Early Cretaceous Adakitic Rocks in the Northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for the Final Closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and Regional Extensional Setting

A large amount of igneous rocks in NE China formed in an extensional setting during Late Mesozoic. However, there is still controversy about how the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean effected the lithosphere in NE China. In this paper, we carried out a comprehensive study for andesites from the Keyihe area using LA-ICP-MS zircon UPb dating and geochemical and Hf isotopic analysis to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these andesites. The U-Pb dating yields an Early Cretaceous crystallization age of 128.3±0.4 Ma. Geochemically, the andesites contain high Sr(686-930 ppm) and HREE contents, low Y(11.9-19.8 ppm) and Yb(1.08-1.52 ppm) contents, and they therefore have high Sr/Y(42-63) and La/Yb(24-36) ratios, showing the characteristics of adakitic rocks. Moreover, they exhibit high K2O/Na2O ratios(0.57-0.81), low Mg O contents(0.77-3.06 wt%), low Mg# value(17-49) and negative εHf(t) values(-1.7 to-8.5) with no negative Eu anomalies, indicating that they are not related to the oceanic plate subduction. Based on the geochemical and isotopic data provided in this paper and regional geological data, it can be concluded that the Keyihe adakitic rocks were affected by the Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic regime, forming in a transition setting from crustal thickening to regional extension thinning. They were derived from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust. The closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean may finish in early Early Cretaceous, followed by the collisional orogenic process. The southern part region of its suture belt was in a post-orogenic extensional setting in the late Early Cretaceous.

Geochemical Types of Granitoids of the Mongol-Okhotsk Belt and Their Geodynamic Settings

The following geochemical types of granitoids have been investigated in the Mongol-Okhotsk belt:tholetitic,palingenic calc-alkaline,latitic,plumasitic and arpaitic rare-metal granites.Plagiogranites of the tholeiitic series occur within the Mongol-Okhotsk suture,indicating a subduction environment.The calc-alkaline granitoids responsible for the batholith-like intrusions and their formation are related to collision environments.The latest granitoids of the latite series and rare-metal granites came into existence after the collision of continental masses,providing evidence of intraplate magmatism.

Late Mesozoic topographic evolution of western Transbaikalia:Evidence for rapid geodynamic changes from the Mongol-Okhotsk collision to widespread rifting

The Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of Transbaikalia has been largely controlled by the scissors-like closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean that separated Siberia from Mongolia-North China continents.Following the oceanic closure,the tectonic evolution of that region was characterized by collisional uplift and subsequent extension that gave rise to the formation of metamorphic core complexes.This complex tectonic setting prevailed simultaneously between 150 Ma and 110 Ma both in Transbaikalia,North Mongolia,and within the North China Craton.Published paleobotanical and paleontological data show that the oldest Mesozoic basins had formed in western Transbaikalia before the estimated age of extension onset.However no precise geochronological age is available for the onset of extension in Transbaikalia.The Tugnuy Basin,as probably the oldest Mesozoic basin in western Transbaikalia,is a key obj ect to date the onset of extension and following changes in tectonic setting.In this study,U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)dating of detrital zircons from three key Jurassic sediment formations of the Tugnuy Basin are used to identify the potential source areas of the sediments,understand the changes in sediment routing and provide insights on the topographic evolution of western Transbaikalia.Our results show several significant changes in tectonic regime after the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.A wide uplifted plateau formed during the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean,determining the Early Jurassic drainage system reaching the AngaraVitim batholith to the north and shedding sediments to the continental margin to the South.The following collisional event at the end of the Early Jurassic led to the uplift of the collision zone,which partially inverted the drainage system toward the North.A strike-slip displacement induced by the oblique collision initiated some of the early Transbaikalian depressions,such as the Tugnuy Basin at about 168 Ma.A phase of basin inversion,marked by folding and erosion of the Upper Jurassic sediments,could correspond to the short-term collision event that took place during the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The following inversion in tectonic regime from compression to extension is consistent with the mid-lower-crustal extension that led to the formation of the numerous metamorphic core complexes throughout northeastern continental Asia during the Early Cretaceous.

