Assessment of land degradation in Inner Mongolia between 2000 and 2020 based on remote sensing data

Achieving land degradation neutrality(LDN)worldwide is a significant target of the Sustainable Development Goal(SDG15.3).Inner Mongolia,as a typical dryland region in northern China,has carried out several large-scale ecological restoration programs to combat land degradation.However,there is a lack of comprehensive assess-ment of its land degradation situation after ecological programs implementation,which is of great significance to supporting SDG15.3 in China.This study analyzed the land degradation situation using the improved SDG15.3.1 calculation framework based on fine resolution data in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2020,and finally compre-hensively evaluated the land status of the whole region and those subject to ecological programs.The results show that net land restoration proportion of various ecological project regions and whole region continues to increase.The scope of the Grain for Green Program(GGP)had the largest proportion of net land restoration while the Natural Reserve Program(NRP)had the lowest proportion from 2000 to 2020.The net land restoration area of Inner Mongolia during 2000-2010 and 2010-2020 was 35,800 km 2 and 65,300 km 2,respectively.Overall,Inner Mongolia has achieved statistically zero growth in land degradation under the governance of ecological restora-tion programs.Therefore,reasonable planning,well monitoring,and timely assessment of ecological restoration programs are crucial to support SDG15.3.

Enhanced soil moisture improves vegetation growth in an arid grassland of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Climate change impacts on grasslands that cover a quarter of the global land area, have become unprecedented during the 21~(st) century. One of the important ecological realms, arid grasslands of northern China, which occupy more than 70% of the region's land area. However, the impact of climate change on vegetation growth in these arid grasslands is not consistent and lacks corresponding quantitative research. In this study, NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index) and climate factors including temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, soil moisture, and meteorological drought were analyzed to explore the determinants of changes in grassland greenness in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(northern China) during 1982–2016. The results showed that grasslands in Inner Mongolia witnessed an obvious trend of seasonal greening during the study period. Two prominent climatic factors,precipitation and soil moisture accounted for approximately 33% and 27% of grassland NDVI trends in the region based on multiple linear regression and boosted regression tree methods. This finding highlights the impact of water constraints to vegetation growth in Inner Mongolia's grasslands. The dominant role of precipitation in regulating grassland NDVI trends in Inner Mongolia significantly weakened from 1982 to 1996, and the role of soil moisture strengthened after 1996. Our findings emphasize the enhanced importance of soil moisture in driving vegetation growth in arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, which should be thoroughly investigated in the future.

Responses of vegetation yield to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration in a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

Drought,which restricts the sustainable development of agriculture,ecological health,and social economy,is affected by a variety of factors.It is widely accepted that a single variable cannot fully reflect the characteristics of drought events.Studying precipitation,reference evapotranspiration(ET_(0)),and vegetation yield can derive information to help conserve water resources in grassland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions.In this study,the interactions of precipitation,ET_(0),and vegetation yield in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner(DMJB),a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China were explored using two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)joint distribution models.Three types of Copula functions were applied to quantitatively analyze the joint distribution probability of different combinations of precipitation,ET_(0),and vegetation yield.For the precipitation–ET_(0)dry–wet type,the 2D joint distribution probability with precipitation≤245.69 mm/a or ET_(0)≥959.20 mm/a in DMJB was approximately 0.60,while the joint distribution probability with precipitation≤245.69 mm/a and ET_(0)≥959.20 mm/a was approximately 0.20.Correspondingly,the joint return period that at least one of the two events(precipitation was dry or ET_(0)was wet)occurred was 2 a,and the co-occurrence return period that both events(precipitation was dry and ET_(0)was wet)occurred was 5 a.Under this condition,the interval between dry and wet events would be short,the water supply and demand were unbalanced,and the water demand of vegetation would not be met.In addition,when precipitation remained stable and ET_(0)increased,the 3D joint distribution probability that vegetation yield would decrease due to water shortage in the precipitation–ET_(0)dry–wet years could reach up to 0.60–0.70.In future work,irrigation activities and water allocation criteria need to be implemented to increase vegetation yield and the safety of water resources in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia.

