Seismic Evaluation of Steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs)—Supported by Loose Granular Soil

Soil underneath a structure might affect the behavior and the overall response of the structure in seismic events. The role of loose soil conditions and the inclusion of soil-structure interaction (SSI) in the analysis are important issues that need to be addressed. Since steel structures are light, two configurations designed as spatial and perimeter are considered to study the effect of soil on the steel structural frames for the same building. The paper provides a parametric analysis on the influence of SSI on the overall performance of MRFs (Moment Resisting Frames) according to the provisions of Saudi Building Code (SBC) [1]. A case study has been developed in which spatial and perimeter moment resisting frames of 12, 6 and 3 stories residential buildings are designed using Saudi Building Code (SBC) prescriptions. A modal response spectrum analysis has been carried out to see the influence of SSI on the fundamental period of vibration, top story displacement and inter-story drift limitations. Moreover, a static non-linear analysis has been performed to investigate the performance of frames, thus allowing to identify the influence of SSI on the structural design of steel MRFs.

Effectiveness of two conventional methods for seismic retrofit of steel and RC moment resisting frames based on damage control criteria

This study investigates the efficiency of two types of rehabilitation methods based on economic justification that can lead to logical decision making between the retrofitting schemes. Among various rehabilitation methods, concentric chevron bracing（CCB） and cylindrical friction damper（CFD） were selected. The performance assessment procedure of the frames is divided into two distinct phases. First, the limit state probabilities of the structures before and after rehabilitation are investigated. In the second phase, the seismic risk of structures in terms of life safety and financial losses（decision variables） using the recently published FEMA P58 methodology is evaluated. The results show that the proposed retrofitting methods improve the serviceability and life safety performance levels of steel and RC structures at different rates when subjected to earthquake loads. Moreover, these procedures reveal that financial losses are greatly decreased, and were more tangible by the application of CFD rather than using CCB. Although using both retrofitting methods reduced damage state probabilities, incorporation of a site-specific seismic hazard curve to evaluate mean annual occurrence frequency at the collapse prevention limit state caused unexpected results to be obtained. Contrary to CFD, the collapse probability of the structures retrofitted with CCB increased when compared with the primary structures.

Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames（SMRFs） to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective（BSO） specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.

Seismic design factors for RC special moment resisting frames in Dubai,UAE

This study investigates the seismic design factors for three reinforced concrete （RC） framed buildings with 4, 16 and 32-stories in Dubai, UAE utilizing nonlinear analysis. The buildings are designed according to the response spectrum procedure defined in the 2009 International Building Code （IBC＇09）. Two ensembles of ground motion records with 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years （10/50 and 2/50, respectively） are used. The nonlinear dynamic resPonses to the earthquake records are computed using IDARC-2D. Key seismic design parameters are evaluated; namely, response modification factor （R）, deflection amplification factor （Cd）, system overstrength factor （Ωo）, and response modification factor for ductility （Rd） in addition to inelastic interstory drift. The evaluated seismic design factors are found to significantly depend on the considered ground motion （10/50 versus 2/50）. Consequently, resolution to the controversy of Dubai seismicity is urged. The seismic design factors for the 2/50 records show an increase over their counterparts for the 10/50 records in the range of 200%-400%, except for the D~ factor, which shows a mere 30% increase. Based on the observed trends, perioddependent R and Cd factors are recommended if consistent collapse probability （or collapse prevention performance） in moment frames with varying heights is to be expected.

喷油润滑球轴承流动特性的数值研究

基于流体体积(VOF)方法建立了喷油润滑球轴承的数值仿真模型.分别采用滑移网格法和多重参考系(MRF)方法对轴承油气两相流动进行了数值计算,得到了轴承内部流场分布和搅油力矩.搭建了轴承流场可视化试验台,对比分析了仿真流场与高速摄影实测流场.结果表明:滑移网格下的轴承内部油液体积分数大于用MRF方法的计算结果,且当转速逐渐增大时,轴承内部油液体积分数均逐渐减小,且在离心力作用下,润滑油更多地分布在轴承外圈滚道.滑移网格下的轴承内部流场油液分布更接近实测流场.仿真计算的搅油力矩随转速增大而增大,MRF方法下搅油力矩大于滑移网格下的搅油力矩,平均误差约为12.3%.两种方法对搅油力矩的计算均具有较好的一致性,但MRF时间成本更低.

