Magmatic-tectonic response of the South China Craton to the Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic:a new viewpoint based on Well NK-1

The Nansha Block(NB)is one of the blocks separated from the southern margin of the South China Craton(SCC)by the western Pacific subduction,which contains rich information of geodynamic and tectonic transformation.To reveal the essence of western Paleo-Pacific subduction during the Triassic period,Well NK-1 in this block was selected for petrographic study,and published research data from other cooperative teams were compared.A double-cycle pattern of basic to neutral magmatic volcanism was established,and 36 lithological rhythmic layers and representative cryptoexplosive breccia facies and welded tuff bands were identified.Combined with a reanalysis of published geochronological data,geochemical elements,and isotope geochemistry,we found that the rock assemblages could be divided into an intermediate-acid dacite(DA)series(SiO_(2)>65%)and basaltic(BA)series(Co<40μg/g),which was formed during the early Late Triassic((218.6±3.2)–(217.9±3.5)Ma).BA exhibits obvious calc-alkaline island-arc magmatic properties:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio ranging 0.70377–0.71118(average:0.70645),^(147)Sm/^(144)Nd ratio ranging 0.119–0.193(average:0.168),and chondrite-normalized rare earth element(REE)curves being flat,while DA exhibits remarkable characteristics of subducted island-arc andesitic magma:(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratio(0.70939–0.71129;average:0.71035),εNd(t)value(-6.2–-4.8;average:-5.6)andε_(Hf)(t)value(-2.9–-1.7,average:-2.2)show obvious crust-mantle mixing characteristics.BA and DA reveal typical characteristics of island-arc magma systems and typeⅡenriched mantle(EM-Ⅱ)magma.BA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the continental crust frontal accretionary wedge was driven by the Paleo-Pacific slab subduction into the deep and began to melt,resulting in a large amount of melt(fluid)joined the asthenosphere on the side of the continental margin.In contrast,DA magma was likely resulted from the process whereby the plate front was forced to bend with increasing subduction distance,which triggered the upwelling of the asthenosphere near the continent and subsequently led to the partial melting of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust due to continuous underplating.The lithospheric thinning environment in the study area at the end of Triassic created suitable conditions for the separation between the NB and SCC,which provided an opportunity for the formation of the early intracontinental rift during the later expansion of the South China Sea(SCS).

Ages of the Laocheng Granitoids and Crustal Growth in the South Qinling Tectonic Domain,Central China:Zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf Isotopic Constraints

The Laocheng granitoid pluton is located in the South Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling orogenic belt,southern Shaanxi Province,and consists chiefly of quartz diorite,granodiorite and monzogranite.A LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating,in conjunction with cathodoluminescence images,reveals that the quartz diorite and granodiorite were emplaced from 220 Ma to 216 Ma,while the monzogranite was emplaced at～210 Ma.In-situ zircon Hf isotopic analyses show that theε_（Hf）（t） values of the quartz diorite and granodiorite range from-8.1 to ＋1.3,and single-stage Hf model ages from 809 Ma to 1171 Ma,while theε_（Hf）（t）values of the monzogranite are-14.5 to ＋16.7 and single-stage Hf model ages from 189 Ma to 1424 Ma.These Hf isotopic features reveal that the quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite were formed from the mixing of the magmas derived from partial melting of the depleted mantle and the lower continent crustal materials,and there were two stages of continental crust growth during the Neoproterozoic（～800 Ma）and Indosinian（～210 Ma）eras, respectively,in the south Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling orogrnic belt,Central China.

Post-Mesozoic Transformation of Tectonic Domain in Southeastern China and Its Geodynamic Mechanism

Since the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, a transformation from a Tethyan Himalayan tectonic domain into a circum Pacific tectonic domain from Indosinian to Yanshanian is indicated in this paper, resulting in conspicuous changes in geophysics, tectono magmatic distribution, lithofacies and paleo geography, tectonic system in southeastern China. Tectonic analysis shows that the tectonic framework resulted from the compounding, transforming and superimposing of the two tectonic domains. The geodynamic mechanism of the transformation is mainly shown as the transverse and longitudinal heterogeneity of lithosphere, and the exchange between the crust and the mantle.

