The essay deals with the so-called“Toledoth Yeshu,”one of the most cryptic stories about Jesus Christ from Middle Ages.They referred to some stories of the Gospels of the New Testament and rearranged them again in o...The essay deals with the so-called“Toledoth Yeshu,”one of the most cryptic stories about Jesus Christ from Middle Ages.They referred to some stories of the Gospels of the New Testament and rearranged them again in order to set up a counter story.The thesis of the paper is that these counter stories did not aim at the New Testament as such,but at the Christological dogmatic that stripped Jesus of his Jewishness and turned him into a figure similar to pagan deities opposing and damaging Jewish tradition mainly by exercising magic.At the end,“Toledoth Yeshu”told a story claiming that Yeshu was sentenced to death only by Jewish authorities,because he practiced the blasphemous act of magic of God’s name,seduced his followers by doing so and,therefore,damaged the faith in the One God.That is why I consider“Toledoth Yeshu”a strong and self-conscious Jewish polemic not against the Jewish roots of Christianity,not even against the Jewish Christians that long have perished,but against Gentile or pagan Christianity and its successful attempt to turn Christ into a paganized divine being acting out magic instead of observing the Torah.展开更多
Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A conven...Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A convenience sample of female caregivers of those with chronic disabling illness, recruited from North Carolina and California, completed a questionnaire including a new 10-item scale called the Belief into Action (BIAC) scale (possible score range: 10 - 100). Psychometric properties of the BIAC were examined. Results: 231 participants completed the BIAC (87% Christian). The average score was 46.3 (range: 10 - 90). Cronbach alpha was 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 - 0.91) and the intra-class correlation coefficient between two administrations (n = 60) was 0.919 (95% CI 0.869 - 0.951). Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the BIAC and existing religiosity scales;divergent validity by weak correlations with mental, social, and physical health outcomes;construct validity by high correlations between individual items and total scale score (r’s 0.58 - 0.80);factor analytic validity by a single factor that explained 94.4% of the scale’s variance;and predictive validity by small to moderate correlations with psychosocial outcomes in expected directions. Conclusion: The BIAC is a reliable and valid scale for comprehensively assessing religious involvement in female caregivers affiliated with monotheistic religions, Christianity in particular. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be established in other populations.展开更多
德国学者杜姆(Bernhard Duhm)延续他早些时候的著作(DieTheologie Der Propheten(Bonn,1875))的观点,于1892年对《以赛亚书》所作的注释【Das Buch Jesaia(G(o|¨)ttingen,PP.XVIII,284ff.,365ff.)】问世,他的注释在旧约《以赛亚书》
文摘The essay deals with the so-called“Toledoth Yeshu,”one of the most cryptic stories about Jesus Christ from Middle Ages.They referred to some stories of the Gospels of the New Testament and rearranged them again in order to set up a counter story.The thesis of the paper is that these counter stories did not aim at the New Testament as such,but at the Christological dogmatic that stripped Jesus of his Jewishness and turned him into a figure similar to pagan deities opposing and damaging Jewish tradition mainly by exercising magic.At the end,“Toledoth Yeshu”told a story claiming that Yeshu was sentenced to death only by Jewish authorities,because he practiced the blasphemous act of magic of God’s name,seduced his followers by doing so and,therefore,damaged the faith in the One God.That is why I consider“Toledoth Yeshu”a strong and self-conscious Jewish polemic not against the Jewish roots of Christianity,not even against the Jewish Christians that long have perished,but against Gentile or pagan Christianity and its successful attempt to turn Christ into a paganized divine being acting out magic instead of observing the Torah.
文摘Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A convenience sample of female caregivers of those with chronic disabling illness, recruited from North Carolina and California, completed a questionnaire including a new 10-item scale called the Belief into Action (BIAC) scale (possible score range: 10 - 100). Psychometric properties of the BIAC were examined. Results: 231 participants completed the BIAC (87% Christian). The average score was 46.3 (range: 10 - 90). Cronbach alpha was 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 - 0.91) and the intra-class correlation coefficient between two administrations (n = 60) was 0.919 (95% CI 0.869 - 0.951). Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the BIAC and existing religiosity scales;divergent validity by weak correlations with mental, social, and physical health outcomes;construct validity by high correlations between individual items and total scale score (r’s 0.58 - 0.80);factor analytic validity by a single factor that explained 94.4% of the scale’s variance;and predictive validity by small to moderate correlations with psychosocial outcomes in expected directions. Conclusion: The BIAC is a reliable and valid scale for comprehensively assessing religious involvement in female caregivers affiliated with monotheistic religions, Christianity in particular. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be established in other populations.
文摘德国学者杜姆(Bernhard Duhm)延续他早些时候的著作(DieTheologie Der Propheten(Bonn,1875))的观点,于1892年对《以赛亚书》所作的注释【Das Buch Jesaia(G(o|¨)ttingen,PP.XVIII,284ff.,365ff.)】问世,他的注释在旧约《以赛亚书》