Spatial changes and driving factors of lake water quality in Inner Mongolia, China

Lakes play important roles in sustaining the ecosystem and economic development in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,but the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of water quality in lakes so far remain unclear.This study aimed to identify the spatial changes in water quality and the driving factors of seven lakes(Juyanhai Lake,Ulansuhai Lake,Hongjiannao Lake,Daihai Lake,Chagannaoer Lake,Hulun Lake,and Wulannuoer Lake)across the longitudinal axis(from the west to the east)of Inner Mongolia.Large-scale research was conducted using the comprehensive trophic level index(TLI(Σ)),multivariate statistics,and spatial analysis methods.The results showed that most lakes in Inner Mongolia were weakly alkaline.Total dissolved solids and salinity of lake water showed obvious zonation characteristics.Nitrogen and phosphorus were identified as the main pollutants in lakes,with high average concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus being of 4.05 and 0.21 mg/L,respectively.The values of TLI(Σ)ranged from 49.14 to 71.77,indicating varying degrees of lake eutrophication,and phosphorus was the main driver of lake eutrophication.The lakes of Inner Mongolia could be categorized into lakes to the west of Daihai Lake and lakes to the east of Daihai Lake in terms of salinity and TLI(Σ).The salinity levels of lakes to the west of Daihai Lake exceeded those of lakes to the east of Daihai Lake,whereas the opposite trend was observed for lake trophic level.The intensity and mode of anthropogenic activities were the driving factors of the spatial patterns of lake water quality.It is recommended to control the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of lakes in Inner Mongolia to improve lake ecological environment.These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the driving mechanism of the spatial patterns of water quality in lakes of Inner Mongolia,which can be used to develop strategies for lake ecosystem protection and water resources management in this region.

Unintentional Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Outbreak from 2 to 9 October 2019 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) from 2 to 9 October 2019 was a major public health concern in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, after a transition from consumption of raw coal to upgraded briquette fuel. During the period, a total of 186 residents, which is 16 times more than the previous years, were exposed to COP and 6 persons died at home. We conduct a cross-sectional study by using registration data and medical history of all hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of COP from 2 to 9 October 2019 and had an in-depth interview. 144 (77.4%) people from 85 households registered as potential cases and 124 (86.1%) people were diagnosed with COP. All households used upgraded briquettes, and 41 households (48.2%) used them for the first time. In 50% of cases, the stove was broken, the chimney was short, not heated, and the clay joint connecting the wall stove was broken. The majority of interviewees were unaware of COP and improperly used briquettes, and the safety of chimneys and stoves was insufficient which caused unintentional COP. It is necessary to provide information to the local population about the potential risks of COP, install CO alarms in households, and educate the population. In further, a well-established poisoning surveillance system is an important aspect of public health emergency preparedness in Mongolia.

An Analysis of the Current State of Civil Society Participation in Ensuring the National Security of Mongolia

In this article, the researchers tried to evaluate the contribution of civil society to Mongolian democracy and the problems faced by civil society. In addition, the article aimed to determine the unique national criteria of Mongolian democracy and the need to create an organization to monitor the process of democracy. The process of identifying important documents and ideals for the development of Mongolian civil society today is still in its early stages. It can be said that the approval of the democratic constitution and the first free and fair parliamentary elections as a country that has newly and restored democracy became another impetus for the creation of a new type of citizen organization. It is characterized by trying to study the changes that have occurred since this historical period at the intersection of political science and security studies. One of the most important issues today is to find out how many non-governmental and civil society organizations exist in Mongolia today, which are Western-oriented, focused on specific issues, have their own position and opinion, are specialized, and are capable of influencing government policy. On the other hand, in this article, we emphasize whether non-governmental and civil society organizations, which aim to hold the government accountable, and carry out influence and control activities, are fully developed.

不同频率氮添加对内蒙古典型草原植物叶绿素的影响

大气氮沉降会影响植物功能性状的变异和进化,进而作用于植物个体和生态系统功能。研究草地生态系统植物功能性状在不同氮添加模式下的响应差异,对更准确地评估植物对环境变化的适应性至关重要。基于内蒙古草原野外长期氮沉降模拟实验平台,研究氮添加频率对优势物种羊草和冰草叶绿素含量的影响,结果表明每年一次氮添加使羊草叶绿素含量增加最多(15.21%),而每月一次氮添加对冰草叶绿素含量影响最大(增加了14.74%)。氮添加尤其是每年一次氮添加显著增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量,并使土壤pH显著降低。这些结果表明:羊草叶绿素含量对低频率氮添加响应更明显,而高频率氮添加对冰草叶绿素含量的影响更显著,这两类物种间养分吸收策略存在明显差异。启示低频率氮添加可能高估了氮沉降对羊草叶绿素含量的影响,而低估了对冰草叶绿素含量的影响,这对准确预测植物叶片功能性状对大气氮沉降的变异具有重要意义,并将有助于应用到植物功能性状预测生态系统功能和过程响应未来全球变化的模型中。

瑞利波相速度和椭圆率与远震P波联合反演蒙古中南部地壳高分辨率S波速度结构

利用蒙古中南部台阵记录的连续背景噪声数据、天然地震面波数据和远震P波波形数据,开展瑞利波相速度、椭圆率和远震P波叠加波形的联合反演,建立了蒙古中南部地壳三维S波速度模型.结果显示,蒙古中南部的瑞利波相速度及椭圆率、沉积基底深度、莫霍面深度、地壳S波速度在蒙古—鄂霍茨克缝合线和蒙古主构造线南北两侧分布均有明显差异,暗示了这两条缝合线至少为地壳级别的分界.中戈壁火山和Bus-Obo火山在地壳内相互连通,在下地壳存在大面积低速层.我们推测杭盖穹隆上地幔热物质上涌在中戈壁带地壳底部形成岩浆囊,为这两座板内火山活动提供了岩浆来源.