Plate tectonic control on the formation and tectonic migration of Cenozoic basins in northern margin of the South China Sea

The tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea(SCS) is important for understanding the interaction between the Pacific Tectonic Domain and the Tethyan Tectonic Domain,as well as the regional tectonics and geodynamics during the multi-plate convergence in the Cenozoic.Several Cenozoic basins formed in the northern margin of the SCS,which preserve the sedimentary tectonic records of the opening of the SCS.Due to the spatial non-uniformity among different basins,a systematic study on the various basins in the northern margin of the SCS constituting the Northern Cenozoic Basin Group(NCBG) is essential.Here we present results from a detailed evaluation of the spatial-temporal migration of the boundary faults and primary unconformities to unravel the mechanism of formation of the NCBG.The NCBG is composed of the Beibu Gulf Basin(BBGB),Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB) and Taixinan Basin(TXNB).Based on seismic profiles and gravity-magnetic anomalies,we confirm that the NE-striking onshore boundary faults propagated into the northern margin of the SCS.Combining the fault slip rate,fault combination and a comparison of the unconformities in different basins,we identify NE-striking rift composed of two-stage rifting events in the NCBG:an early-stage rifting(from the Paleocene to the Early Oligocene) and a late-stage rifting(from the Late Eocene to the beginning of the Miocene).Spatially only the late-stage faults occurs in the western part of the NCBG(the BBGB,the QDNB and the western PRMB),but the early-stage rifting is distributed in the whole NCBG.Temporally,the early-stage rifting can be subdivided into three phases which show an eastward migration,resulting in the same trend of the primary unconformities and peak faulting within the NCBG.The late-stage rifting is subdivided into two phases,which took place simultaneously in different basins.The first and second phase of the early-stage rifting is related to back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.The third phase of the earlystage rifting resulted from the joint effect of slab-pull force due to southward subduction of the proto-SCS and the back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.In addition,the first phase of the late-stage faulting corresponds with the combined effect of the post-collision extension along the Red River Fault and slab-pull force of the proto-SCS subduction.The second phase of the late-stage faulting fits well with the sinistral faulting of the Red River Fault in response to the Indochina Block escape tectonics and the slab-pull force of the proto-SCS.

Geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous-Eocene granites,Tengchong Block(SW China):Petrogenesis and implications for Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eastern Tethys

The Early Cretaceous-Early Eocene granitoids in the Tengchong Block record the evolutionary history of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of Eastern Tethys.(a)The Early Cretaceous granitoids with relatively low(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)iratios of 0.7090-0.7169 andε_(Nd)(t)values of-9.8 to-7.8 display metaluminous,calc-alkaline dominated by I-type granite affinity and hybrid mantle-crust geochemical signatures.They may have been derived from melting of the subducted Meso-Tethyan BangongNujiang oceanic crust with terrigenous sediments in an arc-continent collisional setting.(b)The Late Cretaceous-Paleocene granitoids with relatively high(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)iratios of 0.7109-0.7627,andε_(Nd)(t)values of-12.1 to-7.9 exhibit metaluminous to peraluminous,calc-alkaline dominated by S-type granite affinity and hybrid Lower-Upper crust geochemical signatures,which may be originated from partial melting of the Meso-Proterozoic continental crust in the collision setting between the Tengchong Block and Baoshan Block.(c)The Early Eocene granitoids have metaluminous,calc-alkaline I-type and S-type granites dual affinity,with relatively high(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)iratios of 0.711-0.736,ε_(Nd)(t)values of-9.4 to-4.7,showing crust-mantle mixing geochemical signatures.They may have been originated from partial melting of the late Meso-Proterozoic upper crustal components mixed with some upper mantle material during the ascent process of mantle magma caused by the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Putao-Myitkyian oceanic crust,and collision between the Western Burma Block and the Tengchong Block.It is these multi-stage subductions and collisions that caused the spatial and temporal distribution of the granitic rocks in the Tengchong Block.

Gravitational Tectonics versus Plate Tectonics in the Himalayan Intermontane Basins: NW Himalaya

The intermontane basins are some of the critical regions to investigate the formation,growth,and development of basins during the collisional orogenesis,and in the NW Himalaya several such basins are observed to have formed during the latest phase of the ongoing collision between India and Eurasia(Burbank and Johnson,1982).

