We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevat...We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.展开更多
Je viens de rater mon treizième entretien. En septembre, Pékin, il fait sec, mais le temps est ensoleillé. Je cherche désespérément mon premier boulot. Le rêve de voyage me hante ...Je viens de rater mon treizième entretien. En septembre, Pékin, il fait sec, mais le temps est ensoleillé. Je cherche désespérément mon premier boulot. Le rêve de voyage me hante depuis longtemps, mais le problème, c’est que j’ai horreur de tous les tracas: climat, sécurité, confort, visa... l’envie de partir alterne chez moi avec le découragement. Machinalement, j’arrange mes affaires. Je me contente de faire ma valise, de la défaire, de la refaire pour la énième fois. Dépourvue d’un ami intime comme Milou, ce sont mes livres et mes disques qui remplissent ce vide. Je cherche dans ma bibliothèque un titre lumineux qui m’inciterait l’aventure, jusqu’ ce que me saute aux yeux l’image d’une jeune fille avec deux longues tresses. Son regard limpide et un peu perdu réfléchit le vert jaune des champs et le bleu pervenche du ciel.展开更多
The phenomenon of “missing mass” in galaxies has triggered new theoretical exploration, forming a competition between dark matter assumption, modified Newtonian dynamics and modified gravity. Over the past forty yea...The phenomenon of “missing mass” in galaxies has triggered new theoretical exploration, forming a competition between dark matter assumption, modified Newtonian dynamics and modified gravity. Over the past forty years, various versions of the modified scenario have been proposed to simulate the effects of missing mass. These schemes replace the dynamic effect of dark matter by introducing some tiny extra force terms in the dynamic equations. Such extra forces have mainly interactions on large scales of galaxies, such as fitting the Tully-Fisher relation or asymptotically flat rotation curves. The discussion in this paper shows that the evidence of taking the modified schemes as fundamental theory is still insufficient. In this paper, we display a system of simplified galactic dynamical equations derived from weak field and low-speed approximations of Einstein field equations, and then we use it to discuss two important empirical relations in galactic dynamics, namely the Faber-Jackson relation and Tully-Fisher relation, as well as the related fundamental plane. These discussions provide a reference scheme for improving the dispersion of the empirical relations, and also provide a theoretical foundation to analyze the properties of dark matter and galactic structures.展开更多
A new model of the modified Newtonian gravity called Compacted & Collapsing Gravity (CCG) is proposed. Similar to the Milgrom’s MOND, it allows explaining the flattening of rotation curve in spiral galaxies, thus...A new model of the modified Newtonian gravity called Compacted & Collapsing Gravity (CCG) is proposed. Similar to the Milgrom’s MOND, it allows explaining the flattening of rotation curve in spiral galaxies, thus eliminates the need for dark matter at this level. However, in contrast to MOND, it puts a distinct limit on effective gravity;thereby constraints the sizes of single galaxies in connection to their masses, which complies with observations. In the bigger than single galaxies structures such as galaxy clusters, CCG rather complements than replaces interpretations of the observational data based on dark matter. Besides, the new model provides a plausible explanation to the hierarchical structure of the universe.展开更多
In this article, we determine the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a square matrix by a new approach. This considers all the roots with their multiplicities are known, using only the simple matrix multiplication of a...In this article, we determine the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a square matrix by a new approach. This considers all the roots with their multiplicities are known, using only the simple matrix multiplication of a vector. This process does not even require matrix inversion.展开更多
In this paper, we established a connection between a square matrix “A” of order “n” and a matrix defined through a new approach of the recursion relation . (where is any column matrix with n real ...In this paper, we established a connection between a square matrix “A” of order “n” and a matrix defined through a new approach of the recursion relation . (where is any column matrix with n real elements). Now the new matrix gives us a characteristic equation of matrix A and we can find the exact determination of Eigenvalues and its Eigenvectors of the matrix A. This new approach was invented by using Two eigenvector theorems along with some examples. In the subsequent paper we apply this approach by considering some examples on this invention.展开更多
Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a...Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a modified law of gravity called MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics) explains galactic velocity curves better than dark matter. Merritt recently argued for MOND (arXiv:1703.02389) by claiming dark matter models cannot account for the MOND acceleration threshold a0≈1.2x10-8cm/sec2 and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. However, this note shows that the HLSS model involving dark matter accounts for both the MOND acceleration and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. After this paper was accepted for publication, I learned that Man Ho Chan previously reached the same conclusion (arXiv:1310.6801) using a dark matter based analysis independent of the holographic approach used in this paper.展开更多
文摘We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.
