Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy in Saudi Arabia： Evidence From SVAR Analysis

In this research, the authors evaluate different channels of the monetary policy transmission mechanisms in Saudi Arabia over the last 15 years with a baseline of structural vector autoregressive （SVAR） models. Contemporaneous coefficient in the structural model indicates that while Saudi Arabia pegs its currency to US dollar, monetary policy instrument reacts positively to unexpected changes in the monetary aggregate. In addition to the traditional interest rate channel, the authors have also found the effects of credit channel. Moreover, variance decomposition results show that past shocks of credit, nominal effective exchange rate （NEER）, federal funds rate （FFR） and treasury bill （TB） are found to be important for credit growth in shorter and longer horizons. The exchange rate channel has been less significant in comparison to other channels.

Structural Monetary Policy, Bank Credit and Bank Liquidity—An Empirical Analysis Based on VAR Model

After the outbreak of the international financial crisis,the People’s Bank of China,based on traditional monetary policy tools,launched a series of structural monetary policy tools such as standing lending facility(SLF),medium-term lending facility(MLF),and pledged supplementary lending(PSL)and targeted at liquidity via the commercial banking system.In order to test the credit transmission effect of structured monetary policy,this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between structured monetary policy,bank liquidity and bank credit based on the VAR model.The research shows that the implementation of structured monetary policy reduces the liquidity of commercial banks in the short term and increases in loans to small or micro enterprises and agriculture-related loans,these policies have produced significant short-term effects on credit transmission in steady of long-term effects.Thus,a series of supporting measures are needed to fully exert the effects of structural monetary policy.

Structural Vector Autoregressive Analysis of Monetary Policy in Thailand

This paper highlights the importance of monetary policy transmission mechanism in Thailand since the 1997 financial crisis and then undertakes an empirical investigation of Thailand monetary policy. This study makes effort to address both two aspects of monetary transmission mechanism, namely channels of monetary policy and the effect of monetary policy shocks on key macroeconomic variables. To address these issues, the paper specifies structural vector autoregressive （SVAR） models and estimates them using quarterly data from 1997q3 to 2014q4. The identification schemes used in this paper follow Kim and Roubini and Raghavan, Silvapulle, and Athanasopoulos with some modifications. The overall result is that the identifying restrictions used in the SVAR seem to appropriately identify a monetary policy shock even though the exchange rate puzzle is found. The results show that interest rate and monetary aggregate have played the dominant channels of monetary transmission mechanism in Thailand, while an exchange rate channel is decreasingly significant. In addition, Thailand economy is somewhat exposed to the foreign sector especially for the world price of oil and the U.S. monetary policy. The results also reveal the linkage and influence of U.S. monetary policy on Thailand monetary policy. The empirical findings are then used to provide Bank of Thailand （BOT） with insight into identifying the important monetary policy transmission channels. It would help the BOT to implement an effective monetary policy for achieving price stability through the appropriate monetary channels.

Analysis on Inefficiency of Transmitting the Monetary Policy of the Capital Market

Looking from the institutional system that the stock market services the state-owned enterprises, the bad corporate governing structure of the state-owned listed companies, the lack of balance between the yield from an investment and the stock, and the polarization of the wealth distribution in the stock market, we make an intensive analysis and exploration on the inefficiency of transmitting monetary policy of Chinese capital market herein.

Financial Market Turmoil: Implications for Monetary Policy Transmission in China

The recent financial market turmoil has initiated another search for insightful understanding of the interactions between the financial market and monetary policy. This paper explores these interactions in terms of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in China. We argue that evolving financial development, enhanced by the expansion of the financial market, has altered the conventional channel for monetary transmission in China. Analyzing marked changes in the financial landscape and taking into account policy regime shifts in China, the paper provides clear evidence showing that the financial market has become a new and important channel for transmission of monetary policy in China.

