The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are r...The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.展开更多
In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan ...In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty.From the analysis in this paper we can see that in the Yuan Dynasty,although the Liaoyang Province of that time was ruled by the Mongol nationality,the Jurchen nationality stilled lived there after the Jin Dynasty perished because the Liaoyang Province was the cradle for the Jurchen nationality.From the character of the Jurchen,the custom of chewed wine,singing and dancing and costumes of the Jurchen,we can have a deeper understanding of the unique social customs of the Jurchen,which places the role of a connecting link between the preceding and the following for the inheritance and development of the Jurchen culture in the coming generations.展开更多
This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in th...This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.展开更多
文摘The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.
文摘In the Yuan Dynasty,the Jurchen and the Han nationality had already blended,but as the place of origin of the Jurchen,there are still some social customs of the Jurchen in some places in Liaoyang Province of the Yuan Dynasty.From the analysis in this paper we can see that in the Yuan Dynasty,although the Liaoyang Province of that time was ruled by the Mongol nationality,the Jurchen nationality stilled lived there after the Jin Dynasty perished because the Liaoyang Province was the cradle for the Jurchen nationality.From the character of the Jurchen,the custom of chewed wine,singing and dancing and costumes of the Jurchen,we can have a deeper understanding of the unique social customs of the Jurchen,which places the role of a connecting link between the preceding and the following for the inheritance and development of the Jurchen culture in the coming generations.
文摘This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.
