Residual subsidence time series model in mountain area caused by underground mining based on GNSS online monitoring

The residual subsidence caused by underground mining in mountain area has a long subsidence duration time and great potential harm,which seriously threatens the safety of people's production and life in the mining area.Therefore,it is necessary to use appropriate monitoring methods and mathematical models to effectively monitor and predict the residual subsidence caused by underground mining.Compared with traditional level survey and InSAR(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)technology,GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)online monitoring technology has the advantages of long-term monitoring,high precision and more flexible monitoring methods.The empirical equation method of residual subsidence in mining subsidence is effectively combined with the rock creep equation,which can not only describe the residual subsidence process from the mechanism,but also predict the residual subsidence.Therefore,based on GNSS online monitoring technology,combined with the mining subsidence model of mountain area and adding the correlation coefficient of the compaction degree of caving broken rock and the Kelvin model of rock mechanics,this paper constructs the residual subsidence time series model of arbitrary point on the ground in mountain area.Through the example,the predicted results of the model in the inversion parameter phase and the dynamic prediction phase are compared with the measured data sequence.The results show that the model can carry out effective numerical calculation according to the GNSS monitoring data of any point on the ground,and the model prediction effect is good,which provides a new method for the prediction of residual subsidence in mountain mining.

A review of UAV monitoring in mining areas: current status and future perspectives

With the emergence and development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), different sensors have become more miniaturized and intelligent. UAVs equipped with various sensors are now an important approach for acquiring spatial data. Many advantages, such as low cost, short revisiting cycle, flexibility and high precision, have made UAVs powerful tools in geological, agricultural, ecological and forestry growth monitoring, as well as evaluation. Now, UAVs are a hotspot in scientific research. Their application in mining areas (MA), although still in its infancy, is developing rapidly in terms of speed, scale and service scope. This research examines aspects such as UAV platforms, different sensors and their application fields, as well as reviewing the advances of scientific research in MA at the present time. By combining current research and the functions of multiple sensors, an application framework for UAV monitoring in MA is constructed. Finally, the challenge and prospects for the development of UAVs and sensors are also considered. This research hopes to provide a technical reference, expanding the knowledge and recognition of UAV monitoring in MA, as well as an assessment of applications in mining, reclamation and environment.

KEY TECHNOLOGY OF D-INSAR AT X-BAND FOR MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN MINING AREA AND ITS APPLICATION

In theory, land subsidence measurement results with high accuracy can be obtained by using the Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar(D-InSAR) at X-band. In practice, however, the measuring accuracy of D-InSAR at X-band has been seriously affected by some factors, e.g., decorrelation and high deformation gradient. In this work, the monitoring capability of D-InSAR for coal-mining subsidence is evaluated by using SAR data acquired by TerrraSAR-X system. The SAR image registration method for low coherence image pairs, the denoising phase filter for high noise level interferogram and atmospheric effects mitigation method are the key technical aspects which directly influence the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band. Thus, a robust image registration method, an improved phase filter method and an atmospheric effects mitigation method are proposed in this paper. The proposed image registration method successfully achieves InSAR coregistration, while the amplitude cross-correlation cannot properly coregister low coherence SAR image pairs. Moreover, the time complexity of the proposed image registration method is obviously slighter than that of the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) method. The comparing experiment results and the unwrapping phase results show that the improved Goldstein filter is more effective than the original Goldstein filter in noise elimination. The atmospheric influence correction experiment results show that the land subsidence areas with atmospheric influence correction are more clarified than that of without atmospheric influence correction. In summary, the presented methods directly improved the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band.

基于PS-InSAR技术的晋城矿区地表形变监测及地质灾害风险预警

地表形变是一种严重的地质灾害现象,不仅严重影响灾害区居民的日常生活,而且会造成巨大的社会经济危害,尤其在采煤区。针对传统地表沉陷监测方法费时费力、无法获取地表沉降面状信息、难以进行地表沉陷灾害评估的不足,基于高分辨率SAR卫星影像,利用永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(PS-InSAR)技术对山西省晋城市晋城矿区2018年1月至2018年12月期间地表沉陷进行监测,分析获取了该地区地表连续形变情况,并利用该技术获取的海量PS点建立支持向量机(SVM)地质灾害风险评估预警模型,对晋城矿区周边居民点地质灾害风险进行了识别和预测。结果表明:晋城矿区10个煤矿及其周边区域存在较大的地表形变;晋城矿区平均LOS向年平均地表形变速率范围为-37~30.3 mm/a;PS-InSAR技术在晋城矿区地表形变监测中具有可行性,且可以实现矿区地质灾害风险综合识别和预警。

