Monte Carlo simulations for 20 MV X-ray spectrum reconstruction of a linear induction accelerator

To study the spectrum reconstruction of the 20 MV X-ray generated by the Dragon-I linear induction accelerator, the Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the attenuations of the X-ray in the attenuators of different thicknesses and thus provide the transmission data. As is known, the spectrum estimation from transmission data is an ill-conditioned problem. The method based on iterative perturbations is employed to derive the X-ray spectra, where initial guesses are used to start the process. This algorithm takes into account not only the minimization of the differences between the measured and the calculated transmissions but also the smoothness feature of the spectrum function. In this work, various filter materials are put to use as the attenuator, and the condition for an accurate and robust solution of the X-ray spectrum calculation is demonstrated. The influences of the scattering photons within different intervals of emergence angle on the X-ray spectrum reconstruction are also analyzed.

Forced propagation method for Monte Carlo fission source convergence acceleration in the RMC

In loosely coupled or large-scale problems with high dominance ratios,slow fission source convergence can take extremely long time,reducing Monte Carlo(MC)criticality calculation efficiency.Although various acceleration methods have been developed,some methods cannot reduce convergence times,whereas others have been limited to specific problem geometries.In this study,a new fission source convergence acceleration(FSCA)method,the forced propagation(FP)method,has been proposed,which forces the fission source to propagate and accelerate fission source convergence.Additionally,some stabilization techniques have been designed to render the method more practical.The resulting stabilized method was then successfully implemented in the MC transport code,and its feasibility and effectiveness were tested using the modified OECD/NEA,one-dimensional slab benchmark,and the Hoogenboom full-core problem.The comparison results showed that the FP method was able to achieve efficient FSCA.

MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF RADIATION FIELD OPTIMIZATION FOR MEDICAL LINAC

A method for designing an X-ray flatness filter for medical electron linac is developed. It is used in the optimization process in the electron beam radiation system. Monte Carlo simulation method is used and two examples of real radiation system optimization processes for China-made medical electron linac are provided： 15 MV X- ray system of BJ-20 linac, and 12 MeV electron system of BJ-14. Results are verified by using the traditional method.

用MonteCarlo法模拟大型磁控溅射器的膜厚分布

在大型薄膜生产设备中，膜厚的横向均匀性是一项重要指标。本文提出用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ 方法模拟大型磁控溅射器膜厚横向分布的计算方法，计算了靶的几何结构及各种溅射参数对膜厚横向分布的影响，并把计算结果与实际测量进行了比较。

一种基于Monte Carlo的空情目标仿真方法

空情目标仿真为预警监视系统模拟训练、效能评估、部署优化等提供数据基础.针对利用想定航线生成的空情目标无法体现随机因素的问题,基于蒙特卡罗法,提出了一种包含随机模型的空情目标仿真方法,给出了服从泊松分布的空情目标流到达时间模型和服从均匀分布的目标流空域分布模型.利用Crystalball风险评估软件对一个具体想定进行仿真,得到服从给定概率分布的空情目标,验证了该方法的有效性.

Maneuvering Target Tracking in Dense Clutter Based on Particle Filtering

An improved particle filtering（IPF） is presented to perform maneuvering target tracking in dense clutter.The proposed filter uses several efficient variance reduction methods to combat particle degeneracy,low mode prior probabilities and measure-ment-origin uncertainty.Within the framework of a hybrid state estimation,each particle samples a discrete mode from its poste-rior distribution and the continuous state variables are approximated by a multivariate Gaussian mixture that is updated by an unscented Kalman filtering（UKF）.The uncertainty of measurement origin is solved by Monte Carlo probabilistic data associa-tion method where the distribution of interest is approximated by particle filtering and UKF.Correct data association and precise behavior mode detection are successfully achieved by the proposed method in the environment with heavy clutter and very low mode prior probability.The performance of the proposed filter is examined and compared by Monte Carlo simulation over typical target scenario for various clutter densities.The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed filter.

未确知条件下多枚导弹打击不规则面目标的毁伤效果评估

在信息缺乏的情况下,如何提高对多枚导弹打击不规则面目标毁伤效果评估的可信度是导弹作战运用研究的重难点。通过蒙特卡罗方法建立给定参数下的面目标毁伤效果评估模型;采用信度分布函数对该问题的未确知性进行评估,评估结果显示毁伤效果未确知性较高;基于信度熵,分析导弹各个属性的未确知性对毁伤效果未确知性的影响;通过针对性减小影响大的属性的未确知性,迭代减小毁伤效果的未确知性。仿真实验结果表明面目标有效毁伤率的未确知范围得到显著减小。该研究能够有效指导毁伤效果评估工作,减小其中的不确定性。

