China’s Monetary Policy Impacts on Money and Stock Markets

This study investigated the impact of China’s monetary policy on both the money market and stock markets,assuming that non-policy variables would not respond contemporaneously to changes in policy variables.Monetary policy adjustments are swiftly observed in money markets and gradually extend to the stock market.The study examined the effects of monetary policy shocks using three primary instruments:interest rate policy,reserve requirement ratio,and open market operations.Monthly data from 2007 to 2013 were analyzed using vector error correction(VEC)models.The findings suggest a likely presence of long-lasting and stable relationships among monetary policy,the money market,and stock markets.This research holds practical implications for Chinese policymakers,particularly in managing the challenges associated with fluctuation risks linked to high foreign exchange reserves,aiming to achieve autonomy in monetary policy and formulate effective monetary strategies to stimulate economic growth.

Market efficiency of gold exchange-traded funds in India

Background:Gold exchange-traded funds,since introduction,are primarily aimed at tracking the price of physical gold in the financial market.This,a category of exchange-traded funds,whose units represent physical gold,is traded on exchanges like any other financial instrument.In the Indian financial market,gold exchange traded funds were introduced a decade ago to facilitate ordinary households'participation in the bullion market.They were also designed to assist in the price discovery mechanism of the bullion market.Presentation of the hypothesis:In this paper,it is attempted to check if one of the constituents of price discovery mechanism,informational efficiency,has been achieved in gold exchange-traded funds’market.Information efficiency becomes evident only when all available information is reflected in the market price of the instrument.Testing the hypothesis:Therefore,in order to assess the weak-form efficiency of the gold exchange-traded funds market,the daily returns of five gold exchangetraded funds traded on the Indian Stock Exchange over the period March 22,2010,to August 28,2015,were used.The non-parametric runs test,the parametric serial correlation test,and the augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test are employed.Implications of the hypothesis:The test results provide evidence that the efficient market hypothesis does not hold for the gold exchange-traded funds’market in India.Further,the test results address several underlying issues with respect to price discovery in the market under study and suggest that the Indian market for this derivative is not weak-form efficient.Hence,the factors affecting gold exchange traded-funds’market warrant the attention of the country’s regulatory bodies,as appropriate legislation in support of market efficiency is needed.

An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of the Performance of the Global Private Equity Funds Markets

Over the last decade, the private equity （PE） industry, primarily venture capital and leveraged buyout investments, has matured massively. Consequently, public interest towards that particular asset class has increased rapidly. This study seeks to empirically assess the determinants of private equity funds＇ （PEFs） performance around the world. The study comprises a panel data of 103 publicly traded PEFs globally for the period of 2007-2013. Generalized least squares （GLS） technique is employed to regress the explanatory variables. The objective is accentuated on the major contributing factors that make a PEF successful. The analysis, in this paper, examines the effect of fund size, investment size, geographical focus, and industrial specialization on return. The empirical results provide evidence that： （1） Fund size and industrial specialization were observed to have an insignificant influence on the funds＇ returns in our panels; （2） Investment size is positively related to fund performance, indicating that larger deal sizes exhibited superior performance level; and （3） Geographical focus exhibited a negative association with fund performance, leading to the conclusion that limited geographical deployment of funds or absence of market diversification resulted in a fall in funds＇ returns. Consequently, to proxy for return of funds, stock prices of listed PEFs under LPEQ listings were employed.

Disequilibrium Analysis of Money Market in China

By the disequilibrium economic theory,this paper first investigates the disequilibrium mathematical economic model of the money market in China.Then,we study the disequilibrium transition of Chinese money market from 1954 to 1993 using a non parametric local fitting technique.Without assuming explicit functional forms,the method of locally weighted maximum likelihood is applied to estimate and test the variations in demand and supply during the period between 1954 to 1993.Furthermore,the disequilibrium state and mechanism of Chinese money market are inspected and the direction,the strength and the fluctuation of the disequilibrium are discussed respectively.Finally the policy suggestions are given about adjusting effectively money demand and supply under the condition of co existing of plan and market economy.In this paper,a brief review on the disequilibrium researches on money market in foreign countries is also given.