基于时序InSAR的山西大同煤田地表沉降监测及时空演化分析

[研究目的]地表沉降作为煤矿区主要地质灾害之一,严重影响矿区经济的可持续发展和居民生活的安全稳定,有必要对矿区地表沉降进行快速高效监测。[研究方法]以大同煤田为例,研究使用2020年1月至2021年12月共31景Sentinel-1影像,基于短基线集干涉测量技术(Small Baseline Subset InSAR,SBAS-InSAR)对地表沉降进行监测,获取大同煤田地表沉降速率和累计沉降结果,使用已有研究成果对监测结果的可靠性进行验证,并分析了沉降时空变化特征及演化规律。[研究结果]大同煤田地表沉降分布较广,沉降总体分布趋势与大同煤田矿业管理数据的走向基本一致。沉降主要分布在大同市南郊区西部以及大同市、怀仁市和山阴县交界处,其中塔山矿地表沉降最为严重,大同煤田最大沉降速率为168.03 mm/a,最大累计沉降量为329.12 mm,总沉降面积为270.95 km^(2),且沉降呈现持续增加的趋势,根据沉降趋势推断需要较长时间才能实现地表活动相对稳定。[结论]研究表明了InSAR技术在煤矿区沉降监测的可行性,可为矿产资源管理工作提供新的技术方法,研究结果可为煤矿区沉降监测预警、灾害防控及资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。

Analysis to driving forces of land use change in Lu’an mining area

By selecting impact factors of driving force and formulating evaluation criteria of the impacts, the evaluation system of corresponding driving force impact of land use change was established. Taking Lu'an mining area as an example, the specific impact factors of coal mine were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed in order to carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis for the driving force of mining-land use change. The principal component analysis shows that the social and economic development in mining area from 2000 to 2007 demonstrates continuous accelerate trends, and the impacts of its overall driving force to land use change are increased gradually. The socio-economic factors have more impacts to mining-land use change than those of the natural resources. The main driving force of mining-land use change also include population, technological progress and policy.

利用结合土地覆盖类型的自适应DS-InSAR方法监测矿区地表形变

针对传统时序InSAR技术在测量点选取过程中多采用全局单一阈值,在受时空失相干影响严重和短时间内形变梯度较大的矿区容易出现测量点稀疏且空间采样不足,因而无法获取矿区地面沉降完整信息的问题,以覆盖大同矿区的22景ALOS-1数据为例,利用结合土地覆盖类型的自适应DS-InSAR方法(ADSI-CLC)获取该区域长时间序列地表形变信息。ADSI-CLC方法形变测量结果的时空分布模式与StaMPS-SBAS方法具有相似性,且与高分辨率光学遥感影像上的采矿设施保持良好的空间相关性。ADSI-CLC方法可以显著地提高测量点的数量和空间分布密度,在研究区识别出的DS点数量约是StaMPS-SBAS方法的4倍。两种方法的测量结果在无形变和小形变区域吻合程度较高;在大形变区域,StaMPS-SBAS方法无法有效地获取形变结果,而ADSI-CLC方法由于测量点数量的增加,反演得到的形变测量结果基本上符合由采矿活动造成的漏斗状的空间分布特征,间接地验证了该方法在矿区地表形变监测中的可靠性和有效性,证明ADSI-CLC方法能够提供更详细的时空形变细节信息,更好地服务于矿区地表稳定性的监测和预警。

基于InSAR监测数据的采煤沉陷特征及稳定性分析——以江苏省沛县矿地融合示范区为例

为查明江苏省沛县采煤沉陷区时空发育特征、发展趋势及其危险程度,更好地指导地质灾害防治与生态环境修复工作,在煤矿开采资料分析和野外调查成果的基础上,开展基于多期Sentinel-1卫星的合成孔径雷达干涉测量数据技术的地表沉降监测。通过采煤沉陷区2018—2022年InSAR监测数据进行地表变形分析得知:2018—2022年,采煤沉陷区地表已沉降0.139~0.558 m,2022年6—12月采煤沉陷区地表沉降速率为0~2.159 mm/d;已稳沉沉陷区(老采空区)沉降量已接近最大值,沉降速率逐渐减小并趋于0,未稳沉沉陷区(新采空区)沉降量和沉降速率从0开始并逐渐增大;2022年底尚存在未稳沉沉陷区面积约18.45 km 2,主要分布在张双楼煤矿等煤矿近5 a开采区域。采煤沉陷区InSAR监测数据可以较好地反映这一时期的变形特征,研究可为沛县采煤沉陷区综合治理工作提供科学依据,亦可为其他类似区域采煤沉陷区特征分析和综合治理工作提供参照。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的杨伙盘矿区地表形变监测