Structural failure analysis with CMS-based ground motion selection using innovative cost function and weight factors

The selection and scaling of ground motion records is considered a primary and essential task in performing structural analysis and design.Conventional methods involve using ground motion models and a conditional spectrum to select ground motion records based on the target spectrum.This research demonstrates the influence of adopting different weighted factors for various period ranges during matching selected ground motions with the target hazard spectrum.The event data from the Next Generation Attenuation West 2(NGA-West 2)database is used as the basis for ground motion selection,and hazard de-aggregation is conducted to estimate the event parameters of interest,which are then used to construct the target intensity measure(IM).The target IMs are then used to select ground motion records with different weighted vector-valued objective functions.The weights are altered to account for the relative importance of IM in accordance with the structural analysis application of steel moment resisting frame(SMRF)buildings.Instead of an ordinary objective function for the matching spectrum,a novel model is introduced and compared with the conventional cost function.The results indicate that when applying the new cost function for ground motion selection,it places higher demands on structures compared to the conventional cost function.Moreover,submitting more weights to the first-mode period of structures increases engineering demand parameters.Findings demonstrate that weight factors allocated to different period ranges can successfully account for period elongation and higher mode effects.

Performance of Rigid Steel Frames under Adequate Soil Conditions Using Seismic Code Provisions

This study is focused on?nonlinear analysis and design of?spatial and perimeter moment resisting frames for a 9-storeys?office building?having?9.15?m span.?Seismic?design criteria of Eurocode 8?Ductility Class High (DCH)?with behavior factor (q) of 6.5 and AISC/ASCE code,?Special Moment resisting Frame (SMF) with response modification factor (R) of 8 were employed.?The design outcomes?are?expressed in terms of frame performance?(non-linear analysis), section profiles?(code recommendations), strength-demand to capacity ratios, drift-demand to capacity?ratios and structural weight. The consequences of the research compare?two codes in term of weights and design performances.?This will aid professional engineers and researchers to select effective design criteria and capacity design rules?efficiently.

Impact of lateral force-resisting system and design/construction practices on seismic performance and cost of tall buildings in Dubai, UAE

The local design and construction practices in the United Arab Emirates （UAE）, together with Dubai＇s unique rate of development, warrant special attention to the selection of Lateral Force-Resisting Systems （LFRS）. This research proposes four different feasible solutions for the selection of the LFRS for tall buildings and quantifies the impact of these selections on seismic performance and cost. The systems considered are： Steel Special Moment-Resisting Frame （SMRF）, Concrete SMRF, Steel Dual System （SMRF with Special Steel Plates Shear Wall, SPSW）, and Concrete Dual System （SMRF with Special Concrete Shear Wall, SCSW）. The LFRS selection is driven by seismic setup as well as the adopted design and construction practices in Dubai. It is found that the concrete design alternatives are consistently less expensive than their steel counterparts. The steel dual system is expected to have the least damage based on its relatively lesser interstory drifts. However, this preferred performance comes at a higher initial construction cost. Conversely, the steel SMRF system is expected to have the most damage and associated repair cost due to its excessive flexibility. The two concrete alternatives are expected to have relatively moderate damage and repair costs in addition to their lesser initial construction cost.

Selection and modification of ground motion records using Newmark-Hall spectrum as target spectrum for long-period structures

Input ground motions have significant impacts on the uncertainty of structural responses in time-history analysis.In this study,records were selected and scaled for the evaluation of mean structural responses according to the target spectrum.The Newmark-Hall spectrum is closely related to seismic response of short,medium and long-period structures,so it was taken as the target spectrum here.The nonlinear time-history analyses of 9-story and 20-story steel moment-resisting frame structures were carried out as examples.They represent medium and long-period buildings,respectively.Three target spectra with risk of 50%,10%and 2%probabilities for exceedance in 50 years were calculated by the average Newmark-Hall spectrum method for three ground motion sets developed in the SAC Steel Project.The predicted structural mean responses of these Newmark-Hall spectra were compared with those calculated by the average spectral acceleration method for the same record set.It is found that both methods have similar accuracy for estimating the structural mean response.However,the method proposed herein is more effective in reducing the variability of the structural responses.Also,the proposed method is more advantageous for the time-history analysis of long-period structures or structures with more severe nonlinear responses under strong seismic excitations.

