Cracking Patterns of Shear Walls in Reinforced Concrete Structure due to Strong Earthquake Based on Mohr-Coulomb Criterion

A primary goal of seismic design of buildings is to protect people's life safety during strong earthquakes. Fundamentally,to predict the survived space and estimate people escape intervals during structural collapse are very important,which requires to describe the failure process more detailedly not only for structural joints but also for slabs and shear walls. In the present paper,the details of Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with tension-cutoff together with its expression in failure surface and local coordinate system of reinforced concrete( RC) shear wall are given firstly,and then several typical cracking patterns of RC shear wall,such as tension shear crack and compression shear crack, are analyzed based on Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with tension-cutoff.

Determination of rock resistant coefficient based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion for underwater tunnel

According to the load-structure method, the wall rock with lining can bear the load caused by the surrounding rock, and the rock resistant coefficient (RRC) is a key parameter for evaluating the capacity of this wall rock. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, this paper develops a formula for calculating the RRC, which has been applied to the real engi-neering project, such as Xiamen Xiang’an East Passage Underwater Tunnel Project. The fact shows that this formula is helpful for designers to determine the RRC value.

修正Mohr-Coulomb准则下倾斜基岩中桩端极限承载力研究

为计算倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩极限承载力,本文基于修正Mohr-Coulomb强度准则提出了倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩桩端承载力计算方法。采用特征线法构建了桩端面以下塑性发展区,考虑岩面倾斜角几何关系,推导了倾斜岩面位移滑移场;进一步通过黎曼不变量控制方程,求解了倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩基极限承载力公式。分析了倾斜岩面坡角、岩体完整性参数以及岩体内摩擦角等因素对桩端承载力的影响。结果表明:浅嵌岩桩基嵌入深度达到极限嵌入比时,桩基达到极限承载力;当嵌入比大于极限嵌入比时,桩端承载力系数不受倾斜坡角和嵌入比影响,此时可按平地桩基进行分析计算;极限嵌入比随倾斜坡角的增大呈幂函数增大,且在岩石完整性较差时,极限嵌入比随岩体内摩擦角的增大而显著增大;当嵌入比小于极限嵌入比时,桩端承载力系数随倾斜坡角的增大近似线性减小,需考虑岩面倾角对桩基承载力的影响。

A generalized nonlinear three-dimensional Hoek‒Brown failure criterion

To understand the strengths of rocks under complex stress states,a generalized nonlinear threedimensional(3D)Hoek‒Brown failure(NGHB)criterion was proposed in this study.This criterion shares the same parameters with the generalized HB(GHB)criterion and inherits the parameter advantages of GHB.Two new parameters,b,and n,were introduced into the NGHB criterion that primarily controls the deviatoric plane shape of the NGHB criterion under triaxial tension and compression,respectively.The NGHB criterion can consider the influence of intermediate principal stress(IPS),where the deviatoric plane shape satisfies the smoothness requirements,while the HB criterion not.This criterion can degenerate into the two modified 3D HB criteria,the Priest criterion under triaxial compression condition and the HB criterion under triaxial compression and tension condition.This criterion was verified using true triaxial test data for different parameters,six types of rocks,and two kinds of in situ rock masses.For comparison,three existing 3D HB criteria were selected for performance comparison research.The result showed that the NGHB criterion gave better prediction performance than other criteria.The prediction errors of the strength of six types of rocks and two kinds of in situ rock masses were in the range of 2.0724%-3.5091%and 1.0144%-3.2321%,respectively.The proposed criterion lays a preliminary theoretical foundation for prediction of engineering rock mass strength under complex in situ stress conditions.

Estimating shear strength of high-level pillars supported with cemented backfilling using the HoekeBrown strength criterion