The Late Mesozoic Orogenic Processes of Mongolia-Okhotsk Orogen: Evidence from Field Investigations into Deformation of the Mohe Area, NE China

Based on field investigation in 1999, two deformational domains with d ifferent dynamics have been distinguished from the Jurassic geological outcrops in the Mohe area of NE China, i.e. northern ductile and southern plastic-brittl e ones. Their deformational features are stated in this paper. And then, three st ages of structural deformation of the area relative to the late Mesozoic orogeni c processes of Mongolian-Okhotsk orogen are reconstructed as follows, (1) south w ards thrusting in the middle-late Jurassic, (2) eastwards thrusting and strike -s lipping parallel to the orogen in the late Jurassic, and (3) southeastwards thru sting in the early Cretaceous.

The Influence of an Interdependent Structures on the Post-Mesozoic Evolution of the Eastern Flank of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt

Based on the analysis of known geodynamic models that explain the processes in various geodynamic settings of the Meso-Cenozoic stages of the development of continental margins and the tectonic-magmatic events accompanying these processes, as well as on the basis of our own data obtained as a result of many years of research on the axial structure of the Central Asian Fold Belt-Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt and the influence of interdependent structures on the post-Mesozoic evolution of the eastern flank of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt was substantiated by us. The closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk basin due to the approach of the Siberian and North China cratons was accompanied by a change in geodynamic conditions: subduction, collision, intraplate-rift and was reflected in the formation of synchronous igneous complexes in the frame of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt. In the northern frame of the belt, the distribution of magmatites is cut off by the structure of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the west. The northern boundary of the superterrane is the zone of the Dzheltulak fault. In the south, it borders on the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt along the zone of tectonic melange. We believe that evolutionary processes within the orogenic belt and its framing continued into the post-Mesozoic time after the final formation of the belt as an orogen. The position of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the late Mesozoic did not correspond to the modern one. The structures of the Central Asian fold belt located between the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt and the Siberian craton in the Cenozoic were influenced by collisional processes occurring between the Indian and Eurasian plates. And these processes were not only the “driving force” for the movement of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the post-Mesozoic time, but also changed the structure of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogen, dividing it into two flanks.

Application of the Mongol-Yuan Culture in the Modern Landscape Design

The application principles of the Mongol-Yuan culture in the landscape elements are found out,through the research on the meaning of Mongol-Yuan culture and the connectivity between culture and landscape elements.The application of the Mongol-Yuan culture is specified by a typical design case analysis so as to offer some references for the modern landscape design.The Mongol-Yuan culture can be applied to the modern landscape elements,such as landform,architecture,sculpture,paving and so on.And the artistic conception of the Mongol-Yuan culture can be created by the application of the Mongolian totem culture,characteristic style,featured pattern,local customs and so on.

A Teleconnection Pattern Related with the Development of the Okhotsk High and the Northward Progress of the Subtropical High in East Asian Summer

This study examines the relationship between the subtropical high in the West Pacific and the Okhotsk high in summer, and explains why the subtropical high cannot progress northward when the Okhotsk high is active. The findings are as follows. (1) A teleconnection pattern, namely, the significant correlation dipole between the index of the Okhotsk high and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500), over East Asia, tends to occur in summer. (2) The teleconnection is closely related to the wave train propagation from the Okhotsk Sea via Japan to the subtropical regions when the Okhotsk high is developing. (3) The wave train propagation associated with the development of the Okhotsk high can generate a large cyclonic anomaly over the sea east of Japan, even in late summer. The cyclonic anomaly plays an important role in weakening the northern part of the subtropical high. The anomalous southern position of the main body of the subtropical high in the summer of 1998 is partly due to this effect.

A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from Late Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China

A specimen collected from the Upper Cretaceous Erlian Formation of Nei Mongol （Inner Mongolia）, China, represents a new genus and species of titanosaurian sauropod. The new taxon is named and described on the basis of the holotype and the only known specimen, which comprises several dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, several dorsal ribs, one anterior chevron, and much of the pelvis. Diagnostic features of the new species include a thick ridge extending down from the postzygapophysis on the lateral surface of the neural arch of the posterior dorsal vertebrae, a transversely oriented accessory lamina present between the anterior centroparapophyseal limina and the lateral centraprezygapophyseal lamina of the posterior dorsal vertebrae, long, anteroventrally directed caudal rib that bears two distinctive fossae on its posterior margin on the anterior caudal vertebrae and a prominent vertical ridge above the pubic peduncle on the medial surface of the ilium, among others. The ilium is pneumatic, a feature not common among non-avian dinosaurs. The new taxon has an unusual combination of primitive and derived character states. Preliminary character analysis shows a complex character distribution within the Titanosauriformes. Recent titanosauriform discoveries suggest that a significant radiation occurred in Asia early in the titanosauriform evolution.