Monetary policy and dynamic adjustment of corporate investment: A policy transmission channel perspective

We investigate monetary policy effects on corporate investment adjustment,using a sample of China's A-share listed firms(2005–2012), under an asymmetic framework and from a monetary policy transmission channel perspective. We find that corporate investment adjustment is faster in expansionary than contractionary monetary policy periods. Monetary policy has a significant effect on adjustment speed through monetary and credit channels. An increase in the growth rate of money supply or credit accelerates adjustment.Both effects are significantly greater during tightening than expansionary periods. The monetary channel has significant asymmetry, whereas the credit channel has none. Leverage moderates the relationship between monetary policy and adjustment, with a greater effect in expansionary periods. This study enriches the corporate investment behavior literature and can help governments develop and optimize macro-control policies.

Monetary Policy and Corporate Investment:Evidence from Chinese Micro Data

This paper investigates how a firm＇s characteristics restrict the influence of monetary policy changes on its investment behavior. Focusing on China＇s listed companies for a sample period from the first quarter of 2002 to the first quarter of 2011, we find that quantity- oriented and price-based monetary policies have heterogeneous impacts on corporate investment behavior, but the influence of monetary policies is constrained by the liquidity, inventory, size and asset-liability ratio of a firm. Firms with higher liquidity, lower inventory level and lower asset-liability ratios are less sensitive to the impact from two kinds of monetary policies. The larger the size of the firm, the less it is subject to influenee from quantity-oriented monetary policy; it responds more to price-based monetary poliey. The policy implication is that the monetary authorities should pay attention to the importance of policy-making based on the monetary demand of mieroeconomie entities.

非传统货币政策与债券市场稳定——抵押品渠道的传导机制研究

本文基于中国债券市场微观结构和流动性负反馈循环理论,利用中国人民银行扩大中期借贷便利(MLF)担保品范围这一准自然实验,以及货币市场、债券市场日度数据,通过运用双重差分模型、ARIMAX模型,探讨以抵押品为基础的非传统货币政策工具在缓解债券市场风险,阻止下跌趋势蔓延方面的有效性和作用机制。本文发现,一方面,扩容政策能显著降低债券收益率,提振债券市场整体流动性和活跃度,进而遏制了负反馈机制下的“损失螺旋”;另一方面,扩容政策的实施也促进了宏观流动性向下传导,优化了债券市场流动性的总量和结构,进而遏制了负反馈机制下的“保证金螺旋”蔓延。这一结论解释了“中国化”制度背景下非传统货币政策工具稳定金融市场的内涵逻辑,增添了金融市场渠道传导的实证证据。本文的研究结论也带来一些启示:作为市场最后的流动性提供者,中国人民银行应当充分利用以抵押品为基础的非常规货币政策工具在缓解特定局部风险时的准确和高效特点,通过灵活调整质押率更好地稳定市场。

高质量发展阶段货币政策传导渠道的有效性——基于银行流动性创造的视角

提升货币政策传导效率是高质量发展阶段现代中央银行制度建设的客观要求。鉴于我国货币政策面临着“宽货币”难以向“宽信用”传导的梗阻困境,本文从银行流动性创造理论视角提炼高质量发展阶段货币政策传导的典型事实,在此基础上,从流动性创造发挥货币政策中介目标功能应当具备的可控性、相关性和可测性出发,考察货币政策流动性创造渠道的机理,并利用上市银行2016—2022年季度数据展开实证检验。研究发现,在高质量发展阶段,随着金融体制市场化改革不断深入推进,银行经营模式从存贷业务模式向批发业务模式转变、货币政策调控框架从数量型向价格型转变,银行流动性创造渠道会比银行贷款渠道发挥更为关键的作用。中央银行应充分认识到银行流动性创造功能的重要性,并将流动性创造纳入货币政策调控的中介目标体系。

结构性货币政策工具对科技创新型企业融资的影响

近年来,货币政策工具在发挥总量调节功能的同时,也有力地支持了经济结构调整和转型升级。2013年起,为加强对“三农”、小微等重点领域及薄弱环节的金融信贷支持,中国人民银行创设了常备借贷便利、抵押补充贷款、定向降准等结构性货币政策工具,向实体经济精准释放流动性,以期达到优化调节经济结构的政策目的。本文从结构性货币政策工具与科技创新型企业融资间的关系出发,尝试对结构性货币政策工具支持科技创新型企业的效果进行评价,认为结构性货币政策工具能够促进科技创新型企业融资,且在不良贷款率较低、地区GDP增长率较高的金融机构中具有更强的政策传导效应,更能促进科技创新型企业贷款增量扩面。在此基础上,提出应从加强结构性货币政策工具支持力度,完善结构性货币政策工具设计,加强货币、财政、产业政策协调配合三个方面改善结构性货币政策工具传导效能。