文摘Je viens de rater mon treizième entretien. En septembre, Pékin, il fait sec, mais le temps est ensoleillé. Je cherche désespérément mon premier boulot. Le rêve de voyage me hante depuis longtemps, mais le problème, c’est que j’ai horreur de tous les tracas: climat, sécurité, confort, visa... l’envie de partir alterne chez moi avec le découragement. Machinalement, j’arrange mes affaires. Je me contente de faire ma valise, de la défaire, de la refaire pour la énième fois. Dépourvue d’un ami intime comme Milou, ce sont mes livres et mes disques qui remplissent ce vide. Je cherche dans ma bibliothèque un titre lumineux qui m’inciterait l’aventure, jusqu’ ce que me saute aux yeux l’image d’une jeune fille avec deux longues tresses. Son regard limpide et un peu perdu réfléchit le vert jaune des champs et le bleu pervenche du ciel.
文摘The phenomenon of “missing mass” in galaxies has triggered new theoretical exploration, forming a competition between dark matter assumption, modified Newtonian dynamics and modified gravity. Over the past forty years, various versions of the modified scenario have been proposed to simulate the effects of missing mass. These schemes replace the dynamic effect of dark matter by introducing some tiny extra force terms in the dynamic equations. Such extra forces have mainly interactions on large scales of galaxies, such as fitting the Tully-Fisher relation or asymptotically flat rotation curves. The discussion in this paper shows that the evidence of taking the modified schemes as fundamental theory is still insufficient. In this paper, we display a system of simplified galactic dynamical equations derived from weak field and low-speed approximations of Einstein field equations, and then we use it to discuss two important empirical relations in galactic dynamics, namely the Faber-Jackson relation and Tully-Fisher relation, as well as the related fundamental plane. These discussions provide a reference scheme for improving the dispersion of the empirical relations, and also provide a theoretical foundation to analyze the properties of dark matter and galactic structures.
文摘A new model of the modified Newtonian gravity called Compacted & Collapsing Gravity (CCG) is proposed. Similar to the Milgrom’s MOND, it allows explaining the flattening of rotation curve in spiral galaxies, thus eliminates the need for dark matter at this level. However, in contrast to MOND, it puts a distinct limit on effective gravity;thereby constraints the sizes of single galaxies in connection to their masses, which complies with observations. In the bigger than single galaxies structures such as galaxy clusters, CCG rather complements than replaces interpretations of the observational data based on dark matter. Besides, the new model provides a plausible explanation to the hierarchical structure of the universe.
文摘In this article, we determine the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a square matrix by a new approach. This considers all the roots with their multiplicities are known, using only the simple matrix multiplication of a vector. This process does not even require matrix inversion.
文摘In this paper, we established a connection between a square matrix “A” of order “n” and a matrix defined through a new approach of the recursion relation . (where is any column matrix with n real elements). Now the new matrix gives us a characteristic equation of matrix A and we can find the exact determination of Eigenvalues and its Eigenvectors of the matrix A. This new approach was invented by using Two eigenvector theorems along with some examples. In the subsequent paper we apply this approach by considering some examples on this invention.
文摘Many physicists believe dark matter accounts for flat velocity curves in spiral galaxies and find further evidence for dark matter in observations of the colliding “bullet cluster” galaxies 1E0657-56. Others claim a modified law of gravity called MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics) explains galactic velocity curves better than dark matter. Merritt recently argued for MOND (arXiv:1703.02389) by claiming dark matter models cannot account for the MOND acceleration threshold a0≈1.2x10-8cm/sec2 and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. However, this note shows that the HLSS model involving dark matter accounts for both the MOND acceleration and the (Vobserved/VNewtonian) relation. After this paper was accepted for publication, I learned that Man Ho Chan previously reached the same conclusion (arXiv:1310.6801) using a dark matter based analysis independent of the holographic approach used in this paper.