不同草原防火政策下内蒙古草原火灾发生风险及其驱动因素的研究

草原火灾是草原生态系统中重要的干扰因子之一,不同时期的草原防火政策可能会导致草原火灾发生概率及驱动因素发生变化。本研究基于内蒙古1981~2020年草原火灾数据,以新旧《草原防火条例》实施时间(旧《草原防火条例》1993年10月5日颁布并实施,新《草原防火条例》2008年11月19日颁布并于2009年1月1日起实施)为界线,通过随机森林模型分4个时期(1981~2020年、1981~1993年、1994~2008年、2009~2020年)对内蒙古草原火灾发生概率与驱动因素进行比较与分析,并绘制草原火灾风险等级区划图。结果表明:(1)4个时期建模的全样本AUC在0.930~0.940之间,精度优异。(2)在不同时期,气象因素(日平均相对湿度、气温日较差等)始终是影响草原火灾的主导因素,海拔、距火点最近公路距离等因素也是内蒙古草原火灾发生的重要驱动因素;(3)1981~1993年和1981~2020年草原火灾风险区基本相似,中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市大部分地区和兴安盟北部,1994~2008年中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市,而2009~2020年中、高、极高草原火灾风险区主要集中在呼伦贝尔市西部、锡林郭勒盟北部、阿拉善盟东南部、乌海市和鄂尔多斯市东部。

内蒙古大兴安岭3种主要火源引发森林火灾次数和面积的时空分布特征

以内蒙古大兴安岭1981—2020年森林火灾资料为基础,分别分析3种火源的时间变化特征;通过MK突变检验进行趋势分析;使用多距离空间聚类分析与核密度分析方法分析3种火源的空间分布格局。结果表明:内蒙古大兴安岭1981—2020年间雷击火的辐射范围最广,吸烟火与农事用火相对集中;3种火源(除雷击火频次在增加)的发生频次与危害均在减小;雷击火高发于夏季,以5—7月最为活跃,且在00:00—0:59发生次数最多,04:00—4:59危害最大,吸烟火与农事用火高发于春季,以4—5月份最为活跃,且在08:00—19:59期间多发频发并具有一定危害性;雷击火重点防范地区为北部原始林区、满归、阿龙山、莫尔道嘎、根河、甘河、克一河、伊图里河林业局,吸烟火与农事用火的重点防范地区为大杨树和毕拉河林业局。随着内蒙古大兴安岭火源管控、林火监测和扑救能力的逐渐加强,致使3种火源在近年来造成的火场总面积都有大幅度下降;3种火源引发的森林火灾多发生于春季和夏季,引发的森林火灾在空间上都呈显著聚集分布。

2001-2020年内蒙古净生态系统生产力格局多时间尺度分析

掌握净生态系统生产力(NEP)时空格局对提高干旱/半干旱地区生态系统功能有重要意义。已有的NEP时空格局研究大多以年尺度开展分析,而NEP在多时间尺度上的特征差异尚不明晰。基于多源遥感、气象和地面实测数据,采用CASA模型、土壤呼吸地质统计模型(GSMSR)和土壤呼吸-土壤异养呼吸(Rs-Rh)关系模型耦合模拟内蒙古2001-2020年NEP,分析其年、季、月多时间尺度时空特征,并探讨8种不同植被NEP的多时间尺度特征差异。结果表明,1)内蒙古年尺度NEP的空间分布格局稳定,从东北向西南递减,这一格局与春夏秋3季及植被生长期的3-10月一致,而冬季植被进入休眠期使得空间差异显著减小。2)内蒙古多时间尺度NEP年际变化趋势有所不同:年尺度上,内蒙古总NEP呈波动上升趋势,年际变化率为C 3.75 Tg·a^(-1);季尺度上,夏季增长趋势最大,占全年增长的41.6%,春秋两季对NEP的增长也起到至关重要的作用,分别占比34.9%和23.3%,冬季对NEP增长贡献非常有限;月尺度上,NEP年内变化与植被生长物候周期较为接近,1月和12月年际NEP为减少趋势,其余月份年际NEP均为上升趋势,其中9月增长趋势最大,占全年增长的19.3%。3)不同植被类型NEP年际趋势存在差异,5种植被类型年NEP呈增长趋势,3种呈下降趋势;草地在季尺度年际变化中均保持增长,在夏季最高,而灌木林在季尺度年际变化中均为降低趋势,夏季降幅最大;月尺度年际变化中灌木林均为降低趋势,1月降幅最大。该研究能够为明晰区域碳循环及改善生态系统功能提供科学依据。

