science and Technology Key Project (2011ZX03001-006-02,2011ZX03005-004-03)
文摘In this paper, we propose a new modulation classification method based on the combination of clustering and neural network, in which a new algorithm is introduced to extract key features. In order to recognize modulation types based on the constellation diagram such as phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering is adopted for recovering the constellation under different number of clusters. Then cluster validity measure is applied to extract key features which discriminate between different modulation types. The features are sent to neural network so that modulation types can be recognized. In order to conquer the disadvantages of standard back propagation (BP) neural network, conjugate gradient learning algorithm of Polak-Ribiere update is employed to improve the speed of convergence and the performance of modulation recognition. Simulation results show that classification rates of the algorithm proposed in this paper are much higher than those of clustering algorithm.
文摘To make the modulation classification system more suitable for signals in a wide range of signal to noise rate (SNR), a feature extraction method based on signal wavelet packet transform modulus maxima matrix (WPTMMM) and a novel support vector machine fuzzy network (SVMFN) classifier is presented. The WPTMMM feature extraction method has less computational complexity, more stability, and has the preferable advantage of robust with the time parallel moving and white noise. Further, the SVMFN uses a new definition of fuzzy density that incorporates accuracy and uncertainty of the classifiers to improve recognition reliability to classify nine digital modulation types (i.e. 2ASK, 2FSK, 2PSK, 4ASK, 4FSK, 4PSK, 16QAM, MSK, and OQPSK). Computer simulation shows that the proposed scheme has the advantages of high accuracy and reliability (success rates are over 98% when SNR is not lower than 0dB), and it adapts to engineering applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1511300)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN201800621)the Science Foundation of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (XJG20103)。
文摘Deep learning(DL) requires massive volume of data to train the network. Insufficient training data will cause serious overfitting problem and degrade the classification accuracy. In order to solve this problem, a method for automatic modulation classification(AMC) using AlexNet with data augmentation was proposed. Three data augmentation methods is considered, i.e., random erasing, CutMix, and rotation. Firstly, modulated signals are converted into constellation representations. And all constellation representations are divided into training dataset and test dataset. Then, training dataset are augmented by three methods. Secondly, the optimal value of execution probability for random erasing and CutMix are determined. Simulation results show that both of them perform optimally when execution probability is 0.5. Thirdly, the performance of three data augmentation methods are evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that all augmentation methods can improve the classification accuracy. Rotation improves the classification accuracy by 13.04% when signal noise ratio(SNR) is 2 dB. Among three methods, rotation outperforms random erasing and CutMix when SNR is greater than-6 dB. Finally, compared with other classification algorithms, random erasing, CutMix, and rotation used in this paper achieved the performance significantly improved. It is worth mentioning that the classification accuracy can reach 90.5% with SNR at 10 dB.
基金supported by the Project of Henan Science and Technology Research (222102210247)。
文摘Deep learning has recently been progressively introduced into the field of modulation classification due to its wide application in image, vision, and other areas. Modulation classification is not only the priority of cognitive radio and spectrum sensing, but also the link during signal demodulation. Combining the advantages of convolutional neural network(CNN), long short-term memory(LSTM), and residual network(ResNet), a modulation classification method based on dual-channel CNN-LSTM and ResNet is proposed to automatically classify the modulation signal more accurately. Specifically, CNN and LSTM are initially used to form a dual-channel structure to effectively explore the spatial and temporal features of the original complex signal. It solves the problem of only focusing on temporal or spatial aspects, and increases the diversity of features. Secondly, the features extracted from CNN and LSTM are fused, making the extracted features richer and conducive to signal classification. In addition, a convolutional layer is added within the residual unit to deepen the network depth. As a result, more representative features are extracted, improving the classification performance. Finally, simulation results on the radio machine learning(RadioML) 2018.01 A dataset signify that the network’s classification performance is superior to many classifiers in the literature.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China under(2019YFB1804404)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4202046)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(61801052)Guangdong Key Field R&D Program(2018B010124001)。
文摘Automatic modulation classification(AMC)aims to identify the modulation format of the received signals corrupted by the noise,which plays a major role in radio monitoring.In this paper,we propose a novel cascaded convolutional neural network(CasCNN)-based hierarchical digital modulation classification scheme,where M-ary phase shift keying(PSK)and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)modulation formats are considered to be classified.In CasCNN,two-block convolutional neural networks are cascaded.The first block network is utilized to classify the different classes of modulation formats,namely PSK and QAM.The second block is designed to identify the indexes of the modulations in the same PSK or QAM class.Moreover,it is noted that the gird constellation diagram extracted from the received signal is utilized as the inputs to the CasCNN.Extensive simulations demonstrate that CasCNN yields performance gain and performs stronger robustness to frequency offset compared with other recent methods.Specifically,CasCNN achieves 90%classification accuracy at 4 dB signal-to-noise ratio when the symbol length is set as 256.
文摘In this paper,a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) signal recognition algorithm is proposed based on amplitude distribution of the signal.The algorithm uses envelop amplitude distribution information extracted by wavelet analysis to do modulation classification.It provides robustness for symbol rate determination.Simulation shows that it is more effective and convenient than the recognition algorithm of likelihood function at moderate Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR).
文摘The present research employs artificial intelligence to come up with an automatic solution for the modulation's classification of various radio signal varieties.As a result,the work we performed involved selecting the database required for supervised deep learning,evaluating the performance of current techniques on unprocessed communication signals,and suggesting a deep learning networkbased method that would enable the classification of modulation types with the best possible ratio between computation time and accuracy.We started by examining the automatic classification models that are currently in usage.In light of the difficulty of forecasting in low Signal Noise Ratio(SNR)situations,we suggested an ensemble learning strategy based on adjusted Res Net and Transformer Neural Network,which is effective at extracting multi-scale features from the raw I/Q sequence data.Finally,we produced an architecture that is simple to use and apply to communication signals.The architecture of this solution is strong and optimal,enabling it to determine the type of modulation with up to 95%accuracy automatically.