中国东部中生代上叠造山系

印支运动和燕山运动是中国东部中生代时期两次十分重要的造山运动。由这两次造山运动形成的构造带,既不是陈国达所说的地壳演化第三阶段的产物,也不是一些学者所谓的由板块内部动力产生的陆内(或板内)造山带。它们是在古太平洋动力体系作用下,在中国东部先成大陆地壳之上形成的上叠造山系,过去我们曾称其为中国东部滨太平洋大陆边缘活动(活化)带。中生代时期,在古太平洋动力体系作用下,于俄罗斯东北部—锡霍特阿林—日本—琉球—中国台湾—巴拉望一带形成亚洲东缘造山系,在邻接亚洲东部陆缘的中国东部大陆地壳之上形成中国东部上叠造山系。二者在同一动力体系作用下,同步发展,共同组成亚洲东部太平洋构造域规模宏大的巨型中生代造山系,彻底改变了亚洲东部印支造山前的构造面貌。

显生宙碰撞造山带超高温变质作用的加热机制:来自二维数值模拟的约束

大量的岩石学证据表明:碰撞造山带中常发育900~1100℃的超高温变质作用。然而,碰撞造山带中如何出现如此极端的超高温条件仍然存在争议。为了更好地理解超高温变质作用加热机制和碰撞造山带中主要热源的相对贡献,我们建立了一系列高分辨率二维热-动力学模型,借此探讨了俯冲大陆岩石圈密度亏损程度、大陆地壳放射性生热率和大陆汇聚速率等因素对碰撞造山过程中超高温变质主要热源的影响。当大陆岩石圈密度亏损(Δρ=ρ软流圈地幔-ρ岩石圈地幔)大于50kg/m^(3)时,有利于发生大陆平板俯冲,软流圈地幔无法上涌为地壳物质提供热源;此时,具有较高放射性生热率(>3μW/m^(3))的地壳可以发生“浅俯冲-折返”型超高温变质作用。而当大陆岩石圈密度亏损小于10kg/m^(3)时,大陆上地壳在深俯冲阶段首先发生超高压榴辉岩相变质作用,随后伴随着大陆岩石圈地幔后撤和软流圈上涌,进而出现以异常高的地幔热流加热为主的“深俯冲-折返”型超高温变质作用。此外,较低的大陆汇聚速率(<1cm/yr)更有利于“深俯冲-折返”型超高温变质作用的产生。将数值模拟结果与特提斯构造域的变质岩石数据和地球物理观测进行对比,我们认为在现今板块构造体制下,由具有密度亏损程度较高的大陆岩石圈平俯冲有利于“浅俯冲-折返”型超高温变质作用的发生,而由密度亏损程度较低的大陆岩石圈俯冲可能导致“深俯冲-折返”型超高温变质作用的产生。

Satellite Data-based Structural Mapping Reveals Active Panjal Traps Fault(PTF)in Kashmir,NW Himalaya

Exploring the evidence for unidentified earthquake-causing faults in the orogenic zones,and primarily the interior parts(Shah,2013),has been an ongoing quest for centuries(Willis,1923;Baker et al.,1988;Yeats et al.,1992;Wesnousky et al.,1999;Malik et al.,2010;Coudurier-Curveur et al.,2020;Shah et al.,2020).These faults are potentially dangerous due to their unknown risk and deformation budget,two of the most important aspects of mapping and understanding the vulnerability and hazards associated with active faults.

“断层阴影”识别与校正方法——以松辽盆地升平构造为例

地层错断往往引起速度横向突变,导致在时间域地震资料中出现“断层阴影”现象,影响地质解释结果及圈闭评价等。为此,以松辽盆地升平构造为例,分析“断层阴影”现象,提出了正演模拟法、井震结合地层对比法和平均速度成图法三种识别方法;在此基础上,针对“断层阴影”,提出了高精度速度场校正和时间域层位校正两种校正方法。结果表明,高精度速度场校正法可以实现数据体的校正,适应性更广;时间域层位校正法可以实现层位的校正,具有快速、简便的优势。该方法对类似地区具有借鉴意义。

The Influence of an Interdependent Structures on the Post-Mesozoic Evolution of the Eastern Flank of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt

