Well-Drilling and Groundwater Monitoring Network Construction:Taking Changde City as an Example

Entrusted by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Changde City,we conducted drilling,sampling survey and constructed a monitoring network for groundwater in several counties and districts of Changde City.This article introduces the drilling technology,detection method and detection network layout plan adopted in the project,and expounds the problems that occurred while executing the project,in order to provide reference for similar groundwater capacity supervision and construction projects.

Environmental Monitoring Systems: Review and Future Development

Monitoring and recording large time series of data and making them available for studying—are the key roles of environmental monitoring systems. This study produce review of three different measurement monitoring systems (NSUNET, WAHASTRAT and MERIEXWA) with same design, which were placed during different time frame in the Northern Serbia (Vojvodina Province). Each of three monitoring systems has different demands and requirements which were addressed accordingly in their design. Power supply conditions for two systems are primary cells and solar panels, while NSUNET has constant power supply only during nighttime. Data is transmitted in MERIEXWA using binary protocol, WAHASTRAT using http, while NSUNET sends data over ftp. Same topology is used in all systems—each node sends data directly to the central location (in case of NSUNET two locations are provided for backup purposes). NSUNET system sends data using specific structure and stores them as plain text files. It also has different approach for time synchronization and monitoring issues. The main result of this study is to present how to create system that provides good quality and unchanged data from monitoring sensor to the end user while maintaining whole data structure transmission costs low. Furthermore, data collected from NSUNET were used in order to assess the influence of urbanization on regional climate modification, which leads to the creation of urban climate. Propositions for new system development combining best from all three systems are discussed.

The structure and ability of the China Seismological Gravity Monitoring System

This paper assesses the structure and ability of Local Seismological Gravity Monitoring Network (LSGMN) in China main tectonic zone and China Seismological Gravity Monitoring System (CSGMS) which formed after the project of 'China Crustal Movement Observation Network (CCMON)' has been performed. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: ①LSGMN has good monitoring and prediction ability for the earthquake of M_s about 5. But it lacks ability to monitor and predict the strong earthquake of M_s>6 because of the little range of the observation network;②CSGMS has good ability to monitor and predict the earthquake of M_s>7, but the resolving power is not enough for the earthquake magnitude from M_s=6 to M_s=7 because the observation stations are too sparse.

Current situation and trend of marine data buoy and monitoring network technology of China

Marine data buoy can provide a long-term, continuous, real-time, reliable data of ocean observation in a variety of complex marine environment. It is one of the most reliable, most effective and important means of ocean monitoring technology. In this paper, the classification, main theory and technology system of marine data buoy are summarized. The typical technological breakthrough of the development of marine data buoy in recent years is summarized. The composition and application of marine monitoring network in China was introduced, and the gap between the technology of China＇s marine data buoy and the international advanced countries is compared.Combined on the situation and demand of China＇s current situation and needs, the development trend of marine data buoy and buoy monitoring network are expected.

The Impact of the Numbers of Monitoring Stations on the National and Regional Air Quality Assessment in China During 2013-18

China national air quality monitoring network has become the core data source for air quality assessment and management in China.However,during network construction,the significant change in numbers of monitoring sites with time is easily ignored,which brings uncertainty to air quality assessments.This study aims to analyze the impact of change in numbers of stations on national and regional air quality assessments in China during 2013-18.The results indicate that the change in numbers of stations has different impacts on fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and ozone concentration assessments.The increasing number of sites makes the estimated national and regional PM_(2.5) concentration slightly lower by 0.6−2.2μg m^(−3) and 1.4−6.0μg m^(−3) respectively from 2013 to 2018.The main reason is that over time,the monitoring network expands from the urban centers to the suburban areas with low population densities and pollutant emissions.For ozone,the increasing number of stations affects the long-term trends of the estimated concentration,especially the national trends,which changed from a slight upward trend to a downward trend in 2014−15.Besides,the impact of the increasing number of sites on ozone assessment exhibits a seasonal difference at the 0.05 significance level in that the added sites make the estimated concentration higher in winter and lower in summer.These results suggest that the change in numbers of monitoring sites is an important uncertainty factor in national and regional air quality assessments,that needs to be considered in long-term concentration assessment,trend analysis,and trend driving force analysis.