内蒙古牧区畜产品销售新渠道建设与优化探究

畜牧业供给侧结构性改革以来,内蒙古按照“稳羊增牛扩猪禽”发展思路,调整优化生产结构和区域布局,聚焦绿色畜产品生产基地建设、优质畜产品有效供给,在畜产品产量继续提升的同时,销售量也持续增加。草原牧区是内蒙古畜产品主要来源地,在保障畜产品安全方面发挥着重要作用。目前牧区畜产品在销售渠道环节存在问题,畜产品的销售渠道不足,可供牧户选择的便捷、稳定、多样化的销售渠道比较少,因而影响了畜产品竞争力和收益的提升。牧区畜产品营销需要更具有针对性,把产地市场与消费地市场紧密结合起来,加快由“运牛羊”向“运肉”转变,缩短流通环节,最大程度降低销售成本。牧区畜产品销售渠道需向多元化、组织化、专业化、规模化、规范化的方向发展。

内蒙古额济纳旗格日勒图铜多金属矿成因及找矿潜力

内蒙古珠斯楞地区为我国北山成矿带的东延区,格日勒图铜多金属矿是近些年在该区发现的重要铜多金属矿床,矿床赋存于上石炭统白山组上段(C_(2)b^(2))火山岩中。为研究该矿床的成因类型,本文开展了矿石矿物组构、矿石地球化学、石英包裹体和矿物电子探针等分析测试。结果表明,矿石中的脉石矿物主要为石英,石英中包裹体气液比15%~40%,均一温度156℃~395℃,平均温度为308.7℃。盐度(wt%NaCl)2.41~6.64,平均为4.34,属于低盐度中高温流体。石英中的气体包裹体可分为两种类型,一类为N_(2)+CH_(4),另一类为N_(2)。综合研究认为该矿床的成因类型为岩浆热液型矿床。铜多金属矿体在垂向具有明显的分带,上部发育高品位的次生富集带,金属硫化物主要为蓝辉铜矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和少量的砷黝铜矿、黄铜矿等;下部主要为黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿和砷黝铜矿等。矿床的形成可初步划分为火山沉积成岩期、岩浆热液成矿期和表生成矿期。研究认为在该矿床深部及外围地区依然具有较大的找矿潜力。

阿拉善地块晚古生代构造演化新模式:来自岩浆岩和沉积岩的记录

本文根据阿拉善地块岩浆岩和沉积岩的记录分析,结合造山带岩石圈演化,提出阿拉善地块随着古亚洲洋在晚志留世末闭合,发生弧-陆或陆-陆碰撞、以及与相邻地块的碰撞,使陆壳得到广泛加厚;晚古生代时期以伸展为特征,早石炭世造山带岩石圈初始垮塌,致使阿拉善地块北部珠斯楞—杭乌拉带由泥盆纪相对稳定的被动陆缘,转为活动陆缘,并形成一套前弧碎屑岩-火山岩沉积;晚石炭世乌力吉—宗乃山—沙拉扎山带岩石圈初始垮塌、诺尔公—红古玉林带造山带岩石圈初始垮塌,由此构成阿拉善地块岩石圈部分垮塌,使中南部广泛区域沉降,形成一套后弧环境的海相碳酸盐-碎屑岩沉积岩石组合,并伴随同时期的辉长岩等基性岩体侵入;二叠纪造山带岩石圈完全垮塌,大规模软流圈上涌物质和热,使俯冲的洋壳物质、加厚下地壳混合物质、交代岩石圈地幔衍生新生物质等被加热熔融,形成高(超)钾岩浆储库。早二叠世,因侧向强迫重力翻转或受塔里木早二叠世地幔柱活动的触发,导致高(超)钾质岩浆沿珠斯楞、乌力吉、诺尔公陆壳中的岩石圈不连续挤出,以气球膨胀式短时、快速侵位,形成以珠斯楞、乌力吉、诺尔公为代表的二叠纪巨量花岗岩带,该时期也应该是阿拉善地块最重要的大规模成矿时期。阿拉善地块是华北克拉通的组成部分,至今在其南部依然保留着大于200 km厚的岩石圈。阿拉善地块在早古生代时期汇聚,伴随古亚洲洋、祁连洋的形成、演化与消亡及与华北地块相互作用,使阿拉善地块被“破坏”;晚古生代时期伸展,伴随造山带岩石圈垮塌被“肢解”,总体上属于西部“华北克拉通破坏”范畴,显生宙以来的构造-岩浆事件,是西部“华北克拉通破坏”的响应。

科尔沁沙地西北缘生态地质环境评价

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