Nutritional Composition, Physical Characteristics and Sanitary Quality of the Tomato Variety Mongol F1 from Burkina Faso

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is quantitatively the highest vegetable consumed in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical, nutritional characteristics, and sanitary quality of the tomato variety Mongal F1 from different production sites. Twenty-eight (28) samples of Mongal F1 fresh tomatoes were collected from 28 producers at three different localities of Ouahigouya, Loumbila and Ouagadougou. The physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics were determined by standardized methods and the traces metallic elements by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed a degree brix varying from 4.07° to 5.50° and a pH ranging from 3.71 to 4.08 corresponding to a total acidity of 0.39% to 0.55% citric acid equivalents. The moisture content, the ash content, the total carbohydrates content, the reducing carbohydrates content, the lipids content and the protein content were ranged from 95.09% to 96.17%, 9.25% to 10.60%, 47.00% to 53.43%, 30.03% to 41.21%, 3.04% to 7.71% and 17.09% to 25.03% respectively. The results of the trace metals showed a high accumulation of total cadmium from 0.11 to 0.22 ppm, of total lead of 1.15 to 1.27 ppm and arsenic total of 0.19 to 0.20 ppm. The results proved that environmental conditions influence the quality of the tomato Mongal F1. Detection of trace elements in the tomato fruits suggests that a better production practices are needed.

New record of a haplocyonine amphicyonid in Early Miocene of Nei Mongol fills a long-suspected geographic hiatus

犬熊科(Amphicyonidae)的4个亚科(Amphicyoninae,Daphoeninae,Haplocyoninae和Temnocyoninae)中,Haplocyoninae(简齿犬熊亚科)和Temnocyoninae(剪切犬熊亚科)是两类比较特殊的、高度食肉化的姊妹群。Haplocyoninae仅出现在欧洲的晚渐新世到早中新世,而Temnocyoninae则局限在北美的早渐新世到早中新世。目前亚洲虽还没有记录,但新近纪的亚洲无疑是欧洲与北美之间迁徙途中的必经之路。因此本文记录的新材料既是意外发现又是意料之中。2015年我们在内蒙古中部早中新世敖尔班组下红层中首次发现一枚犬熊类的左上第一臼齿。这颗臼齿虽然零星,但非常特征,属Haplocyoninae或Temnocyoninae无疑,值得记述。该牙齿由于中间的收缩及原尖周边齿带的变宽而具有明显的哑铃型轮廓。另外其原尖上的前、后脊也几乎消失,形成一种原尖缩小而且孤立的形态。上述特征与欧洲早中新世的Haplocyonoides mordax(咬合似简齿犬熊)似乎最接近,但由于材料稀少敖尔班犬熊类与北美的Temnocyon percussor更为接近的可能也不能完全排除。如果上述判断正确的话,新发现的Haplocyonoides则是目前发现的少数几例早中新世从欧洲迁移到亚洲的种类之一。这一支系在亚洲有可能延续到中中新世的Gobicyon(戈壁犬熊)。

Planktonic Foraminifera Diversity in the Sea of Okhotsk and Correlation to Past Climate Change

80 sediment stations and 4 sediment cores collected in the Sea of Okhotsk were used in this study in order to reveal additional proxy for past climate reconstruction based on planktonic foraminifera. Variation in diversity indices (Simpson, Shannon and equitability indices) along the sea became additional criteria for 5 biogeographical provinces based on planktonic foraminifera. All of them show different structure aspects of the planktonic foraminifera assemblages that is very informative in cases of high relative abundance of N. pachyderma sin. and influence of carbonate dissolution factor. During the last 100 ky the diversity indices were changed and we can assume the migration of biogeographical provinces borders: borders of the Northern province were mov- ed to the central part in cold MIS 2, 4, structure of assemblages during MIS 3, 5 was close to the modern Central province but characterized by low total foraminiferal abundance in the sediments. The Simpson and Shannon indices are more sensitive to changes in structure of planktonic foraminifera assemblages when equitability index varies lightly during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene.