Preliminary Hydrogeologic Modeling and Optimal Monitoring Network Design for a Contaminated Abandoned Mine Site Area: Application of Developed Monitoring Network Design Software

In abandoned mine sites, i.e., mine sites where mining operations have ended, wide spread contaminations are often evident, but the potential sources and pathways of contamination especially through the subsurface, are difficult to identify due to inadequate and sparse geochemical measurements available. Therefore, it is essential to design and implement a planned monitoring net-work to obtain essential information required for establishing the potential contamination source locations, i.e., waste dumps, tailing dams, pits and possible pathways through the subsurface, and to design a remediation strategy for rehabilitation. This study presents an illustrative application of modeling the flow and transport processes and monitoring network design in a study area hydrogeologically resembling an abandoned mine site in Queensland, Australia. In this preliminary study, the contaminant transport process modeled does not incorporate the reactive geochemistry of the contaminants. The transport process is modeled considering a generic conservative contaminant for the illustrative purpose of showing the potential application of an optimal monitoring design methodology. This study aims to design optimal monitoring network to: 1) minimize the contaminant solute mass estimation error;2) locate the plume boundary;3) select the monitoring locations with (potentially) high concentrations. A linked simulation optimization based methodology is utilized for optimal monitoring network design. The methodology is applied utilizing a recently developed software package CARE-GWMND, developed at James Cook University for optimal monitoring network design. Given the complexity of the groundwater systems and the sparsity of pollutant concentration observation data from the field, this software is capable of simulating the groundwater flow and solute transport with spatial interpolation of data from a sparse set of available data, and it utilizes the optimization algorithm to determine optimum locations for implementing monitoring wells.

Optimization of Air Quality Monitoring Network Using GIS Based Interpolation Techniques

This paper proposes a simple method of optimizing Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN) using Geographical Information System (GIS), interpolation techniques and historical data. Existing air quality stations are systematically eliminated and the missing data are filled in using the most appropriate interpolation technique. The interpolated data are then compared with the observed data. Pre-defined performance measures root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and correlation coefficient (r) were used to check the accuracy of the interpolated data. An algorithm was developed in GIS environment and the process was simulated for several sets of measurements conducted in different locations in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This methodology proves to be useful to the decision makers to find optimal numbers of stations that are needed without compromising the coverage of the concentrations across the study area.

Groundwater level monitoring-importance global groundwater monitoring network

The paper illustrates the concept, methodology, essential components and importance of groundwater level monitoring in terms of various aquifers such as multiple aquifer, karst aquifer and other aquifers. The groundwater resources in Mekong countries including Cambodia, Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have also been reviewed. Finally, the author briefly presents Global Groundwater Monitoring Network.

Study on an Audio and Video Network Monitoring System for Weather Modification Operation

An audio and video network monitoring system for weather modification operation transmitting information by 3G, ADSL and Internet has been developed and applied in weather modification operation of Tai＇an City. The all-in-one machine of 3G audio and video network highly integrates all front-end devices used for audio and video collection, communication, power supply and information storage, and has advantages of wireless video transmission, clear two-way voice intercom with the command center, waterproof and dustproof function, simple operation, good portability, and long working hours. Compression code of the system is transmitted by dynamic bandwidth, and compression rate varies from 32 kbps to 4 Mbps under different network conditions. This system has forwarding mode, that is, monitoring information from each front-end monitoring point is trans- mitted to the server of the command center by 3G/ADSL, and the server codes＇and decodes again, then beck-end users call images from the serv- er, which can address 3G network stoppage caused by many users calling front-end video at the same time. In addition, the system has been ap- plied in surface weather modification operation of Tai＇an City, and has made a great contribution to transmitting operation orders in real time, monitoring, standardizing and recording operating process, and improving operating safety.

Integrated Sequential Groundwater Contaminant Source Characterization and Pareto-Optimal Monitoring Network Design Application for a Contaminated Aquifer Site

Accurate and reliable groundwater contaminant source characterization with limited contaminant concentration monitoring measurement data remains a challenging problem. This study presents an illustrative application of developed methodologies to a real-life contaminated aquifer. The source characterization and optimal monitoring network design methodologies are used sequentially for a contaminated aquifer site located in New South Wales, Australia. Performance of the integrated optimal source characterization methodology combining linked simulation-optimization, fractal singularity mapping technique (FSMT) and Pareto optimal solutions is evaluated. This study presents an integrated application of optimal source characterization with spatiotemporal concentration measurement data obtained from sequentially designed monitoring networks. The proposed sequential source characterization and monitoring network design methodology shows efficiency in identifying the unknown source characteristics. The designed monitoring network achieves comparable efficiency and accuracy utilizing much smaller number of monitoring locations as compared to a more ideal scenario where concentration measurements from a very large number of widespread monitoring wells are available. The proposed methodology is potentially useful for efficient characterization of unknown contaminant sources in a complex contaminated aquifer site, where very little initial concentration measurement data are available. The illustrative application of the methodology to a real-life contaminated aquifer site demonstrates the capability and efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Detection Situation and Improvement of Lightning Monitoring Network in Guizhou Province