煤炭等矿产资源的开采引起了一系列的生态环境问题,其中,地面塌陷及其引起的链式灾害尤为严重。地表形变监测是修复生态环境问题的首要工作。InSAR技术作为一种面监测技术,因其独特的优势,已成功应用于煤矿地面塌陷监测。本文收集2020年8月至2022年10月时间段内共58景Sentinel-1A数据,利用时间序列干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)技术,对杨伙盘矿区地表进行形变监测,同时利用无人机正射光学影像进行形变特征解译。相关资料和监测结果显示:在监测期内,煤矿开采3−1煤层,共监测到3个形变中心,分别位于301盘区和303盘区的工作面,可探测的最大形变值达−130 mm,最大年平均形变速率约为−52 mm/a。对每个形变中心进行时间序列形变规律分析,地表在工作面开采后进入加速变形期,随后减速逐渐趋于稳定状态。研究结果表明,InSAR监测形变区位置与煤矿开采工作面位置及地表裂缝等形变特征基本保持一致。时间序列InSAR技术可以有效应用于大范围矿区开采沉陷的识别与监测,为采空区灾害的预防及治理提供技术服务。

Effects of Coal Mining Subsided Water Area on Temperature Change in Huaibei Coal Mine

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine. [Method] Based on the data of monthly temperature from 1957 to 2007 recorded by Suixi （coal mining subsided water area） and Fuyang stations （control）, the effects of coal mining subsided water area on temperature change in Huaibei coal mine were discussed using linear trend estimation and comparative analysis methods. [Result] Spring, autumn, winter and annual average temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were increased in the last 51 years, and the increase of winter temperature was mostly significant with a tendency rate of 0.49 ℃/10 a. Meanwhile, annual temperature range of coal mining subsided water area was decreased from 1957 to 2007. Temperatures of Suixi in four seasons were lower than those of Fuyang from the 1960s to 1990s, and temperatures of coal mining subsided water area （Suixi） were higher than those of Fuyang in spring, autumn and winter but lower than those of Fuyang in summer from 2000 to 2007. [ Result] Coal mining subsided water area had certain effects on temperature change of Huaibei coal mine.

基于D-InSAR技术的矿区地表沉陷监测研究

矿山开采可能诱发各种地质灾害,威胁矿区的社会稳定和居民的生命财产安全,快速准确监测矿区沉陷可有效预防地质灾害。本文以山西省大同煤矿为研究对象,获取2022年10月至2023年3月共13景Sentinel-1影像,基于合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术(Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,D-In SAR)进行地表沉陷监测研究,获取大同煤矿地表累计沉陷量,使用已有研究成果对比验证了本实验结果的可靠性。结果表明,大同煤矿沉陷分布较广,主要分布在大同市南郊区西部以及南郊区、怀仁市、左云县和山阴县四县市交界处,监测期间最大、平均沉陷量分别为381.43 mm、13.88 mm,总沉陷面积约为207.91 km2,根据7个重点沉陷区的时空变化特征及演化规律发现沉陷呈现持续扩张趋势,推断地表沉陷仍会持续较长时间。研究证明了In SAR技术在矿山开采沉陷监测的可靠性,为矿产资源管理工作提供新的技术方法,研究结果可为矿山开采沉陷治理和地质灾害防控提供参考依据。

基于联合时序InSAR技术的矿区沉降隐患区识别

针对目前单一InSAR解译技术方法在复杂地表形变解译中精度及可靠性有限的难点,提出了利用PS-InSAR(persist scatterers InSAR)、SBAS-InSAR(small base-line subsets InSAR)这2种时序InSAR技术联合进行山地矿区地面沉降隐患区圈划的方法。以湖北省宜都市松宜矿区为例,基于大样本理论,利用矿区内高精度的PS点形变结果,校正具有高空间覆盖率的SBAS-InSAR处理结果,从而进一步提高地表形变监测精度并增加形变靶区范围圈划的准确度。通过对比使用单一PS-InSAR技术和经过PS-SBAS联合方法处理后得到的典型形变点时序曲线及野外实地调查,验证了解译结果的可靠性。研究表明:联合时序InSAR技术可以提高地表沉降监测精度并增加地表变形靶区范围圈划的准确度,为类似山地矿区的地面沉降隐患监测与分析提供新的技术思路。