Based on the analysis of known geodynamic models that explain the processes in various geodynamic settings of the Meso-Cenozoic stages of the development of continental margins and the tectonic-magmatic events accompanying these processes, as well as on the basis of our own data obtained as a result of many years of research on the axial structure of the Central Asian Fold Belt-Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt and the influence of interdependent structures on the post-Mesozoic evolution of the eastern flank of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt was substantiated by us. The closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk basin due to the approach of the Siberian and North China cratons was accompanied by a change in geodynamic conditions: subduction, collision, intraplate-rift and was reflected in the formation of synchronous igneous complexes in the frame of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt. In the northern frame of the belt, the distribution of magmatites is cut off by the structure of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the west. The northern boundary of the superterrane is the zone of the Dzheltulak fault. In the south, it borders on the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt along the zone of tectonic melange. We believe that evolutionary processes within the orogenic belt and its framing continued into the post-Mesozoic time after the final formation of the belt as an orogen. The position of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the late Mesozoic did not correspond to the modern one. The structures of the Central Asian fold belt located between the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt and the Siberian craton in the Cenozoic were influenced by collisional processes occurring between the Indian and Eurasian plates. And these processes were not only the “driving force” for the movement of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane in the post-Mesozoic time, but also changed the structure of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogen, dividing it into two flanks.

Depositional Responses to the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean Closure in the Central Area of the Great Xing’an Range: Insights into Thrust Faults and Foreland Basins

The Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean,which has been closing gradually from the west to the east beginning since the Late Paleozoic,was an important part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.It influenced the tectonic framework of Northeast Asia in the Mesozoic,especially the Late Mesozoic arc-basin system that is widely distributed in the Great Xing’an Range.However,the manner in which the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean affected the sedimentary basin development remains poorly understood.To address this issue,we conducted U-Pb dating of detrital zircon deposited sedimentary basins of the central Great Xing’an Range.By examining the possible provenances of the detrital zircon and the structural controls of the basins,we found that a key sedimentary unit was deposited around Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.Its provenance was a felsic source in a back-arc setting of an active continental margin.The findings also suggest the existence of a unified geodynamic setting that affected the coeval development of basins in the northern Great Xing’an Range and the Yanshan fold-thrust belt along the northern margin of North China Craton.This research helps to better understand the complex tectonic processes which shaped the Northeast Asia during the Late Mesozoic.

印度-欧亚板块主碰撞带全地壳尺度相互作用关系研究

印度板块自新生代早期开始沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带向北与欧亚板块碰撞以来,印度板块的深俯冲过程一直是大家关注的焦点,而垂向上主碰撞带全地壳尺度由深及浅的相互作用关系研究程度相对较弱,主要归咎于之前缺少全地壳尺度高分辨率数据资料,从而也阻碍了对主碰撞带巨厚地壳成因机制及深部地球动力学过程的了解。在本次研究中,分别基于横穿主碰撞带中部和东部的180 km及100 km长的深反射地震剖面进行精细构造地球物理学分析,揭示了主碰撞带全地壳尺度由深及浅的相互作用关系:(1)横向上,印度板块下地壳存在北向俯冲,且俯冲前缘有限的存在于南拉萨地体南缘。上覆的南拉萨地体则出现透明反射结构和中拉萨地体统一北倾的反射结构。(2)垂向上,印度地壳主要表现下地壳俯冲、中上地壳双冲构造回返结构。南拉萨地体四分之三的地壳表现为透明反射。占据另外四分之一的上地壳顶部表现为统一的南倾结构形态;中拉萨地体则以下地壳北倾、上地壳上拱反射结构为主。三者皆在垂向上出现差异性变形。(3)主碰撞带上地壳顶部表现为统一的后展式顶板逆冲推覆构造,该逆冲推覆系统可一直从南拉萨地体北边界的洛巴堆—米拉山断裂向南越过南倾的雅江缝合带延伸至北喜马拉雅穹窿背斜北翼。结合大地电磁数据所揭示的南拉萨地体高熔体百分比区域沿俯冲印度下地壳顶边界发生的南移现象,研究结果揭示南拉萨地体巨厚地壳主要由新特提斯构造域幕式岩浆作用所形成的新生地壳物质易挤压变形引起。同时,南拉萨地体幕式岩浆作用在印度与欧亚板块的相互碰撞作用过程中发生了热量的向南运移。该过程引发北喜马拉雅构造带深熔作用的同时减弱了北喜马拉雅构造带地壳机械强度,从而使中上地壳物质的双冲构造回返主要表现为短波长背型堆垛结构,并垂向增厚了俯冲印度地壳厚度。同时,背型堆垛构造形变过程所导致的北喜马拉雅穹窿带的加速出露给主碰撞带区域上地壳顶部带来北向的构造挤压推覆作用,最终使主碰撞带区域在北喜马拉雅穹窿区域以北展现为统一的后展式顶板逆冲推覆结构构造。印度-欧亚板块主碰撞带的圈层相互关系是造成该区域巨厚地壳的关键,其上地壳顶板逆冲推覆过程亦降低了主碰撞区域的地形起伏。

