A Multi-scale Perspective on Drought Monitoring and Assessment for the Pearl River Basin

It is accepted that climate change has a great impact on water cycle and regional water balance,and thus it would change the formation and evolution conditions of drought in some degree. By using data at 42 meteorological stations of the Pearl River Basin,the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index（ SPEI） at different time scales was calculated. Based on the SPEIs of 1- 12 months,a newly proposed index for drought--Joint Drought Index（ JDI） was established under the multi-scale perspective through the copula function. Since short-term SPEIs are essential for the identification of emerging droughts and long-term SPEIs are useful for prolonged droughts,the JDI,which integrates all the usefull informations of drought and can thus form an overall judgement,is superior than the single SPEI in drought monitoring. By the forcast evaluation system and comparison to the actual drought,the accuracy and effectiveness of JDI in drought monitoring were verified. In general,JDI can be used as a new ideal index for future drought monitoring and assessment. Additionly,we analyzed the spatio-temperal characteristics of drought across the Pearl River Basin using the JDI. The results indicate that mild drought was the most frequent drought occurred in the Pearl River Basin over the past half century,and moderate drought followed. Severe drought and extreme drought would appear occasionally while exceptional drought could hardly be found. A dry-wet-dry interdecadal variation pattern had been found from the 1960 s to the 2000 s. Since the 21 stcentury,an obvious trend toward drought can be observed in the whole basin,especially in the Xijiang subbasin,which,consequently,poses an increasing challenge for the water resource planning and management.

Monitoring and Environmental Assessment of Seawater in West Central Africa: Case of the Kribi Industrial and Urban Port Complex in Cameroon, Guinea Gulf

This study is the first of a series of a project on the development and implementation of environmental protection policies, before, during and after the construction of the Kribi Industrial and Urban Port Complex (KIPC). The results will equip the State and scientific structures concerned with the protection of people, water resources and the environment as a whole. This includes reference data on the state of marine pollution in the region dating from the end of realization of the first phase of KIPC known as Kribi Deep-Water Harbor (KDWH). Accordingly, the aim of this work is to assess the current state of KIPC and its surrounding by quantifying the preliminary parameters of suspended matter (SM);to analyze the physical and chemical parameters, chemical pollution indicators for anions and major cations and organic pollution indicators of four water samples taken from four different sites in the project area by filtration and weighing, pH meter, turbid meter, titration, colorimetry and titrimetric methods. The analysis of these samples and these parameters provides results which are slightly similar to international standards. This suggests that the environment remains relatively healthy. Hence, continuous management and monitoring of the parameters and pollution factors is strongly recommended.

Applied research of landscape ecology in desertification monitoring and assessment

A preliminary research on landscape ecology in desertification monitoring and assessment was reported. Also, this paper laid stress on the study of landscape diversity, dominance, evenness and Markov Matrix model and their respective landscape ecological meanings in the desertification monitoring and assessment. Concurrently, it took Shazhuyu Experimental Area, Qinghai Province as a specific case study.

Thoughts of a travelling ecologist 14. Structure-function conflation in environmental risk assessment and monitoring

Recently,I attended a conference organised by the European Food Safety Authority in the beautiful and prosperous Italian city of Parma.The overall topic of the conference was risk assessment,and the program included a section on aspects of environmental risk assessment.In various areas,including the evalution of the effects of pesticide applications,invasive organisms or genetically modified plants(Arpaia et al.,2014)preparing an environmental risk assessment is an obviously relevant exercise.