The supervision of the pension funds entering the capital market in china

The pension funds entering the capital market is the trend of the times, how to ensure the security of pension funds after entering the market, it is not only related to the interest of the individual but also affect the society＇s harmonious development. This article begins with the concept of pension funds into the market, the urgency and necessity of the pension funds into the market in our country and the actual situation of the pension regulators at present. According to analysis the problems existing in the pension market regulation, then putting forward countermeasures and measures, paving the way for pension funds entering the market in our country.

Analyzing the Wind-Dominant Electricity Market under Coexistence of Regulated and Deregulated Power Trading

Currently,both regulated and deregulated power trading exist in China’s power system,which has caused imbalanced funds in the electricity market.In this paper,a simulation analysis of the electricity market with wind energy resources is conducted,and the calculation methods of unbalanced funds are investigated systematically.In detail,the calculation formulas of unbalanced funds are illustrated based on their definition,and a two-track electricity market clearing model is established.Firstly,the concept of the dual-track system is explained,and the specific calculation formulas of various types of unbalanced funds are provided.Next,considering the renewable energy consumption,the market clearing model based on DC power flow is constructed and solved;by combining fitting methods of mid-and long-term curves,the unbalanced funds are calculated based on clearing results and formulas.

China’s Irresistible Mega Market

In an April 28 meeting with Elon Musk,CEO of the U.S.electric carmaker Tesla,Chinese Premier Li Qiang called foreign-funded enterprises indispensable participants in and contributors to China’s development and pledged that China’s super-sized market would always be open to foreign firms.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CHINESE NEW FUNDS

The performance of Chinese investment funds was empirically analyzed using the following models, i.e. Jensen model, Treynor Mazuy (T M) model amd Merton Henriksson model. The results show that T M model is fitted to Chinese investment funds best among these three. But none of them can perfectly interpret the new funds’ performance. So, the idea suggested by Jagannathan, Korajczyk (J K) to extend the test was adopted in this paper, and the results show that J K model augmented from the M H can explain the source of excess return of fund Anxin.

Social Security Funds Clamor for Reform

This paper analyzed the institutional deficiencies inherent in China's social security system based on a dissection of various social security fund violations. It holds that the unscientific design in social security system is the root cause for social security fund violations, which is reflected in low level of social security unification, irrational investment system and legislative loopholes etc. Currently, China's social security funds are facing risks in management and in system; The key of risk control lies in the reforming of the overall framework of social security system through the following aspects: 1) readjust the unified account system structure to raise the level of unification; 2) reform funds investment system to boost ROI; 3) speeding up legislative to regulate the administrative costs and the behaviors of its entities.

The M2 Money Supply, the Economy, and the National Debt: A Mathematical Approach

The United States dollar was tied to a finite standard dating back to 1792. The dollar has survived multiple wars, armed conflicts short of war, economic recessions, and the Great Depression. At the end of World War II, the dollar, by international agreement, effectively became the world’s reserve currency. Other currencies were fixed to the dollar and the dollar was in turn fixed to the gold standard, that is, the value of a dollar was fixed at thirty-five dollars per ounce of gold. In 1971, the United States government severed the dollar from the gold standard leaving the size of the money supply free of any finite limit. Since that time, the United States money supply, national debt, and stock market indices have experienced exponential growth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate mathematically and model the relationship among these key economic indicators. Our work in this paper allows us to gain some insight into how each of these economic indicators can influence one another while giving us a better idea of how the economy functions. We were allowed to collect data for each of the indicators over a certain period which allowed us to demonstrate that a strong correlation exists among these three indicators. After collecting our data and making some logical assumptions, we modeled the money supply as a function of time. In turn, we modeled the Dow Jones stock market index as a function of the money supply. Finally, we produced a model of the National Debt as a function of the Dow Jones stock market index. From the data, we collected and our economic indicator models, we derived a series of differential equations that would help us observe the exponential growth trend of each graphically. By showing a comparison from our collection of raw data versus our results from our model, we conclude that, under prevailing circumstances, it is reasonable to expect growth in all three indicators and increasing market volatility for some time to come. We have answered the question of whether the monetary and fiscal policies of the past half-century have been of some benefit. However, we question whether this trend is good for all Americans and whether it is sustainable in perpetuity. This paper concludes with possible areas of interest warranting additional investigation to enable us to better understand the economy and develop effective financial strategies.