流动性机制下货币政策的银行风险承担渠道研究——基于银行资产端和负债端双重视角

本文基于DLM模型将货币政策的银行风险承担渠道从资产端扩充至负债端,并利用中国107家商业银行2007-2022年的年度数据,系统检验了风险承担渠道在资产端与负债端的效应差异与作用机制。结果表明:宽松货币政策同时促进了银行资产端和负债端的风险承担,促进作用在小银行中更显著。流动性传导效应是其重要传导机制。货币政策的银行风险承担渠道存在关于银行流动性水平的门槛效应,但在资产端与负债端表现出差异性,即随着流动性水平提高,货币政策对资产端风险承担的正向影响呈现递减趋势,而对负债端的正向影响呈现递增趋势。

“杯水车薪”抑或“雪中送炭”——低利率环境下货币政策的有效性研究

为应对内需不足的内部环境和严峻复杂的外部环境,我国货币政策仍将保持低利率状态,然而低利率环境下货币政策的实施效果究竟如何是政策制定者的核心关切。现有对于低利率环境下的货币政策有效性研究大多集中于发达国家,缺少对于当前中国情景下的深入探讨,而且局部投影模型尚未应用于货币政策非对称效应的研究。本文首先构建理论框架系统性分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的作用机理,然后基于状态依存局部投影模型定量分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的时变效应。研究发现:(1)我国扩张性货币政策冲击无论在高、低利率时期均能有效提升产出,从而实现预期的调控效果。(2)我国暂未陷入“流动性陷阱”,低利率时期扩张性货币政策冲击对产出、投资和消费的效应会增强,货币政策确实能起到“雪中送炭”的作用,常规货币政策尚能有效刺激消费和投资意愿,进而拉动总需求。(3)高杠杆会增强低利率时期产出和投资对扩张性货币政策冲击的响应,但会削弱消费的响应,这是因为高杠杆促使企业减少用于缓解日常运转的资金,增加用于长期投资的资金,高杠杆还会增加居民房地产投资,增强流动性约束,从而挤占居民消费。文章结论为优化货币政策有效性,增强货币政策传导效果提出建设性政策建议。

金融结构与货币政策传导——数字金融在边际上改变了什么?

基于宏观时间序列数据和微观上市公司面板数据,从金融功能观的视角出发,本文研究了相对传统金融,数字金融究竟是否以及如何在边际上改变了货币政策传导的问题。在对二者的金融功能进行理论与实证区分基础之上,我们分析了数字金融在边际上对货币政策利率渠道和信贷渠道传导环节的差异化影响。研究发现:第一,数字金融相对于传统金融的优势主要体现在便利支付、储蓄动员和配置资源三方面。第二,相较于传统金融,数字金融在边际上强化了货币政策的整体作用效果,二者之间更多地表现为互补关系而非替代关系,这可能源自二者的功能边界决定了它们与不同类型企业组成了具有分割性的金融市场。第三,数字金融分别通过完善利率期限结构和提高企业投资利率敏感度两个环节强化了利率渠道传导,但并未明显弱化信贷渠道。第四,数字金融的边际作用效果存在较为明显的区域异质性,但不存在明显的行业异质性。研究给出了应将政策工具选择和政策规则调整置于金融结构变迁背景之下,以及应结合两类金融结构与不同类型企业组成不同类型金融市场的特征,创新货币政策工具和操作方式,以更有效服务实体经济等政策建议。

货币政策公告、信号传递与股市公告溢价效应——来自沪深A股上市公司的证据

基于信号传递的资产定价模型,从理论层面剖析了货币政策公告溢价效应产生的内在机制,并数值模拟出相关变量改变后货币政策公告溢价效应的变化情况;使用2010—2021年沪深A股上市公司的日度数据,实证研究了中国股票市场是否存在公告溢价效应。理论建模和实证分析的结果表明:中国人民银行的货币政策公告确实在A股市场上存在公告溢价效应,且效应随着个股风险系数的提升而加强。另外发现,公告溢价现象产生的根源在于未预期到的货币政策公告向市场释放了一种信号,此种信号传递给投资者带来了不确定性从而需要更大的风险溢价补偿。为防范此类系统性金融风险,建议应当提高中国货币政策公告的前瞻性、透明性和规律性。