Deep metal mines are often mined using the high-level pillars with subsequent cementation backfilling(HLSCB)mining method.At the design stage,it is therefore important to have a reasonable method for determining the shear strength of the high-level pillars(i.e.cohesion and internal friction angle)when they are supported by cemented backfilling.In this study,a formula was derived for the upper limit of the confining pressure σ3max on a high-level pillar supported by cemented backfilling in a deep metal mine.A new method of estimating the shear strength of such pillars was then proposed based on the Hoek eBrown failure criterion.Our analysis indicates that the horizontal stress σhh acting on the cemented backfill pillar can be simplified by expressing it as a constant value.A reasonable and effective value for σ3max can then be determined.The value of s3max predicted using the proposed method is generally less than 3 MPa.Within this range,the shear strength of the high-level pillar is accurately calculated using the equivalent MohreCoulomb theory.The proposed method can effectively avoid the calculation of inaccurate shear strength values for the high-level pillars when the original HoekeBrown criterion is used in the presence of large confining pressures,i.e.the situation in which the cohesion value is too large and the friction angle is too small can effectively be avoided.The proposed method is applied to a deep metal mine in China that is being excavated using the HLSCB method.The shear strength parameters of the high-level pillars obtained using the proposed method were input in the numerical simulations.The numerical results show that the recommended level heights and sizes of the high-level pillars and rooms in the mine are rational.

Nonlinear empirical failure criterion for rocks under triaxial compression

Based on existing triaxial compression experimental data,a new empirical failure criterion with wide applicability was proposed considering hydrostatic pressure,second stress invariance,and maximum shear stress.Four fitting evaluation indicators were used to verify the consistency of the new failure criterion,and the differences with the other 6 failure criteria were discussed.The characteristics of the new failure criteria in the principal stress space were finally analyzed.The results indicate that(1)the new failure criterion exhibits strong predictive ability for triaxial experiments and has good applicability for both intact and jointed rocks;(2)the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the failure surface exhibits a non-linear trend,and different hydrostatic pressure also exhibits different distribution patterns on the deviatoric stress plane,with a distribution characteristic pattern of hexagonal snowflake-regular hexagon.The maximum shear stress has a torsional effect on the new criterion,in the three-dimensional failure surface.The parameters a and b of the rock have an impact on the failure surface morphology of the new criterion function on the offset surface.

Rockburst criterion and evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth considering excavation damage effect

Excavation-induced disturbances in deep tunnels will lead to deterioration of rock properties and formation of excavation damaged zone(EDZ).This excavation damage effect may affect the potential rockburst pit depth.Taking two diversion tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station for example,the relationship between rockburst pit depth and excavation damage effect is first surveyed.The results indicate that the rockburst pit depth in tunnels with severe damage to rock masses is relatively large.Subsequently,the excavation-induced damage effect is characterized by disturbance factor D based on the Hoek-Brown criterion and wave velocity method.It is found that the EDZ could be further divided into a high-damage zone(HDZ)with D=1 and weak-damage zone(WDZ),and D decays from one to zero linearly.For this,a quantitative evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth is established by presenting a three-element rockburst criterion considering rock strength,geostress and disturbance factor.The evaluation results obtained by this method match well with actual observations.In addition,the weakening of rock mass strength promotes the formation and expansion of potential rockburst pits.The potential rockburst pit depth is positively correlated with HDZ and WDZ depths,and the HDZ depth has a significant contribution to the potential rockburst pit depth.

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则隧道围岩-支护体系协同作用下支护强度分析

确定围岩-支护结构体系动态协同变形关系是地下工程支护需要解决的关键问题之一。运用Mohr-Coulomb准则推导隧道开挖支护后围岩径向变形与支护结构径向变形的协同方程,探讨Ⅳ级围岩塑性半径、围岩位移及支护刚度随支护强度的变化关系;并运用FLAC3D数值模拟验证协同变形方程的合理性和有效性。结果表明,围岩-支护结构体系协同变形方程能很好地反映围岩位移和塑性区半径随支护强度变化的关系,且相互关系是非线性的。支护强度为0.75 MPa时,理论计算拱顶沉降为18.9 mm,数值模拟拱顶沉降为21.6 mm;支护强度为1.5 MPa时,理论计算拱顶沉降为11.2 mm,数值模拟拱顶沉降为11.1 mm,表明围岩-支护结构动态协同变形方程的有效性。针对Ⅳ级围岩在采用超前支护和交叉中隔壁法(cross diaphragm,CRD)施工时,建议支护强度设计为0.75~1.5 MPa,支护刚度设计为59.8~375.0 kN/mm。