基于DS-InSAR的蒲河煤矿采空区地表形变监测与开采参数反演

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术在有植被覆盖的矿区难以识别到足够多的监测点目标,导致形变结果无法反映矿区真实形变特征.采用分布式散射体InSAR分析方法,能够有效提高植被密集区域雷达相干目标数量,从而准确描述矿区形变的时间演化规律和空间分布特征.矿区长期高强度开采会引发采空区的地表变形,严重威胁矿区基础设施建设和人员生命财产安全.基于沈阳蒲河煤矿采空区InSAR高精度监测数据,通过地球物理建模反演得到矿区地下关键开采参数,模拟的矿区形变场与InSAR监测结果较为一致,且反演开采参数符合真实开采情况.结合InSAR监测结果与Okada模型反演矿区参数,能够准确描述由采矿造成的采空区地表形变,为科学制定地下开采计划及矿区可持续开发提供重要信息.

基于鲁棒M估计协方差矩阵相位优化的DSInSAR矿区形变监测研究

针对时序干涉合成孔径雷达(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术在矿区所处区域内耕地、裸地等自然地表地物上无法识别有效监测点信息,致使矿区地表形变信息不足及形变解译困难等问题,提出一种基于鲁棒M估计协方差矩阵特征值分解相位优化的DSInSAR技术,并基于34景Sentinel-1A影像获取了霄云煤矿2022年的地表时序形变。推导基于鲁棒M估计协方差矩阵估计公式,提高对样本异常值及异质像素的鲁棒性,开展基于鲁棒M估计协方差矩阵特征值分解的相位优化处理,分析了上述优化模型与通用相位优化模型的相似性,最终通过对优化估计相位开展相位信息解译处理来获取最终的形变信息。实验结果表明:基于鲁棒M估计协方差矩阵特征值分解相位优化的DSInSAR技术较常规SBAS技术及基于最大似然估计协方差矩阵的DSInSAR技术在监测点密度上分别提高了约11.4倍、0.2倍,且与水准数据对比具有最小的均方根误差,约22 mm;此外,霄云煤矿共包含三个主要形变场,其地表沉降的时序变化呈现出较显著的非线性趋势,煤矿内地表的视线向最大沉降量约418 mm。研究成果为矿区地表形变规律反演及矿区灾害防控提供重要数据支撑。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的平川矿区形变监测与分析

以平川矿区为例,采用SBAS-InSAR技术对该区域升降轨哨兵数据进行解算,并获取了该区域准三维地表形变场,结合夜光遥感数据对地表形变监测结果的可靠性进行验证,通过标准差椭圆方法分析区域形变时空演化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区准三维地表形变场垂直向最大年沉降平均速率为-16.75 cm×a-1,均以地面沉降为主;(2)平川矿区形变中心空间上主要分布在平川区中部及西北部地区;(3)矿区夜光值增加区与加速形变区具有“追随”特点;(4)区内共识别出12处明显形变区,均具有沉降漏斗特性;(5)2020年1月至2020年8月地表累积形变在西北-东南方向形变加剧,2020年8月至2021年4月地表累积形变在不同方向变化较缓慢,累积地表形变空间演化表现为主轴逆时针旋转。

Offset Tracking在煤矿沉陷区地表大变形监测中的应用研究

针对传统煤矿沉陷监测方法存在监测周期长、提取的矿区地表变形量准确率不高的问题,提出将Offset Tracking技术应用到煤矿沉陷区地表大变形的监测中。以张双楼煤矿作为研究对象,应用Offset Tracking技术对该煤矿沉陷区的SAR影像进行处理,采用互相关系数过采样因子法建立地形起伏与噪声偏移量模型,使用最小二乘模拟轨道偏移分量,获取了矿区方位向和距离向的二维变形图和矿区变形信息。利用实测数据对Offset Tracking技术的监测结果进行评价,结果表明,利用Offset Tracking技术监测到的矿区最大沉降位置和变形方向与实测数据基本一致,误差仅为1cm,说明Offset Tracking技术能够准确、有效地监测煤矿沉陷区地表大变形,为煤矿沉陷区的合理治理提供依据。