应用蒙特卡罗方法研究医用加速器光子能谱分布

目的研究医用直线加速器在等中心平面的光子能谱分布和次级准直器对光子能谱的影响。方法使用BEAMnrc程序模拟5 cm×5 cm、10 cm×10 cm、15 cm×15 cm和20 cm×20 cm射野下,能量为6 MeV电子和光子在加速器治疗头中的输运行为,在等中心平面处设置相空间记录文件,以记录经过此平面的粒子信息。然后利用BEAMdp程序对相空间文件进行分析,从而获得在等中心平面的光子能谱分布及次级准直器对光子能谱的影响。结果通过分析标称能量为6 MV的医用直线加速器的光子能谱,发现次级准直器对光子能谱影响很小;不同射野具有不同的光子能谱分布;同一射野不同中心区域的光子能谱具有相同的归一化分布。结论在放射治疗的剂量计算中,应仔细考虑光子能谱的影响。

空间目标轨道外热流计算及辐射特性研究

本文针对空间目标受到的太阳辐射、地球辐射、地球反照辐射,采用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)法,基于非结构四面体网格编写了仿真程序,并对计算结果进行了对比验证。进一步地,对太阳同步轨道卫星受到的轨道外热流,采用带帆板的网格对有无遮挡情况下各表面受到的轨道外热流进行了分析。结果显示,在对地模式下考虑遮挡后,−Y表面平均热流值降低了53.79 W/m^(2),+Y−Z侧帆板表面平均热流值降低了32.05 W/m^(2)。结合表面材料属性,分析了各表面的温度特性,并结合帆板温度的在轨遥测数据,验证了计算的准确性。最后,计算了两种模式下各方向的红外辐射强度。结果表明,不同观测模式下各表面受热流的影响不同,对地模式下各表面温度随时间变化较大,而对日模式下各表面热流较为稳定。两种模式下,太阳能帆板的温度较高,辐射强度较大,具有明显的红外特征,便于开展红外观测。

Target reliability index for serviceability limit state of single piles

The objective is to develop an approach for the determination of the target reliability index for serviceability limit state(SLS) of single piles. This contributes to conducting the SLS reliability-based design(RBD) of piles. Based on a two-parameter,hyperbolic curve-fitting equation describing the load-settlement relation of piles, the SLS model factor is defined. Then, taking into account the uncertainties of load-settlement model, load and bearing capacity of piles, the formula for computing the SLS reliability index(βsls) is obtained using the mean value first order second moment(MVFOSM) method. Meanwhile, the limit state function for conducting the SLS reliability analysis by the Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) method is established. These two methods are finally applied to determine the SLS target reliability index. Herein, the limiting tolerable settlement(slt) is treated as a random variable. For illustration, four load test databases from South Africa are compiled again to conduct reliability analysis and present the recommended target reliability indices. The results indicate that the MVFOSM method overestimates βsls compared to that computed by the MCS method. Besides, both factor of safety(FS) and slt are key factors influencing βsls, so the combination of FS and βsls is welcome to be used for the SLS reliability analysis of piles when slt is determined. For smaller slt, pile types and soils conditions have significant influence on the SLS target reliability indices; for larger slt, slt is the major factor having influence on the SLS target reliability indices. This proves that slt is the most key parameter for the determination of the SLS target reliability index.

Track-before-detect algorithm for maneuvering infrared weak multiple targets via particle filter

We present a particle filter （PF）-based algorithm to detect and track maneuvering infrared weak multiple targets at different signal-to-noise ratios for the scenes with the multiple targets number unknown and vary- ing. A detecting filter and a tracking filter based on sequential likelihood ratio （LR） testing with fixed sample size are designed, respectively, for capturing new target and tracking confirmed targets. The algorithm is optimized with selectively particles sampling and adaptive process noise. Targets birth and death time are accurately estimated according to the change degree of the LR along with the corresponding state amended through PF backward recursion. Simulation results show that it is positive to detect and track maneuvering infrared weak multiple targets with the appearance and disappearance of more than one, which also achieves a significant improvement in state estimation especially for the time targets which appear and disappear.

基于蒙特卡罗法的舰船目标毁伤概率分析

针对半穿甲战斗部侵彻舰船目标的毁伤概率研究提出一个新的毁伤概率计算公式,对该公式中的侵彻概率、弹体安定性满足要求的概率、冲击波毁伤概率和击中概率分别进行计算与分析。基于蒙特卡罗法仿真模拟半穿甲战斗部对舰船目标的打击,进行100次的独立重复仿真试验并且每次进行1000次的模拟打击,求得各个设备被击中的概率。基于拉丁超立方随机抽样方法对毁伤概率公式中的相关参数进行有效性验证,验证结果表明拟合的函数关系与仿真结果之间误差在工程允许的范围内。