Enhanced Hoek-Brown(H-B)criterion for rocks exposed to chemical corrosion

Underground constructions often encounter water environments,where water–rock interaction can increase porosity,thereby weakening engineering rocks.Correspondingly,the failure criterion for chemically corroded rocks becomes essential in the stability analysis and design of such structures.This study enhances the applicability of the Hoek-Brown(H-B)criterion for engineering structures operating in chemically corrosive conditions by introducing a kinetic porosity-dependent instantaneous mi(KPIM).A multiscale experimental investigation,including nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),pH and ion chromatography analysis,and triaxial compression tests,is employed to quantify pore structural changes and their linkage with the strength responses of limestone under coupled chemical-mechanical(C-M)conditions.By employing ion chromatography and NMR analysis,along with incorporating the principles of free-face dissolution theory accounting for both congruent and incongruent dissolution,a kinetic chemical corrosion model is developed.This model aims to calculate the kinetic porosity alterations within rocks exposed to varying H+concentrations and durations.Subsequently,utilizing the generalized mixture rule(GMR),the kinetic porositydependent mi is formulated.Evaluation of the KPIM-enhanced H-B criterion using compression test data from 5 types of rocks demonstrated a high level of consistency between the criterion and the experimental results,with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.96,a mean absolute percentage error less than 4.84%,and a root-mean-square deviation less than 5.95 MPa.Finally,the physical significance of the porosity-dependent instantaneous mi is clarified:it serves as an indicator of a rock’s capacity to leverage the confining pressure effect.

Strength criterion for crystalline rocks considering grain size effect and tensile-compressive strength ratio

The macroscopic mechanical properties of rocks are significantly influenced by their microstructure.As a material bonded by mineral grains,the grain morphology of crystalline rock is the primary factor influencing the strength.However,most strength criteria neglect the strength variations caused by different grain characteristics in rocks.Furthermore,the traditional linear criteria tend to overestimate tensile strength and exhibit apex singularity.To address these shortcomings,a piecewise strength criterion that considers the grain size effect has been proposed.A part of an ellipse was employed to construct the envelope of the tensive-shear region on the meridian plane,to accurately reproduce the low tensile-compressive strength ratio.Based on the analysis of experimental data,both linear and exponential modification functions that account for grain size effects were integrated into the proposed criterion.The corresponding finite element algorithm has been implemented.The accuracy and applicability of the proposed criterion were validated by comparing with the experimental data.

Maximum Correntropy Criterion-Based UKF for Loosely Coupling INS and UWB in Indoor Localization

Indoor positioning is a key technology in today’s intelligent environments,and it plays a crucial role in many application areas.This paper proposed an unscented Kalman filter(UKF)based on the maximum correntropy criterion(MCC)instead of the minimummean square error criterion(MMSE).This innovative approach is applied to the loose coupling of the Inertial Navigation System(INS)and Ultra-Wideband(UWB).By introducing the maximum correntropy criterion,the MCCUKF algorithm dynamically adjusts the covariance matrices of the system noise and the measurement noise,thus enhancing its adaptability to diverse environmental localization requirements.Particularly in the presence of non-Gaussian noise,especially heavy-tailed noise,the MCCUKF exhibits superior accuracy and robustness compared to the traditional UKF.The method initially generates an estimate of the predicted state and covariance matrix through the unscented transform(UT)and then recharacterizes the measurement information using a nonlinear regression method at the cost of theMCC.Subsequently,the state and covariance matrices of the filter are updated by employing the unscented transformation on the measurement equations.Moreover,to mitigate the influence of non-line-of-sight(NLOS)errors positioning accuracy,this paper proposes a k-medoid clustering algorithm based on bisection k-means(Bikmeans).This algorithm preprocesses the UWB distance measurements to yield a more precise position estimation.Simulation results demonstrate that MCCUKF is robust to the uncertainty of UWB and realizes stable integration of INS and UWB systems.

Three-dimensional limit variation analysis on the ultimate pullout capacity of the anchor cables based on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion

Only simplified two-dimensional model and a single failure mode are adopted to calculate the ultimate pullout capacity(UPC)of anchor cables in most previous research.This study focuses on a more comprehensive combination failure mode that consists of bond failure of an anchorage body and failure of an anchored rock mass.The three-dimensional ultimate pullout capacity of the anchor cables is calculated based on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and variation analysis method.The numerical solution for the curvilinear function in fracture plane is obtained based on the finite difference theory,which more accurately reflects the failure state of the anchor cable,as opposed to that being assumed in advance.The results reveal that relying solely on a single failure mode for UPC calculations has limitations,as changes in parameter values not only directly impact the UPC value but also can alter the failure model and thus the calculation method.