Study on the Kind and Character of Mongol Hats in Yuan Dynasty

In the thirteenth century the Mongols created a vast, transcontinental empire that intensified cultural, art, craftwork, garment and commercial contact throughout Eurasia. Hats were so indispensable parts of formal Mongol dress that were seen as a symbol of Mongol traditional garment. Roughly Mongolian men＇s headgear can be divided into two groups, which are Li and Mao. In addition, Mongolian women＇s Gu-gu-gwan, a kind of bonnet, was the head-dress for the empress, concubines of the emperor, and wife of high ranking ministers. This study, based on the analysis of image resources and existing evidence, discusses the hats of Yuan period in the context of its group, origin, decoration and cultural influences.

蒙古国东北部脑明特铜矿床成矿岩体年龄、Hf同位素、地球化学特征及其对成矿构造背景的约束

脑明特中型铜矿床位于蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带中部,是蒙古国东北部已知规模最大的铜矿床。为探究岩体与成矿的关系,在矿床学研究的基础上,对该矿床成矿岩体开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、微量元素及Hf同位素地球化学研究。结果显示:成矿岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为166.3±2.3 Ma和162.6±1.6 Ma,表明该成矿岩体应为中侏罗世晚期岩浆作用的产物;岩石化学组成上,成矿岩体主量元素SiO_(2)(62.81%~66.03%)>56%,Al_(2)O_(3)(15.01%~15.77%)>15%,MgO(2.06%~2.72%)<3%,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O<1,微量元素具有轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu异常不明显和贫Y(含量为10.67×10^(-6)~14.05×10^(-6),<18×10^(-6))、Yb(含量为1.20×10^(-6)~1.65×10^(-6),<1.9×10^(-6)),富集Sr(含量为547.6×10^(-6)~661.8×10^(-6),>400×10^(-6))的特点,表明成矿岩体具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。同时,成矿岩体具有相对较高的Mg^(#)和Cr、Ni含量,与源自拆沉下地壳熔融形成的埃达克岩相似。在Hf同位素组成上,该岩体具有较低的ε_(Hf)(t)正值(0.3~4.3)和中—新元古代模式年龄(T_(DM2)=1183~937 Ma),推测岩浆上升过程中混染了部分中—新元古代基底岩石组分。综合研究表明,脑明特铜矿床成矿岩体岩浆起源于拆沉下地壳的部分熔融,形成于中侏罗世晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的陆内伸展环境。

Estimation of the Hydrodynamic Regime of the Water Movement under the Influence of the Atmospheric Processes in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk

The given investigation presents the results of estimating the water circulation in the water area of the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsks, considering the influence of various types of the atmospheric processes. To solve the given problem it is used a hydrodynamic model calculating the integral functions of the flow from the surface to the bottom. By results of calculations, the maps of the integral water circulation were built for the following types of atmospheric circulation： ＂north-western＂ and ＂okhotsk-aleutian＂. In accordance with the performed calculations for the water area being studied, the hydrodynamic structures are distinguished both non-depending and depending on the type of the atmospheric circulation. The non-depending structures are characterized by the cyclonic activity in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk in whole. Hydrodynamic structures depending on types of the atmospheric circulation have their peculiarities in the spatial-temporal distribution.

Methane fluxes and gas hydrates as well as seismic activity in the Okhotsk Sea

The research works of methane concentration in water column of the Okhotsk Sea from 1984 to 2005 were reviewed.And some regularities of methane distribution in water column in the North-East Sakhalin slope of the Okhotsk Sea were concluded.

瑞利波相速度和椭圆率与远震P波联合反演蒙古中南部地壳高分辨率S波速度结构

利用蒙古中南部台阵记录的连续背景噪声数据、天然地震面波数据和远震P波波形数据,开展瑞利波相速度、椭圆率和远震P波叠加波形的联合反演,建立了蒙古中南部地壳三维S波速度模型.结果显示,蒙古中南部的瑞利波相速度及椭圆率、沉积基底深度、莫霍面深度、地壳S波速度在蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合线和蒙古主构造线南北两侧分布均有明显差异,暗示了这两条缝合线至少为地壳级别的分界.中戈壁火山和Bus-Obo火山在地壳内相互连通,在下地壳存在大面积低速层.我们推测杭盖穹隆上地幔热物质上涌在中戈壁带地壳底部形成岩浆囊,为这两座板内火山活动提供了岩浆来源.