How mutual funds respond to asymmetric feedback tradingin China’s stock market

Previous studies show that individual investors play a dominant role in China's stock market.Their behavior of chasing-rise being stronger than killing-fall leads to asymmetry of feedback trading.Our article investigates how mutual funds react to this market force.Using China's stock and fund data from 2003 to 2019,we find that mutual funds tend to hold fewer shares when asymmetric feedback trading of the relevant stock gets more intense.This negative relationship is robust after controlling past returns,turnover rates,and firm risk factors,moreover,it attenuates when the market sentiment is bullish or when stocks are allowed short-selling.Further results show that mutual funds'selling towards asymmetric feedback trading does not make excess return but leads to significant risk reduction.Our findings may be related to uncertainty associated with asymmetric feedback trading,and thus support the limit market participation theory from the second largest stock market.

Delivering reproductive health services through non-state providers in Pakistan:understanding the value for money of different approaches

Background:Delivering Reproductive Health Results(DRHR)programme used social franchising(SF)and social marketing(SM)approaches to increase the supply of high quality family planning services in underserved areas of Pakistan.We assessed the costs,cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of DRHR to understand the value for money of these approaches.Methods:Financial and economic programme costs were calculated.Costs to individual users were captured in a pre-post survey.The cost per couple years of protection(CYP)and cost per new user were estimated as indicators of cost efficiency.For the cost-effectiveness analysis we estimated the cost per clinical outcome averted and the cost per disability-adjusted life year(DALY)averted.Results:Approximately£20 million were spent through the DRHR programme between July 2012 and September 2015 on commodities and services representing nearly four million CYPs.Based on programme data,the cumulative cost-efficiency of the entire DRHR programme was£4.8 per CYP.DRHR activities would avert one DALY at the cost of£20.Financial access indicators generally improved in programme areas,but the magnitude of progress varies across indicators.Conclusions:The SF and SM approaches adopted in DRHR appear to be cost effective relative to comparable reproductive health programmes.This paper adds to the limited evidence on the cost-effectiveness of different models of reproductive health care provision in low-and middle-income settings.Further studies are needed to nuance the understanding of the determinants of impact and value for money of SF and SM.

海运温室气体减排市场机制ETS和GHG FUND的比较研究

海运温室气体排放交易机制(ETS)和基金机制(GHG FUND)是用于海运温室气体减排的2个代表性市场机制.为深入了解这2大机制,对其运行机理、减排效果、运行成本,以及新增碳排放成本进行了深度的解剖和定量分析;指出了机制设计中的不确定性以及对发展中国家、不同运输方式间竞争的不公平性.认为现有设计框架下的ETS和GHG FUND机制作为海运业市场减排机制方案并不妥当,海运业应该在寻求技术和营运的措施减排方面做更多的努力.

典型水利产业投资基金情况调研与思考

近年来,一些省份积极探索设立水利产业投资基金,推进水利基础设施建设,取得了一定成效。通过对贵州、湖南、江西和河南等地的典型调研发现,目前水利领域产业投资基金面临管理趋于严格、实际应用不充分、基金吸引力不强等挑战。为推动水利领域用好产业投资基金,建议加强宣传培训提高认识,结合当地实际分类推动,加大政策支持优化设计,推进市场化改革提高收益。

绿色基金持股如何改善企业的环境表现?

在绿色金融体系建设背景下,绿色基金能否通过自身的“绿色”优势对我国企业甚至整个资本市场起到推动作用,从而实现可持续发展值得深入研究。本文基于2009—2020年上市公司样本进行实证研究,发现绿色基金持股对上市公司环境表现存在显著促进作用,并且通过监督管理层的方式提高企业环境表现。依据投资策略的不同,本文将绿色基金分为主动型绿色基金和被动型绿色基金,研究其作用路径的异质性:信息披露质量在被动型绿色基金中发挥重要作用;市场关注在主动型绿色基金中发挥重要作用。进一步研究发现,绿色基金高比例持股更有助于促进企业因环境表现良好而享受直接优惠政策和间接优惠政策。研究结论从环境责任视角为绿色基金在企业经营中发挥的治理作用提供新的理论依据,对促进企业实现绿色可持续发展,构建完备绿色金融体系具有启示意义。

市场情绪与基金投资策略:迎合还是修正?