Based on lightning location data of lightning monitoring network in Guizhou Province in recent eight years,the effective detection radius of a station and the effective detection range of lightning monitoring network in Guizhou Province were analyzed. The results show that the effective detection radius of a lightning monitoring sub-station in Guizhou Province is 160 km; some counties in the southwest,northwest and northeast of Guizhou were not detected. To improve the detector efficiency of lightning monitoring network in Guizhou Province,it is suggested that nine sub-stations should be built in Weining,Shuicheng,Qinglong,Pingtang,Rongjiang,Yuping,Songtao,Tongren and Renhuai,so that the effective detection efficiency will reach more than 95%.

Network Based Real Time Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machinery

This paper presents the development of a network based real time condition monitoring system of rotating machinery. The system is built up in a double net structure consisting of local net (including client and server) and intranet. The client serves as a field data collector and processor that samples the vibration signals and process parameters of a machine monitored in the net and processes the sampled data. The data collected by the client are transmitted to the server that processes the data further and provides the results of the diagnosis of each machine to any distant terminals through intranet or internet. Such a structure of the monitoring system is advantageous in safety, reliability and reasonably shares the existing net resources. In order to ensure real time transmission of the data, two procedures of data transmission, virtual channel and data pool, are developed and applied in the monitoring system. The experimental results show that the monitoring system works well and is suitable to monitor a large group of rotating machines.

DNNBoT: Deep Neural Network-Based Botnet Detection and Classification

The evolution and expansion of IoT devices reduced human efforts,increased resource utilization, and saved time;however, IoT devices createsignificant challenges such as lack of security and privacy, making them morevulnerable to IoT-based botnet attacks. There is a need to develop efficientand faster models which can work in real-time with efficiency and stability. The present investigation developed two novels, Deep Neural Network(DNN) models, DNNBoT1 and DNNBoT2, to detect and classify well-knownIoT botnet attacks such as Mirai and BASHLITE from nine compromisedindustrial-grade IoT devices. The utilization of PCA was made to featureextraction and improve effectual and accurate Botnet classification in IoTenvironments. The models were designed based on rigorous hyperparameterstuning with GridsearchCV. Early stopping was utilized to avoid the effects ofoverfitting and underfitting for both DNN models. The in-depth assessmentand evaluation of the developed models demonstrated that accuracy andefficiency are some of the best-performed models. The novelty of the presentinvestigation, with developed models, bridge the gaps by using a real datasetwith high accuracy and a significantly lower false alarm rate. The results wereevaluated based on earlier studies and deemed efficient at detecting botnetattacks using the real dataset.

Influence of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization on Daily and Monthly Mean Concentrations of O3 and NOy

Two parameterization schemes for vertical eddy diffusivity were utilized to investigate their impacts on both the daily and monthly mean concentrations of ozone and NOy, which are the major fractions of the sum of all reactive nitrogen species, i.e., NOy=NO＋NO2＋HNO3＋PAN. Simulations indicate that great changes in the vertical diffusivity usually occur within the planetary boundary layer （PBL）. Daily and monthly mean concentrations of NOy are much more sensitive to changes in the vertical diffusivity than those of ozone and ozone and NOy levels only at or in （relatively） clean sites and areas, where long-range transport plays a crucial role, display roughly equivalent sensitivity. The results strongly suggest that a widely-accepted parameterization scheme be selected and the refinement of the model＇s vertical resolution in the PBL be required, even for regional and long-term studies, and ozone only being examined in an effort to judge the model＇s performance be unreliable, and NOy be included for model evaluations.

Performance Monitoring in Transparent Reconfigurable WDM Networks

This paper classifies and surveys different approaches proposed for performance monitoring, in particular the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring, in transparent reconfigurable WDM networks. Some considerations for future monitoring schemes are discussed.

FPGA-Based Network Traffic Security: Design and Implementation Using C5.0 Decision Tree Classifier

In this work, a hardware intrusion detection system （IDS） model and its implementation are introduced to perform online real-time traffic monitoring and analysis. The introduced system gathers some advantages of many IDSs： hardware based from implementation point of view, network based from system type point of view, and anomaly detection from detection approach point of view. In addition, it can detect most of network attacks, such as denial of services （DOS）, leakage, etc. from detection behavior point of view and can detect both internal and external intruders from intruder type point of view. Gathering these features in one IDS system gives lots of strengths and advantages of the work. The system is implemented by using field programmable gate array （FPGA）, giving a more advantages to the system. A C5.0 decision tree classifier is used as inference engine to the system and gives a high detection ratio of 99.93%.