An approximate nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion with critical state for intact rocks

In this paper, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion is modified by mobilising the cohesion and internal friction angle with normal stress, in order to capture the nonlinearity and critical state concept for intact rocks reported in the literature. The mathematical expression for the strength is the same as the classical form, but the terms of cohesion and internal friction angle depend on the normal stress now,leading to a nonlinear relationship between the strength and normal stress. It covers both the tension and compression regions with different expressions for cohesion and internal friction angle. The strengths from the two regions join continuously at the transition of zero normal stress. The part in the compression region approximately satisfies the conditions of critical state, where the maximum shear strength is reached. Due to the nonlinearity, the classical simple relationship between the parameters of cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength from the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion does not hold anymore. The equation for determining one of the three parameters in terms of the other two is supplied. This equation is nonlinear and thus a nonlinear equation solver is needed. For simplicity, the classical linear relationship is used as a local approximation. The approximate modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been implemented in a fracture mechanics based numerical code FRACOD,and an example case of deep tunnel failure is presented to demonstrate the difference between the original and modified Mohr-Coulomb criteria. It is shown that the nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion predicts somewhat deeper and more intensive fracturing regions in the surrounding rock mass than the original linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. A more comprehensive piecewise nonlinear shear strength criterion is also included in Appendix B for those readers who are interested. It covers the tensile, compressive, brittle-ductile behaviour transition and the critical state, and gives smooth transitions.

Modified Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion considering rock mass intrinsic material strength factorization

With the increase of mining depth of mineral resources,the rock mass stress state is being more and more complex.The rock mass show different features,namely,with the increase of hydrostatic pressure,rock mass failure mode turns from brittle tension failure to structure ductile failure and its limit strength also increases.The restriction of minimal principal stress on the initiation and development of microcrack and the change of micro-unit stress state by the intermediate principal stress play a decisive role in the increase of rock mass limit strength.Based on the rock mass failure behavior law under complex stress state and the σ2-dependence on the rock mass strength,we proposed a Modified Mohr-Coulomb(M-MC) strength criterion which is smooth and convex.Finally,the M-MC criterion is validated by multiaxial test data of eight kinds of rock mass.We also compared the fitting results with Mohr-Coulomb criterion(MC).It shows that the new criterion fits the test data better than the Mohr-Coulomb criterion.So the M-MC strength criterion well reveals the rock mass bearing behavior and can be widely used in the rock mass strength analysis.The results can provide theoretical foundations for stability analysis and reinforcement design of complex underground engineering.

Upper bound analysis of ultimate pullout capacity of shallow 3-D circular plate anchors based on nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion

Based on the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and the associated flow rules,the three-dimensional(3-D)axisymmetric failure mechanism of shallow horizontal circular plate anchors that are subjected to the ultimate pullout capacity(UPC)is determined.A derivative function of the projection function for projecting the 3-D axisymmetric failure surface on plane is deduced using the variation theory.By using difference principle,the primitive function of failure surface satisfying boundary condition and numerical solution to its corresponding ultimate pullout capacity function are obtained.The influences of nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb parameters on UPC and failure mechanism are studied.The result shows that UPC decreases with dimensionless parameter m and uniaxial tensile strength increases but increases when depth and radius of plate anchor,surface overload,initial cohesion,geomaterial density and friction angle increase.The failure surface is similar to a symmetrical spatial funnel,and its shape is mainly determined by dimensionless parameter m;the surface damage range expands with the increase of radius and depth of the plate anchor as well as initial cohesion but decreases with the increase of dimensionless parameter m and uniaxial tensile strength as well as geomaterial density.As the dimensionless parameter m=2.0,the numerical solution of UPC based on the difference principle is proved to be feasible and effective through the comparison with the exact solution.In addition,the comparison between solutions of UPC computed by variation method and those computed by upper bound method indicate that variation method outperforms upper bound method.

A viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model with Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion for sea ice dynamics

A new viscoelastic-plastic （VEP） constitutive model for sea ice dynamics was developed based on continuum mechanics. This model consists of four components： Kelvin-Vogit viscoelastic model, Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion, associated normality flow rule for plastic rehololgy, and hydrostatic pressure. The numerical simulations for ice motion in an idealized rectangular basin were made using smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） method, and compared with the analytical solution as well as those based on the modified viscous plastic（VP） model and static ice jam theory. These simulations show that the new VEP model can simulate ice dynamics accurately. The new constitutive model was further applied to simulate ice dynamics of the Bohai Sea and compared with the traditional VP, and modified VP models. The results of the VEP model are compared better with the satellite remote images, and the simulated ice conditions in the JZ20-2 oil platform area were more reasonable.