节点域对抗弯钢框架抗震性能影响研究

为探究抗弯钢框架中节点域对其抗震性能的影响,以美国SAC钢结构计划中提出的20层抗弯钢框架结构为原型,基于ABAQUS建立了能够考虑节点域剪切变形的结构模型(M1-PZ)和不考虑节点域的线性中心模型(M2-noPZ)。将针对美国洛杉矶地区3种超越概率(50年超越概率50%、10%、2%)下设计谱选出的3组各20条地震波作为输入,进行非线性时程分析。对比分析表明,各超越概率下M1-PZ所得各层剪力均大于M2-noPZ。从结构位移反应来看,考虑节点域的剪切变形可更好地体现高阶振型的影响,这种优势会随着结构非线性程度的增加而增大。当地震强度不高时,两种模型结构在底部薄弱层的位移反应相差不大,但当结构非线性程度较高时,M2-noPZ无法准确反映实际出现杆端最大弯矩的位置,使得预估结构最大位移反应偏大。综合分析认为,建立分析模型时有必要考虑节点域的剪切变形。

自复位平面钢框架推覆分析

运用ABAQUS有限元软件对一榀四层两跨平面钢框架进行静力弹塑性分析,分别计算钢材强度为Q345、Q420和Q460三榀自复位钢框架,探讨自复位平面钢框架的抗震性能,并着重讨论钢材强度对自复位性能的影响。结果表明,钢材强度的提高对减小结构塑性、残余侧移有较明显的作用,但未彻底避免柱底塑性的产生。对相对内转角和摩擦耗能也有一定影响,但是对钢绞线预应力影响不大。

翼缘削弱型钢框架梁柱节点的性能研究综述

介绍了1994年美国北岭地震和1995年日本阪神地震后钢框架新型延性节点的发展状况,着重讨论了狗骨式节点的性能研究进展,指出通过削弱梁翼缘可以有效提高钢框架的抗震性能,达到延性设计的目的。最后,探讨了狗骨式节点在今后的研究方向。

纯框架体系在多层轻钢住宅中的应用研究

在多层钢结构民用住宅建筑中 ,轻钢框架体系具有施工快、抗震性能好、造价经济的优点。为了促进这种结构体系的应用 ,结合新的抗震规范与国内外的研究成果 ,研究了它的结构特点。通过工程实例的计算 ,研究了纯框架体系在3～ 7层轻钢住宅中的应用 ,分析了层数、地震烈度、楼盖的组合作用、刚架柱的截面形式对轻钢框架体系受力与经济性能的影响。研究表明采用箱形刚架柱 ,并考虑楼盖组合作用的多层轻钢框架住宅 ,在设防烈度 8度或 8度以下地区 ,具有良好的经济指标与抗震性能。

基于梁铰机制的柱端弯矩增强措施研究

汶川地震中钢筋混凝土框架结构塑性铰普遍出现在柱端,该震害现象促使我国抗震规范在2010版提高了"强柱弱梁"措施。新的柱端弯矩增大系数取值对一、二抗震等级而言与已有研究结果相近,但低烈度区、三级抗震的取值仍缺乏依据。该文按现行中国规范设计5个位于Ⅱ类场地的不同设防烈度分区、不同抗震等级的规则钢筋混凝土平面框架,讨论现浇板钢筋、梁下部纵筋等对"强柱弱梁"措施的影响规律。以强震下除底层柱下端外其他柱截面纵筋不屈服的梁铰机制为原则建立非线性计算模型,对每个框架分别输入30条符合要求的地震波,在OpenSees平台上对5个框架进行罕遇地震下的非线性反应分析,并对柱端弯矩增大系数需求进行统计分析。结果表明,对于7度区三级抗震框架的柱端弯矩增大系数,抗震规范取1.3明显不足,建议提高其取值,并同时附加将中间节点处绝对值较小的梁端负弯矩取为零的计算原则;8度区二级框架、9度区一级框架的柱端弯矩增大系数需求的统计结果较规范取值偏大得相对较少。基于梁端实际配筋和材料强度标准值的柱端弯矩增大系数需求的统计特征值离散性更小、沿楼层变化不大,同时其已包含板钢筋的贡献,是相对更好的"强柱弱梁"措施形式,此时抗震规范的一、二抗震等级的弯矩增大系数仍有待提高。

薄柔高频焊接H钢柱的实验和抗震承载力评价

针对大宽厚比的高频焊接H钢柱塑性耗能能力较低的特点,进行了10个试件的单调和反复加载试验研究.试验揭示,在一般低多层框架结构的长细比范围内,翼缘和腹板板件宽厚比的组合和轴压比是决定薄柔H钢柱静力和滞回性能的关键因素.综合实验结果和系统的数值分析,提出了经受罕遇地震往复作用时,将钢柱承载力下降限制在某一范围内的设计原则.按此原则,可以确定容许的板件宽厚比组合限值.这一设计方案为在抗震设防区使用薄柔构件轻型钢框架提供了可能.