基于蒙特卡洛仿真的水下四点单目测距研究

水下光通信系统在工作时需要及时获取与接收端的距离信息并进行高速通信。文章提出在水下蓝绿激光通信系统中加入单目测距功能,实现短距离视觉测距和长距离激光测距的水下光通信测距一体化研究。使用蒙特卡洛方法进行仿真,建立激光信号水下信道传输模型,模拟不同目标尺寸、不同距离和不同水质下的水下激光光斑图片,分析以上3种因素对水下单目测距精度的影响。考虑仿真图片光斑弥散和对比度降低对测距精度的影响,文章针对性地提出了一种对水下小尺寸光源目标、结合图像增强和Zernike矩亚像素点边缘检测的单目测距算法以提高单目测距算法的精度。通过实验室水池实验验证,文章所提算法精度达到了使用要求。

基于蒙特卡罗方法的飞行过载超越数模拟技术

过载超越数曲线是疲劳载荷谱编制的基础,依据指定过载下超越数分布规律及超越数曲线概率密度函数,建立了一种飞行过载超越数曲线族的蒙特卡罗抽样模型。通过特征参数的选取和设定,可由此模型抽样得到过载数据。对抽样产生的过载数据的分析表明,其统计特征与模型设定值一致性良好,说明该模型能够较真实地模拟飞行过载数据。

制导弹药末段目标截获概率研究

针对末制导弹药对地面目标攻击时是否加入中制导环节,研究其末段飞行过程中与目标的几何位置关系,采用快速计算与解析方法分析其打击地面固定目标时导引头对目标的角度截获。通过空中散布椭球和地面散布椭圆的近似计算得到视场角计算公式,进而建立一般的数学模型,并从统计概率角度,得到末制导目标截获概率,根据3σ原则判断是否加入中制导环节。同时研究了零控脱靶量与末制导修正距离,结果表明末制导修正能力满足零控脱靶量。仿真发现导引头开机位置距离目标逐渐变小时,视场角的置信区间先减小、后增大。计算了不同干扰因素对视场角置信区间的影响,结果表明水平风对视场角分布的影响比侧风的影响要大。

FLUKA在永久磁铁辐射退磁实验模拟中的应用

利用FLUKA程序,对韩国浦项加速器实验室的2.5 GeV电子直线加速器辐射退磁实验系统进行蒙特卡罗模拟,得到了永久磁铁处各种粒子(包括光子、电子、中子及质子)的能谱以及注量的空间分布。根据实验中的束流强度,估算出永久磁铁所受的吸收剂量率和1 MeV等效中子注量率分别为18.7 Gy/s和6.37×107cm-2.s-1。

激光半主动末制导炮弹捕获概率研究

为了分析激光半主动末制导炮弹的捕获概率,建立了含有简易惯性制导段的末制导炮弹飞行仿真模型以及判断末制导炮弹捕获目标的标准.研究了末制导炮弹全弹道的干扰因素及其对末制导炮弹纵向和横向散布的影响.利用蒙特卡洛法计算出激光半主动末制导炮弹捕获目标的概率.提出了提高捕获概率的改进策略,并通过仿真得到验证.结果表明,这种改进策略提高了末制导炮弹的捕获概率.

西门子直线加速器均整和未均整射束的光子束剂量学特性

利用BEAMnrc和DOSXYZnrc蒙特卡罗程序研究西门子直线加速器6 MV能量均整和未均整光子束的剂量学特点。比较两种射束的深度剂量分布、离轴比剂量分布、中心轴剂量率和总散射因子。结果表明,未均整射束各射野的百分深度剂量均比均整射束的低;中心轴剂量率比均整射束大,且两种射束中心轴剂量率比值随射野和深度的增加逐渐下降;除此之外,未均整射束的半影宽度及总散射因子随深度的变化趋势均比均整射束小。未均整射束的剂量学优势可用于临床应用。

非同步水声定位技术及其性能评价

探讨用非同步方式进行水声定位的解算方法,用蒙特卡洛方法对各误差源及目标位置对同步及非同步定位系统定位精度的影响作了统计分析,并对其可行性及适用性进行了分析和探讨。仿真结果及湖试结果表明,采用长基线阵的非同步水声定位系统具有较高的定位精度。

10^(-6)量级精密离心机输出加速度测量模型及不确定度评定

为了给高精度惯性仪表校准试验提供高精准的加速度输入值,研究了精密离心机输出加速度的建模、测量及不确定度评定方法。建立了适用于10-6量级高精度精密离心机的加速度测量模型及不确定度传递模型。基于本课题组提出的高精度测量方法,完成了10-6量级精密离心机的静动态半径、静动态俯仰失准角等重要分量的高精度测量。分析、归纳了测量不确定度源,分别基于建立的加速度测量不确定度传递模型和蒙特卡洛方法完成了该精密离心机输出加速度的测量不确定度评定。最后,讨论和总结了高精度精密离心机输出加速度建模和精度评定的相关问题。结果表明:该精密离心机对1g^100g输出加速度的相对标准不确定度均小于3×10-6,其精度与目前国际上公开的最高精度离心机处于同一数量级;建立的测量模型及测量不确定度评定方法可以为相关精度等级的精密离心机研制和评价提供参考。