中国的全球构造位置和地球动力系统

现今之中国位于亚洲大陆东南部,西太平洋活动带中段;在全球板块构造图上,中国位于欧亚板块的东南部,南为印度板块,东为太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块。地质历史上,以中朝、扬子、塔里木等小克拉通为标志的中国主体属于冈瓦纳和西伯利亚两个大陆之间的转换(互换)构造域:古生代时期,位于古亚洲洋之南,属冈瓦纳结构复杂的大陆边缘;中生代阶段,位于特提斯之北,属劳亚大陆的一部分。显生宙中国大地构造演化依次受古亚洲洋、特提斯-古太平洋、太平洋-印度洋三大动力体系之控制,形成古亚洲洋、特提斯和太平洋三大构造域。不论古亚洲洋,还是特提斯,都不是结构简单的大洋盆地,而是由一系列海底裂谷带(小洋盆带)和众多微陆块组合而成的结构复杂的洋盆体系。加之中、新生代的太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域叠加在古生代的古亚洲洋构造域之上,使中国地质构造图像在二维平面上呈现镶嵌构造,在三维空间上呈现立交桥式结构,使中国不仅是亚洲,也是全球构造最复杂的一个区域。不同阶段的地球动力体系在中国的叠加、复合,使多旋回构造-岩浆和成矿作用成为中国地质最突出的特征。因而中国的造山带大多是多旋回复合造山带,成矿(区)带大多是多旋回复合成矿(区)带,大型含油气盆地大多是多旋回叠合盆地。

中国大地构造单元划分

中国大地构造形成演化与大地构造分区研究已有百余年的历史,整体论述中国构造分区,都以不同学派对中国大陆地壳形成演化的不同认识论和方法论,有不同的方案。以黄汲清先生等多旋回构造观、王鸿祯先生等历史大地构造观和李春昱先生等板块构造观的"三大主流大地构造观"为指导思想的大地构造划分方案,是集中国地质构造之大成,在全国起指导作用,影响既广泛且深远。板块构造单元划分是当前板块构造细结构研究的关键问题。它既是板块构造研究的理论问题,也是区域地质研究和成矿预测评价亟待解决的实际问题。本文的大地构造分区图的编制是以地层划分和对比、沉积建造、火山岩建造、侵入岩浆活动、变质变形等地质记录为基础,承接融合中国"三大主流大地构造观"的经典划分理念,在板块构造—地球动力学理论指导下,以成矿规律和矿产能源预测的需求为基点,以不同规模相对稳定的古老陆块区和不同时期的造山系大地构造相环境时空结构分析为主线,以特定区域主构造事件形成的优势大地构造相的时空结构组成和存在状态为划分构造单元的基本原则,划分出中国的大地构造环境主要由陆块区和造山系组成为9个一级构造单元,以及相应的56个二级构造单元。中国大地构造研究还存在一系列重大科学问题,较准确地划分尚需很长时间的不懈努力。

中国大陆新生代典型火山区温室气体释放的规模及其成因

火山活动能够将地球深部的碳输送到大气圈,是地质碳排放和深部碳循环的重要形式。火山作用不仅在喷发期能够释放大量温室气体,而且在休眠期也能释放巨量的温室气体。在全球变暖的背景下,定量化地研究火山活动对大气圈温室气体含量增加的贡献具有至关重要的意义。本文利用密闭气室法等该领域国际先进的测试技术,测量并计算了长白山、腾冲、五大连池及青藏高原南部的羊八井等典型火山区的温室气体释放规模。结果显示,我国大陆新生代典型火山区向大气圈输送的温室气体总通量约为8.13×106t·a-1,接近107t·a-1级别,相当于全球火山活动导致的温室气体(主要为CO2)释放总量的6%左右。太平洋构造域火山区的温室气体在释放通量与总量方面均低于特提斯构造域,并且太平洋构造域火山气体的地壳混染程度较低,显示出大洋俯冲带与大陆俯冲带火山区温室气体释放的成因差异。