结合SBAS-InSAR与光学遥感的矿区地表塌陷监测

针对矿区地表塌陷过程中难以获取全面的形变信息问题,以赵固二矿采煤塌陷区为研究区,首先,基于多源多时相光学遥感影像采用综合归一化差异水体指数提取开采塌陷区积水的空间展布情况;然后,利用SBAS-InSAR技术处理63景2017年3月19日—2021年4月27日Sentinel-1A影像,获取研究区地表形变信息。结果表明:2010—2019年年均塌陷积水面积新增幅度基本平稳,2019—2021年年均塌陷积水面积新增幅度减小;研究区最大形变速率为-60.42 mm/a,形变速率小于-15 mm/a区域均有房屋墙体损坏和地裂缝现象。该方法有效地提取了开采塌陷区较长时期内地表形变信息和空间展布情况,为矿区地表塌陷监测提供新的思路,形成了一套有效的矿区地表塌陷监测工作方法和流程,达到了遥感技术在矿区地表塌陷宏观、快速、准确监测的目的,为矿区塌陷修复和生态环境治理提供基础数据支撑。

基于SBAS-InSAR时序分析技术的甘肃省红会矿区地面沉降监测及其灾害发育特征研究

为了定量描述红会矿区大规模地面变形灾害发育特征和监测矿区地表动态变形程度,本文基于遥感解译和现场调查,获取了矿区地面塌陷坑和地裂缝的空间分布,尺寸和数量;并利用2017年3月至2019年10月期间的32景Sentinel-1A数据开展了小基线集干涉(SBAS-InSAR)技术的矿区地面沉降时序监测。研究结果表明:快速沉降区集中在红会煤矿的采空区地表,与地裂缝空间分布位置相吻合,累积最大沉降量达170 mm;虽然环境恢复治理区修补了大量的塌陷坑和地裂缝,但仍以年均40~50 mm的速度继续沉降;人类聚集区地表整体呈缓慢下沉趋势,除受地下采煤影响之外,还可能与地下水过量开采有关,雨季时原本沉降的地面有明显回升。研究成果可为红会矿区群众搬迁安置、生态修复和地质灾害隐患治理等工作提供一定的科学依据和参考。

Response of glacier area variation to climate change in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,Southern Tianshan Mountains during the last 20 years

Glaciers are crucial water resources for arid inland rivers in Northwest China.In recent decades,glaciers are largely experiencing shrinkage under the climate-warming scenario,thereby exerting tremendous influences on regional water resources.The primary role of understudying watershed scale glacier changes under changing climatic conditions is to ensure sustainable utilization of regional water resources,to prevent and mitigate glacier-related disasters.This study maps the current(2020)distribution of glacier boundaries across the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,south slope of Tianshan Mountains,and monitors the spatial evolution of glaciers over five time periods from 2000-2020 through thresholded band ratios approach,using 25 Landsat images at 30 m resolution.In addition,this study attempts to understand the role of climate characteristics for variable response of glacier area.The results show that the total area of glaciers was 398.21 km^(2)in 2020.The glaciers retreated by about 1.17 km^(2)/a(0.26%/a)from 2000 to 2020.The glaciers were reducing at a significantly rapid rate between 2000 and 2005,a slow rate from 2005 to 2015,and an accelerated rate during 2015-2020.The meteorological data shows slight increasing trends of mean annual temperature(0.02℃/a)and annual precipitation(2.07 mm/a).The correlation analysis demonstrates that the role of temperature presents more significant correlation with glacier recession than precipitation.There is a temporal hysteresis in the response of glacier change to climate change.Increasing trend of temperature in summer proves to be the driving force behind the Kaidu-Kongque basin glacier recession during the recent 20 years.

全分辨率与多视法DInSAR矿区地面沉降监测研究

选取山东省某矿区6景Sentinel-1A SAR影像,以SRTM DEM为辅助高程数据,分别采用全分辨率与多视法DInSAR对影像进行处理,获取矿区地面沉降信息;收集该矿区同时期5个工作面开采信息和4条水准观测线上水准监测的地面沉降信息进行精度的验证与对比分析.结果表明,全分辨率与多视法DInSAR监测得到的矿区地面沉降的分布、形态和变化趋势与矿区工作面的开采情况相符.全分辨率DInSAR监测得到的地面沉降最大值与多视法DInSAR监测的地面沉降最大值没有较大差异,并未明显提高多视法DInSAR监测大梯度地面沉降的能力.