Bacterial Surface Layer Proteins: From Moonlighting to Biomimetics: A New Horizonto Lead

The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different challenges and future prospects.

UDP-glucose epimerase 1,moonlighting as a transcriptional activator,is essential for tapetum degradation and male fertility in rice

Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles.UDP-glucose epimerases(UGEs),a subclass of isomerases,catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose(UDP-Glc)and UDP-galactose(UDP-Gal).We identified a rice male-sterile mutant,osuge1,with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen.The mutant osuge1 protein lacked UDP-glucose epimerase activity,resulting in higher UDP-Gal content and lower UDP-Glc levels in the osuge1 mutant compared with the wild type.Interestingly,we discovered that OsUGE1 participates in the TIP2/bHLH142–TDR–EAT1/DTD transcriptional regulatory cascade involved in tapetum degradation,in which TIP2 and TDR regulate the expression of OsUGE1 while OsUGE1 regulates the expression of EAT1.In addition,we found that OsUGE1 regulates the expression of its own gene by directly binding to an E-box element in the OsUGE1 promoter.Collectively,our results indicate that OsUGE1 not only functions as a UDP-glucose epimerase but also moonlights as a transcriptional activator to promote tapetum degradation,revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of rice reproductive development.

Proteins moonlighting in tumor metabolism and epigenetics

Cancer development is a complicated process controlled by the interplay of multiple signaling pathways and restrained by oxygen and nutrient accessibility in the tumor microenvironment.High plasticity in using diverse nutrients to adapt to metabolic stress is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells.To respond to nutrient stress and to meet the requirements for rapid cell proliferation,cancer cells reprogram metabolic pathways to take up more glucose and coordinate the production of energy and intermediates for biosynthesis.Such actions involve gene expression and activity regulation by the moonlighting function of oncoproteins and metabolic enzymes.The signal−moonlighting protein−metabolism axis facilitates the adaptation of tumor cells under varying environment conditions and can be therapeutically targeted for cancer treatment.

Is Teachers’ Moonlighting Legal?

Public school teachers in east China’s Shandong Province have been forbidden to tutor for payment beginning on January 1,2010.The decision,which makes Shandong the first area to forbid tuition for payment,was made after two rounds of deliberation.

The Singer of the Elephant

The film Elephant is novel not only in its narrative style and abundant use of long shots, but also in its selection of two pieces of piano music. What the movie lenses hope to express is the same thing that the will of piano music does. Alex is not only a player of the two pieces of piano music but also a singer of the elephant.The thesis applies Schopenhauer's will theory in music to analyze Alex's song《For Elise》and《Moonlight Sonata》and to anatomize his mental activity and brewing of thought. By using the power of piano music this thesis aims at digging out how he becomes the singer of the elephant.

How Is a Round Character Achieved in Maupassant＇s Moonlight： Exploring an Aspect of Narrative Text

The study of characters forms one of the major components in the field of narratology, characters are normally classified into round or flat, static or dynamic, two-dimensional or three-dimensional. This paper explores how a round character, which is typically created in long novels, exceptionally and well-roundedly produced in Maupassant＇s short story Moonlight, and thereby demonstrates his art of pens and why he was honored ＂master of short story writing＂.

A Contrastive Analysis on English and Chinese from the Perspective of Hy⁃potaxis and Parataxis—Taking Moonlight Over the Lotus Pond as an Example

From the perspective of grammatical features,English focuses on hypotaxis,while Chinese focuses on parataxis,which is the most important difference between the two languages.Taking the English version of Moonlight Over the Lotus Pond translated by Mr.Zhu Chunshen as an example to compare the differences between hypotaxis and parataxis in terms of words and syntax,so as to deepen the understanding of English and Chinese and improve the translator's translation level.