显生宙全球古板块再造及构造演化

基于前人对全球古板块构造演化的研究成果、最新的古地磁数据库和ArcGIS方法,辅以洋壳扩张、俯冲带以及区域构造等研究成果,完成了对显生宙以来全球古板块的再造及构造演化探讨。相比前人研究,本系列图件采用了最新数据,加强了高质量数据在板块再造中的权重,并通过"幔源法"对部分板块的古经度进行了校正,同时细化了对中国3大陆块的研究。全球显生宙以来的构造演化涉及到潘诺提大陆、冈瓦纳大陆、劳俄大陆、泛大陆的聚合和裂解旋回及多个大洋盆地的扩张和闭合。中生代一新生代以来不同构造域的发育与消亡在时空上具有此消彼长的关系,造成洋陆格局的变迁和大陆面积的持续增加。不同板块的聚合过程常伴随长距离漂移、大幅度旋转运动以及聚合后的减速。新、老超大陆之间以翻夹模式裂解和聚合,即随着超大陆内部裂解、扩张,外侧聚敛、旋转,逐渐发生内、外板块边界的转折。泛大陆构造格局具有动态变化的特征,二叠纪规模最大,其形态不完整,有扇状洋盆缺口(古特提斯洋)持续扩张以及板内走滑运动调整。泛大陆聚合过程中至少出现4种板块汇聚碰撞方式:追尾式碰撞、侧向式碰撞、错车武碰撞和拥堵式碰撞。

佳木斯地块构造演化

佳木斯地块位于中亚造山带东段,是我国东北地区一个重要的大地构造单元,古生代以来经历了复杂的多构造体系叠合的演化过程。本文在总结近二十年已报导的相关研究成果基础上,结合笔者近年工作,探讨了佳木斯地块的基底属性和来源,重塑了佳木斯地块西缘碰撞拼贴,以及东缘俯冲-增生的构造演化过程。研究表明,佳木斯地块具有亲冈瓦纳大陆的构造属性,裂离后经历了长距离的北漂。与松辽地块先后两次拼合,首次发生于中志留世(~425Ma),在晚二叠世前后(~250Ma)沿原缝合带位置发生裂解,拉张出新的有限洋盆(牡丹江洋),并于侏罗纪(185~145Ma)与松辽地块沿牡丹江-依兰构造带再次碰撞拼贴,形成了高压变质的黑龙江增生杂岩带。而佳木斯地块东缘受晚石炭世-晚三叠世(305~250Ma)泛大洋的俯冲-增生事件影响,形成了跃进山增生杂岩,随后于中侏罗世-早白垩世(165~128Ma)在古太平洋板块的西向俯冲作用下,形成了饶河增生杂岩。因此,佳木斯地块的构造演化既涉及了晚古生代古亚洲洋构造域的消亡,又经历了中生代古太平洋构造域的叠加与改造,而黑龙江杂岩的形成标志着古太平洋构造体制与古亚洲洋构造体制的转换始于晚三叠世(~210Ma)。

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩特征及其构造意义

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩主要呈双峰式火山岩、基性超基性杂岩体及A型花岗岩等形态产出。本文运用岩石学探针技术,通过早侏罗世火成岩岩石学与地球化学研究,并与晚中生代火成岩作对比,提出早侏罗世火成岩的形成与南岭东段近EW向张性断裂活动有关,标志着印支挤压造山的结束;之后东南大陆进入晚中生代NE向活动大陆边缘俯冲造山阶段,经历了挤压造山—剪切拉张过程,并在晚白垩世末期进入又一轮后造山拉张裂解阶段,即中生代时东南大陆边缘经历了早中生代(三叠纪—早侏罗世)和晚中生代(中侏罗世—晚白垩世)两期造山事件,其中早侏罗世的区域拉张作用是特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转换的前奏,构造域转换可能始于中侏罗世(165Ma)。