Russia and China Signed a Statement on a Joint GNSS Monitoring and Assessment Service

At the recent,4th meeting of the Chinese-Russian Committee on Important Projects of Strategic Cooperation in the field of Satellite Navigation held in St.Petersburg,Russia.The China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology and FSUE Ts NIIMASS,the main research institute of Roscosmos State Corporation signed a statement on a new joint GNSS monitoring

Clinical practice guidelines for nutritional assessment and monitoring of adult ICU patients in China

The Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine(CSCCM)has developed clinical practice guidelines for nutrition assessment and monitoring for patients in adult intensive care units(ICUs)in China.This guideline focuses on nutrition evaluation and metabolic monitoring to achieve optimal and personalized nutrition therapy for critically ill patients.This guideline was developed by experts in critical care medicine and evidence-based medicine methodology and was developed after a thorough review of the system and a summary of relevant trials or studies published from 2000 to July 2023.A total of 18 recommendations were formed and consensus was reached through discussions and reviews by expert groups in critical care medicine,parenteral and enteral nutrition,and surgery.The recommendations are based on currently available evidence and cover several key fields,including screening and assessment,evaluation and assessment of enteral feeding intolerance,metabolic and nutritional measurement and monitoring during nutrition therapy,and organ function evaluation related to nutrition supply.Each question was analyzed according to the Population,Intervention,Comparison,and Outcome(PICO)principle.In addition,interpretations were provided for four questions that did not reach a consensus but may have potential clinical and research value.The plan is to update this nutrition assessment and monitoring guideline using the international guideline update method within 3–5 years.

A Protocol for Developing a Clinical Practice Guideline for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin

This study aimed to develop a guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring（TDM） of vancomycin. We adopted the new guideline definition from the Institute of Medicine（IOM）, adhered closely to the six domains of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research ＆ Evaluation Ⅱ（AGREE Ⅱ）, and made recommendations based on systematic reviews. We established a Guideline Steering Group and a Guideline Development Group, formulated 12 questions in the form of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome（PICO） and completed a literature search. As far as we know, we will develop the first evidenced-based guideline for vancomycin TDM under the framework of the Grade of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation（GRADE）.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON DISASTER MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT AT LREIS AND DGIS

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Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region, China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region（TRSR）, China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970 s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%＇. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m^3 increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.

Ecology of industrial pollution in China

Industrial development has brought China both opportunities and challenges since the reform and opening up in 1978.Spatial and temporal analysis showed that rapid industrialization has made eastern China under a more serious pollution stress.The most serious effects of industrial pollution were reflected in aquatic and soil ecosystem degradation,and damage can be observed from species,population,and community to ecosystem level.Public consciousness about contaminated sites rose from 2004 leading to greater efforts in ecological remediation,monitoring,and risk governance.Considerable efforts are still needed in expanding the extent and breadth of monitoring to explore where the greatest ecological risks lie and how to control them.Ecology of industrial pollution has become a popular discipline in China and will be further developed to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.Future research for a better ecological risk management should be focused on multi-media transfer and effects of mixed pollutants,mechanisms for clean energy and material flow,and integration of ecological risk with human health risk.

Advances in Ecological Applications of Fengyun Satellite Data

In recent years,the remote sensing based on meteorological satellite observations has become an important tool for assessing global ecological conditions.Since the early 2000,Fengyun(FY)satellite data have been widely used to derive the key parameters of ecological environment in China.An integrated earth-observation system has been developed in China through using FY satellite data,including retrievals the key ecological parameters as well as to constructions of long-term data records of vegetation index,land surface temperature,net primary production,vegetation health index,and so on.Considerable progress has thus been made in the application and service for prevention of air pollution,management and control of ecological redline,ecological monitoring for the Belt and Road Initiative,and assessment of ecological environment for human settlement.In order to monitor the ecological parameters in real time and with a full dynamic coverage,it is necessary to improve the technology in application of ecological remote sensing from meteorological satellites,and further enhance the ecological meteorological service.

Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern:Preface

1.Preface The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP)was established as an international program for monitoring and assessing Arctic pollution in 1991,under the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy[1].AMAP is now aWorking Group of the Arctic Council(http://www.arctic-council.org)responsible for monitoring and assessing a range of pollution-and climate change-related issues in the Arctic in order to“provide reliable and sufficient information on the status of,and threats to,the Arctic environment,and scientific advice on actions to be taken in order to support Arctic governments in their efforts to take remedial and preventive actions relating to contaminants and adverse effects of climate change”(see Ref.[2]).