基金投资策略选择是学术界、监管者和市场参与者共同关注的焦点.本文根据行为资产定价理论将基金投资策略量化为组合收益的市场情绪敏感度,首次在微观层面对其按照市场状态分类界定为迎合情绪策略与修正情绪策略,通过理论模型和实证检验探究基金的投资策略选择对其流量、风险和经理努力程度产生的系统影响,从行为委托代理视角剖析基金业绩的影响机制.研究发现:基金采取迎合策略时,对投资者特别是个体投资者更有吸引力,但会对投资者利益造成隐性侵害,表现为基金未来的风险增大、收益降低,且基金经理在无需付出更多努力的情况下可获得更高报酬.进一步分析表明,基金经理为取悦投资者的消极放任行为是其业绩表现不佳的重要原因;基金采取修正策略时,产生的系列影响则完全相反.本研究为中小投资者的投资实践、基金治理与监管,及解释基金市场异象提供了新的思路与启示.

创投基金的国际经验及推动中国新质生产力发展启示

创投基金是做好科技金融大文章的重要力量,致力于为初创期企业提供稳定的资金支持,是新兴产业获取融资的重要渠道。当前发展新质生产力进入关键阶段,中国亟需优化科技创新环境,加快推动卡脖子技术、专精特新企业突破和成长,促进高水平科技自立自强。创投基金在全球各经济体科技创新发展中扮演着重要角色,在新一轮科技革命和产业变革机遇期,主要经济体均在加码支持本土科创企业,推动人工智能等领域的技术成果不断实现突破。对此,我国需重视发挥创投基金作用,强化政策顶层设计,打造各地微观创投生态圈,拓宽创投基金募资来源,提高耐心资本支持比例,畅通股权投资退出路径,推动金融支持科技创新、新质生产力加快发展;发挥政府引导基金的战略引导和资源撬动作用,培育优质国有创投基金,加大投资战略性、引领性、前瞻性科技领域,推动科技强国、金融强国建设目标加快实现,同时重视吸引海外创投基金,着力解决科创企业在成长早期融资难困境,促进高新技术升级、颠覆性创新成果加快落地。

中国政府引导基金与社会资本投资效应研究

政府引导基金对于引导和撬动社会资本聚焦当地产业、引导资源和资本向区域内薄弱环节和失灵领域聚集具有积极影响。但是,政府引导基金政策目标与社会资本商业目标一定程度上存在矛盾,引起政府引导基金和社会资本利益失衡。通过研究政府引导基金和社会资本的策略选择,考虑不同因素对模型结果的影响,采用稳定性和仿真分析验证政府引导基金和社会资本的合作关系。研究显示:政府引导基金所具备各类要素资源对社会资本具有明显吸引力。同时,针对政府引导基金与社会资本之间差异化诉求引起的合作矛盾,提出合理化建议:政府引导基金通过理清行政和市场的边界、优化收益分配及奖励机制、完善绩效评价机制、统筹疫情与经济发展的关系,能够更好地发挥对社会资本的引导和撬动作用,提高资金的使用效能,对于推动经济高质量发展具有一定的参考意义。

2023年度中国、美国、欧盟、日本批准上市罕见病用药概览与分析

目的汇总并分析2023年中国、美国、欧盟及日本的罕见病用药上市概况,为中国医药企业、医药管理和新药研发部门提供实证参考。方法通过中国、美国、欧盟、日本的药品监督管理官方机构发布的2023年药品上市数据,梳理罕见病用药上市概况,对其适应证、上市日期、在中国研发状态、治疗领域、特殊审评审批途径等进行分析。结果2023年美国上市28种孤儿药,抗肿瘤领域占比最高,为32.1%(9/28);欧盟上市17种孤儿药,抗肿瘤领域占比最高,为47.0%(8/17);日本上市22种孤儿药;中国上市45种罕见病用药。2023年欧盟及日本上市的孤儿药已在中国进入临床试验/上市申请中/批准临床/临床申请中的比例均已超过70%(日本86.4%,欧盟70.6%)。结论中国目前尚无孤儿药资格认定体系,但2023年中国在4个国家和国际组织中上市罕见病用药数量最多,体现了中国罕见病目录对药物研发充分的引导作用;同时中国药品审批审评改革和罕见病目录发布时间尚短,罕见病用药审批和研发仍处于追赶阶段。