普惠金融、共同富裕与双支柱政策——基于异质性的DSGE模型分析

普惠金融以其普惠、包容性对社会大多数群体尤其是中低收入群体的发展起到了促进作用。本文通过构建含有异质性居民的DSGE模型,深入剖析了普惠金融发展对“双支柱”政策传导机制及共同富裕的影响。结果表明,一是普惠金融发展通过扩大金融服务的覆盖面,扩展了货币政策传导路径,提升宏观审慎政策有效性,进而增强了微观个体对货币政策和宏观审慎政策的反应程度。二是普惠金融发展有助于缓解居民收入不平等,提高居民总收入,带动了总产出增加。三是普惠金融增加了中小银行的运营压力,对金融稳定构成一定冲击。本文研究加深了对普惠金融的理解,建立了普惠金融与货币政策以及宏观审慎政策效率的逻辑联系,对于完善普惠金融机制具有重要的现实意义。

广义信贷与货币政策传导——兼论宏观审慎评估体系

中国人民银行推出的宏观审慎评估体系将广义信贷作为重要的审慎监管指标。广义信贷更加客观地反映了中国金融体系的变化,丰富和拓宽了货币政策传导,在宏观审慎、微观监管和金融稳定中发挥着越来越重要的作用。因此,基于融资结构和融资溢价的理论模型对中国货币政策的广义信贷传导机制进行了实证检验,验证了广义信贷渠道传导存在的两个必要条件。我国货币政策广义信贷渠道传导的存在,在一定程度上说明了货币政策和宏观审慎政策协调的必要性和可行性,为二者之间的协调发展提供了一定的研究基础。

货币政策利率传导机制有效性研究——基于利率市场化背景

我国自2015年以来基本完成了利率市场化改革,利率作为货币政策传导的核心中介变量,正逐步发挥引导资金市场化流转与配置于实体经济的作用。同时,我国正在全面推进数量型货币政策向价格型货币政策转变,利率水平变动与货币政策传导有效性研究具有较强的理论价值与积极的现实意义。通过向量自回归(VAR)模型,选取2015年1月至2022年6月的LPR、CPI以及金融结构等数据,对货币政策利率传导机制有效性进行全面分析,实证研究发现政策利率对银行间货币市场利率传导较为通畅,我国通过货币政策实施,能够较好地通过利率渠道传导至实体经济,支持经济高质量发展。

人口老龄化会影响货币政策传导效果吗?——来自信贷渠道的证据

本文运用包含随机波动的时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR),聚焦于我国人口老龄化对货币政策调控宏观经济能力的时变影响特征研究。基于货币政策信贷传导渠道在我国的重要地位,以CC-LM模型为理论依据,分析了人口老龄化对货币政策信贷传导机制的影响。结果表明,人口老龄化降低了我国货币政策的有效性,具体表现为人口老龄化抑制了数量型和价格型政策工具对经济增长和通货膨胀的调控效果。人口老龄化通过对银行信贷供给环节以及企业信贷融资环节产生负面效应,削弱了货币政策信贷渠道效力,且该结论在更换人口老龄化衡量指标后仍成立。本文认为,我国货币政策的决策与制定应当充分考虑人口老龄化因素,并可通过丰富政策组合以及改革信贷传导机制等方法提升人口老龄化背景下的货币政策调控效果。

数字人民币赋能货币政策的机理研究

我国数字人民币自2014年启动研究到如今试点工作稳步推进,全面落地指日可待。数字人民币不仅是一种货币形态的转变,而且是我国货币政策工具的一项创新,将为我国货币政策的结构性发挥注入新动能。本文基于数字人民币特性,从货币政策框架出发,着重分析数字人民币为我国货币政策目标及传导赋能的作用机理。研究发现,数字人民币能加速中介目标的量价转型、维持金融体系的稳定发展,并在货币政策传导过程中发挥“润滑剂”作用。