CONDITION MONITOR OF DEEP-HOLE DRILLING BASED ON MULTI-SENSOR INFORMATION FUSION

A condition monitoring method of deep-hole drilling based on multi-sensor information fusion is discussed. The signal of vibration and cutting force are collected when the condition of deep-hole drilling on stainless steel 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb is normal or abnormal. Four eigenvectors are extracted on time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of the signals. Then the four eigenvectors are combined and sent to neural networks to dispose. The fusion results indicate that multi-sensor information fusion is superior to single-sensor information, and that cutting force signal can reflect the condition of cutting tool better than vibration signal.

A Comparison of Shale Gas Fracturing Based on Deep and Shallow Shale Reservoirs in the United States and China

China began to build its national shale gas demonstration area in 2012.The central exploration,drilling,and development technologies for medium and shallow marine shale reservoirs with less than 3,500m of buried depth in Changning-Weiyuan,Zhaotong,and other regions had matured.In this study,we macroscopically investigated the development history of shale gas in the United States and China and compared the physical and mechanical conditions of deep and shallow reservoirs.The comparative results revealed that themain reasons for the order-ofmagnitude difference between China’s annual shale gas output and the United States could be attributed to three aspects:reservoir buried depth,reservoir physical and mechanical properties,and engineering technology level.The current engineering technology level of China could not meet the requirements of increasing production and reducing costs for deep shale gas reservoirs;they had reached the beneficial threshold development stage and lacked the capacity for large-scale commercial production.We identified several physical and mechanical reasons for this threshold development stage.Deep shale reservoirs were affected by the bedding fracture,low brittleness index,low clay mineral content,and significant areal differences,as well as by the transformation from elasticity to plasticity,difficulty in sanding,and high mechanical and strength parameters.Simultaneously,they were accompanied by six high values of formation temperature,horizontal principal stress difference,pore pressure,fracture pressure,extension pressure,and closure pressure.The key to deep shale gas horizontal well fracturing was to improve the complexity of the hydraulic fracture network,formadequate proppant support of fracture surface,and increase the practical stimulated reservoir volume(SRV),which accompanied visual hydraulic discrete network monitoring.On this basis,we proposed several ideas to improve China’s deep shale gas development involving advanced technology systems,developing tools,and supporting technologies in shale gas exploration and development in the United States.These ideas primarily involved stimulation technologies,such as vertically integrated dessert identification and optimization,horizontal well multistage/multicluster fracturing,staged tools development for horizontal wells,fractures network morphology monitoring by microseismic and distributed optical fiber,shale hydration expansion,soak well,and fracturing fluid flow back.China initially developed the critical technology of horizontal well large-scale and high-strength volume fracturing with a core of“staged fracturing with dense cutting+shorter cluster spacing+fracture reorientation by pitching+forced-sand addition+increasing diameter perforating+proppant combination by high strength and small particle size particles”.We concluded that China should continue to conduct critical research on theories and technical methods of horizontal well fracturing,suitable for domestic deep and ultra-deep marine and marine-continental sedimentary shale,to support and promote the efficient development of shale gas in China in the future.It is essential to balance the relationship between the overall utilization degree of the gas reservoir and associated economic benefits and to localize some essential tools and supporting technologies.These findings can contribute to the flourishing developments of China’s deep shale gas.

Gravity variation in the Tibet area before the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake

This research utilized two periods of gravity monitoring results from 2010 to 2013 from the Continental Tectonics Environmental Monitoring Network of China, analyzed the corre- lation between gravity variation in the Tibet area and the Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake, and investigated the gravity variation mechanism in combination with the crust vertical movement and horizontal strain field observed by Global Positioning System （GPS）. The research results indicated that （1） the gravity variation exhibited apparent characteristics of a positive anomaly and high gradient zone in the Himalayan frontier. This observation is consistent with the existing recognition of the gravity anomaly and occurrence regularity of a strong earthquake; （2） the gravity variation exhibited apparent consistence with the spacious distribution of the vertical movement and the horizontal deformation field in that area. The crustal vertical movement was not the direct cause leading to the gravity vari- ation. It is assumed that the crust stress-strain accumulation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas is the important factor that resulted in the variation of gravity.