中国大地构造阶段划分和演化

按照王鸿祯先生的地质构造演化阶段论和全球构造活动论的思路,遵循将今论古的比较构造地质学研究原则,以对接带、造山系和陆块区三类一级大地构造单元构造相的时空结构分析为主线,从超大陆汇聚与裂解不可逆演化和洋陆转换论的视角,认识理解中国大地构造时空结构组成特征,将中国大地构造划分为三个演化阶段。第一阶段：太古宙—前南华纪（〉820 Ma）。太古宙陆核形成（〉2 800 Ma）,新太古代原板块构造启动,洋陆分化,华北各陆块发育古弧-盆系统（2 800～2 500 Ma）,发育广泛的TTG片麻岩;古元古代（2 500～1 800 Ma）发育集宁、南辽河-荆山等弧盆系和嵩山裂谷、滹沱裂谷及华北基底形成（1 800 Ma）;中元古代—新元古代早期（820 Ma前）华北陆区在1.8Ga克拉通化后发育燕辽裂谷、熊耳—西洋河裂谷、渣尔泰—白云鄂博陆缘裂谷;扬子陆块和塔里木陆块区中元古代发育陆缘裂谷盆地,新元古代早期其周缘一系列弧盆系形成,扬子和塔里木基底形成,并参与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚过程。第二阶段：南华纪—中三叠世（820～227 Ma）,可分为5个构造期：（1）南华纪—震旦纪（820～541 Ma）构造期,罗迪尼超大陆裂解发育新元古代南华纪裂谷事件的火山-沉积岩及冰碛岩,古亚洲洋、原特提斯大洋及震旦大洋扩展,发育扬子、塔里木陆缘裂谷和裂陷盆地,华南洋萎缩为残余大洋。（2）寒武纪—中奥陶世（541～458 Ma）构造期,古亚洲洋、原特提斯洋持续扩张,中国西部一系列地块从扬子和塔里木大陆裂离,相应陆块均在伸展背景下形成被动大陆边缘,秦-祁-昆多岛弧盆系形成;印度陆块北部边缘形成寒武纪裂陷-裂谷盆地,上覆初始碳酸盐岩台地沉积（O1-2）。（3）晚奥陶世—志留纪（458～419 Ma）构造期,古亚洲大洋双向俯冲,向北俯冲制约阿尔泰-兴蒙多岛弧盆系形成,向南俯冲制约天山-准噶尔-北山多岛弧盆系形成及温都尔庙增生弧盆系发育;南天山大洋向北俯冲导致中天山岛弧形成;扬子、塔里木和印度等陆块的北缘均发育被动大陆边缘;志留纪震旦洋、华南洋消亡;塔里木、扬子与华北构成统一的泛华夏大陆,其西南缘秦祁昆造山系形成,在南东缘形成了华夏造山系。（4）泥盆纪—中二叠世（419～259 Ma）构造期,古亚洲洋、南天山洋萎缩消亡,天山-准噶尔-北山造山系和阿尔泰-兴蒙造山系形成（C2—P2）;华北陆块整体隆升（O3—C1）后,发育陆表海盆地;扬子陆块发育陆缘裂陷盆地。古特提斯大洋双向俯冲,向北俯冲制约北羌塘-三江多岛弧盆系发育,向南俯冲导致冈底斯陆缘弧形成（C—P）。（5）晚二叠世—中三叠世（259～227 Ma）构造期,中国西北盆-山构造格局定位;那丹哈达洋西向俯冲形成鹤岗陆缘弧。澜沧江弧后洋盆向东俯冲及金沙江-哀牢山弧后洋盆向西俯冲,昌都-思茅地块两侧形成陆缘弧。特提斯大洋向南俯冲导致冈底斯弧盆系形成。扬子区攀西裂谷形成,峨眉山玄武岩大规模喷溢。第三阶段：晚三叠世—新近纪演化阶段（227～2.6 Ma）。中生代时东部陆缘弧盆系形成;西北发育盆山构造;西南部喜马拉雅-冈底斯多岛弧盆系形成。新生代,中国东部沿海弧后裂陷及断陷盆地形成,印度-欧亚大陆碰撞,喜马拉雅-冈底斯造山系形成,中新世以来青藏高原强烈隆升。