Evolutionary Lineages and Functional Diversification of Plant Hexokinases

Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent regulatory enzyme homologs. This study has two goals. The first aim is to develop a predictive method to determine which HXK proteins within a species have which type of function. The second aim is to determine whether HXK-dependent glucose signaling proteins occur among more primitive plants, as well as among angiosperms. Using a molecular phylogeny ap- proach, combined with selective experimental testing, we found that non-catalytic HXK homologs might occur in all plants, including the relatively primitive Selaginella moellendorffi. We also found that different lineages of angiosperm HXKs have apparent conserved features for catalytic activity and for sub-cellular targeting. Most higher-plant HXKs are expressed predominantly at mitochondria, with HXKs of one lineage occurring in the plastid, and HXKs of one monocot lineage occurring in the cytosol. Using protoplast transient expression assays, we found that HXK glucose signaling pro- teins occur likely in all higher plants and in S. moellendorffi as well. Thus, the use of glucose by plant HXK isoforms in metabolism and/or as a regulatory metabolite occurs as widespread, conserved processes.

Foraging, feeding, and physiological stress responses of wild wood mice to increased illumination and common genet cues

In nature, animals are exposed to a broad range of threats imposed by predators, which may strongly influence the ecology of prey species directly or indirectly by affecting their behavior via fear of predation. Here, we studied wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus behavioral and physiological responses to simulated predation risk. Risk avoidance was analyzed by live trapping with control traps and traps treated with feces of common genet Genetta genetta （direct cue of risk） under new moon nights and following by simulated full moon conditions （indirect cue）. The time devoted to foraging behavior and capture time were analyzed by video recording mice activity around traps. Food intake was calculated based on the amount of bait remaining in each trap. Fecal cortico- sterone metabolites （FCMs） were measured by enzyme-immunoassay as indicators of physio- logical stress responses. Fewer wood mice were captured during full moon, yet only non-breeding adult males clearly avoided common genet odor. Mice were captured sooner at night during the simulated full moon conditions and later in predator-treated traps. Foraging activity was lower when individuals faced predator＇s feces, but neither food intake nor FCM levels were affected by predation risk cues. Direct and indirect cues of predation risk selectively affected wood mice behavior, although behavioral responses seem to be modulated by different costs-benefit balances related to the individual＇s perception of risk. The lack of physiological responses to predation risk cues suggests that wood mice did not perceive them as reliable stressors or the response was too small or transient to be measured by FCM.

Body temperature,activity patterns and hunting in free-living cheetah:biologging reveals new insights

As one of the few felids that is predominantly diurnal,cheetahs(Acinonyx jubatus)can be exposed to high heat loads in their natural habitat.Little is known about long-term patterns of body temperature and activity(including hunting)in cheetahs because long-term concurrent measurements of body temperature and activity have never been reported for cheetahs,or,indeed,for any free-living felid.We report here body temperature and locomo-tor activity measured with implanted data loggers over 7 months in 5 free-living cheetahs in Namibia.Air tem-perature ranged from a maximum of 39°C in summer to−2°C in winter.Cheetahs had higher(~0.4°C)max-imum 24-h body temperatures,later acrophase(~1 h),with larger fluctuations in the range of the 24-h body temperature rhythm(approximately 0.4°C)during a hot-dry period than during a cool-dry period,but main-tained homeothermy irrespective of the climatic conditions.As ambient temperatures increased,the cheetahs shifted from a diurnal to a crepuscular activity pattern,with reduced activity between 900 and 1500 hours and increased nocturnal activity.The timing of hunts followed the general pattern of activity;the cheetahs hunted when they were on the move.Cheetahs hunted if an opportunity presented itself;on occasion they hunted in the midday heat or in total darkness(new moon).Biologging revealed insights into cheetah biology that are not ac-cessible by traditional observer-based techniques.

Moonlight in a Snow Forest (oil painting)

Moonlight in a Snow Forest Along the stream in a snow covered forest comes a small boot. A little girl is sitting in it, as her boat flows foward the river of hope The scene features obscurity, revealing the integration of moonlight, stream. boat and frees. The little girl looks at us with pure, bright eyes, as if suggesting something to those of us who live a crowded and noisy

Police Student Moonlights as Prostitute

【选注者言:英语没有汉语那么优雅的意境。英语讲逻辑,更讲究语言的实用性。儿时学英语,发现crane(仙鹤)如此优美的单词,在英语中居然用作“起重机”！而本文标题中的Moonlight(月光)居然也用作动词,其含义是:to work at another job,often at night,in addition to one’s full-time job(从事第二职业;作为某人全职工作的额外工作去做另一份工作)。另外,本文文末出现的unethical也值得学习,以后,“缺乏职业道德的”不必再译成lack of professional morality了,用unethical即可。】