基于动态空腔膨胀模型的土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数反演方法

为实现土壤原位力学参数的精准、快速解译,定量评估军事装备机动性,本文利用冲击贯入过程中测得的阻力-速度曲线、加速度时程曲线、速度时程曲线以及贯入深度-初速度关系,基于动态空腔膨胀模型建立了土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数的反演方法。本文分析表明准确拟合贯入阻力系数是反演Mohr-Coulomb参数的关键,而利用冲击贯入过程中的速度时程曲线进行拟合能够对Mohr-Coulomb参数进行准确的反演。针对Forrestal等人报道的实验结果,利用本文方法对土壤内聚力进行反演的相对误差为2.14%,对土壤内摩擦角反演的相对误差为9.77%。本文进一步给出了动态空腔膨胀模型下Mohr-Coulomb参数反演的可解域,讨论了参数敏感性。本文提出的反演方法突破了传统半经验解译方法中物理图像不清晰、经验参数依赖性强的问题,可为复杂地质环境下土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数快速确定及土壤承载力评估提供一个新的方法和途径。

超高性能混凝土基于抗剪切强度参数的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则

通过对4种钢纤维体积含量(0%、1%、2%和3%)的超高性能混凝土在5档围压(0、10、20、40和60 MPa)下进行常规三轴压缩试验,基于直线型摩尔强度包络线及试验数据推导出每种钢纤维含量超高性能混凝土在不同围压下内摩擦角φ和黏聚力c,由c值和φ值计算确定Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则中的参数,得到不同围压不同钢纤维含量下的MohrCoulomb破坏准则,经检验这种随围压与钢纤维含量不同而变参数值的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则能较好的描述超高性能混凝土三轴抗压强度的发展规律。

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则和二阶锥规划技术的轴对称自适应下限有限元法

轴对称Mohr-Coulomb准则屈服面的角点问题导致其在数值计算中存在困难,如何高效处理该屈服准则一直是极限分析下限有限元法的重要内容。首先,引入完全塑性假定将轴对称Mohr-Coulomb准则转化为1组不等式约束和3个线性等式约束;然后,将不等式约束直接转化为二阶锥约束,避免了对角点进行光滑近似处理;最后,将基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的轴对称极限分析下限有限元计算模型转化为具有较高计算效率的二阶锥规划数学优化模型。极限分析下限有限元法采用的线性应力单元难以精确模拟破坏区域的应力变化,单元的分布形式对计算精度存在较大影响。因此提出一种基于单元应力的网格自适应加密策略,通过判断单元内节点应力接近屈服的程度,自动识别破坏区域待加密的单元,实现对破坏区域应力分布的精确模拟,进而能够以较少单元获得高精度下限解。通过分析圆形基础承载力及竖向锚板极限抗拔力等典型轴对称岩土工程稳定性问题,表明了所提方法具有较高计算效率及计算精度,具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。

A failure criterion for shale considering the anisotropy and hydration based on the shear slide failure model

A failure criterion fully considering the anisotropy and hydration of shale is essential for shale formation stability evaluation.Thus,a novel failure criterion for hydration shale is developed by using Jaeger’s shear failure criterion to describe the anisotropy and using the shear strength reduction caused by clay minerals hydration to evaluate the hydration.This failure criterion is defined with four parameters in Jaeger’s shear failure criterion(S_(1),S_(2),a andφ),three hydration parameters(k,ω_(sh)andσ_(s))and two material size parameters(d and l0).The physical meanings and determining procedures of these parameters are described.The accuracy and applicability of this failure criterion are examined using the published experimental data,showing a cohesive agreement between the predicted values and the testing results,R^(2)=0.916 and AAREP(average absolute relative error percentage)of 9.260%.The error(|D_(p)|)is then discussed considering the effects ofβ(angle between bedding plane versus axial loading),moisture content and confining pressure,presenting that|Dp|increases whenβis closer to 30°,and|D_(p)|decreases with decreasing moisture content and with increasing confining pressure.Moreover,|D_(p)|is demonstrated as being sensitive to S1and being steady with decrease in the data set whenβis 0°,30°,45°and 90°.