自复位钢框架结构抗震性能动力时程分析

文中主要针对梁腹板带有摩擦阻尼器的自复位钢框架整体结构进行抗震性能和自复位性能的研究。首先提出利用ABAQUS有限元软件连接单元实现整体结构自复位梁柱节点双旗帜滞回模型的模拟方法。将用该方法模拟的自复位梁柱节点弯矩-转角滞回曲线与课题组已经完成的3个节点试验滞回曲线相对比,结果表明:节点刚度和弯矩值与试验值吻合较好,证明了该模拟分析方法的可行性。然后对同条件的自复位钢框架和刚接框架(仅梁柱节点形式不同)进行了24条地震动下的时程分析,结果显示:自复位钢框架各层最大绝对速度、绝对加速度和自振周期与刚接框架均十分接近,层间位移角接近或略大于刚接框架,基底剪力、结构塑性发展和震后残余层间位移角均远小于刚接框架,结构震后自动复位优势明显。

穿斗式木结构中节点的抗弯性能试验研究

以西南传统民居穿斗式木结构穿销中节点为研究对象,设计制作了2个足尺横向中节点和2个足尺纵向中节点模型试件,分别对两类节点进行单调加载和低周往复加载试验,得到两类节点的破坏模式、抗弯承载力、抗弯刚度、延性和耗能能力。结果表明:横向中节点主要在榫卯挤压区域发生嵌压塑性变形以及在木销受荷区域发生弯剪变形,纵向中节点易在榫颈位置发生折断破坏;横向中节点的初始刚度较纵向中节点高,横向中节点的抗弯承载力可达纵向中节点的2倍;横向中节点和纵向中节点的滞回曲线均表现出明显的捏拢和滑移现象,横向中节点的耗能能力较强;穿斗式木结构横向中节点和纵向中节点都具有良好的变形能力,横向中节点表现出较好的延性,但纵向中节点的延性很低;纵向中节点是穿斗式木结构中的薄弱节点,需要在穿斗式木结构的安全维护中重点关注。

人字撑-钢框架弹塑性抗侧性能的精细化研究

为了研究人字撑-钢框架双重抗侧力结构体系中受压支撑屈曲后的剩余强度、框架抗侧强度对结构体系抗侧性能的影响以及结构体系的最大抗侧承载力等问题,在考虑现行规范相关规定的基础上,设计50个典型人字撑-框架结构算例,开展弹塑性抗侧性能的非线性有限元分析.研究组成结构体系的2个子结构支撑架和框架在整个抗侧过程中的性能及其对结构体系总的抗侧性能的影响.结果表明,结构体系的抗侧性能在压撑屈曲后存在快速下降,框架的相对强弱对下降幅度具有重要的影响;框架与支撑的极限承载力之和不能作为结构体系的抗侧承载能力.根据计算结果提出人字撑横梁承受的不平衡力的改进计算方法.

基于性能设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构易损性分析

根据我国新抗震规范对7度区的钢筋混凝土框架进行基于性能的结构设计,采用OpenSees建立相应的结构非线性分析模型,进行多地震波作用下的结构增量动力分析和结构易损性分析。分析结果表明:在同一地震动强度作用下,性能要求越高的结构超越规定的极限状态的概率越小,其抗倒塌储备系数CMR值越大;大震作用下,结构的倒塌概率满足美国ATC关于"大震不倒"的设防要求,巨震作用下,高性能的结构倒塌概率明显比其他结构低;但用美国ATC单一的评价指标,本文七层框架按低性能水平设计的结构抗倒塌储备系数CMR值不能满足要求;因此如何针对我国规范的性能水平,建立对应的CMR评判多指标体系,应是当前亟待解决的问题之一。

支撑布置对多层钢结构抗侧刚度的影响

从框架支撑等效刚度和层间位移基本原理出发,以鹤壁某煤矿六层钢框架办公楼工程实例为背景工程,通过改变支撑在结构平面内的布置位置和增加支撑数量等,对结构层间位移、层间位移角进行计算对比分析。研究支撑布置对钢框架结构抗侧移性能的影响,探讨支撑布置的影响规律,为多层钢框架结构的设计提供理论参考。