Challenges of a negative work load and implications on morale,productivity and quality of service delivered in NHS laboratories in England

The National Health Service(NHS)is a term used to describe the publicly funded healthcare delivery system providing quality healthcare services in the United Kingdom.There are several challenges militating against the effective laboratory service delivery in the NHS in England.Biomedical scientists work in healthcare to diagnose disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment through the analysis of body fluids and tissue samples from patients.They provide the"engine room"of modern medicine with 70%of diagnosis based on the laboratory results generated by them.This review involved the search of literature for information on working condition of biomedical scientist in the NHS in England.Laboratory service delivery in the NHS in England faces numerous daunting challenges;staffing levels in the last few years have become dangerously low,less remunerated,relatively less experienced and predominantly band 5's,multidisciplinary rather than specialty based,associated with working more unsocial hours without adequate recovery time,de-banding of staff,high staff turnaround,profit and cost driven rather than quality.These factors has resulted in burn out,low morale,high sickness absences,increased error rate,poor team spirit,diminished productivity and suboptimal laboratory service delivery.There is the urgent need to retract our steps on unpopular policies to ensure that patient care is not compromised by ensuring adequate staffing level and mix,ensuring adequate remuneralion of laboratory staff,implementing evidenced-based specialty oriented service,determining the root cause/s for the high staff turnover and implementing corrective action,identifying other potential sources of waste in the system rather than pruning the already dangerously low staffing levels and promoting a quality delivery side by side cost effectiveness.

Surgical Resident Attrition and the Menninger Morale Curve

BACKGROUND: Attrition in surgical residency programs continues to be a significant challenge. Ap-proximately 20% of residents who begin a categorical surgery residency fail to complete it. A number of studies speculated reasons for this including work hours, life style, family pressures, and resident feelings of inadequacy including fear of termination. To date no research has been conducted investigating the relation-ship between resident morale and attrition. This study sought to determine if this linkage exists in surgery residents. METHODS: The Morale Assessment in General Practice Index (MAGPI) was administered to 21 PGY 1, 2, 3, and 5 surgical residents to assess level of morale. Non-parametric methods were carried out to assess if there were differences in morale among the four PGY groups. Additionally, analyses of the four factors comprising the MAGPI were also conducted. RESULTS: Although differences did not reach statis-tical significance, analysis of the data reveals that residents demonstrate different trends in their levels of morale based on the amount of time they spend in a residency and in a way that approximates the morale curve described by W. Walter Menninger, M.D. Additionally, two of the four factors comprising the MAGPI also indicate trends similar to that described by the Menninger morale curve. CONCLUSIONS: Although no statistically significant results were achieved, the data reveal trends that approximate shifts in morale similar to those described by the Menninger morale curve, with residents at the PGY 2 and 3 levels present-ing lower morale levels than at the PGY 1 and 5 levels. This may be due in part to the size of the population studied. Future research should be continued in this area with a larger sample size.

如何理解笛卡尔的“Morale par Provision”?

笛卡尔在《谈谈方法》一书的第三部分中提出了一套道德准则,即morale par provision。最近,一些笛卡尔哲学的研究者们对这一概念提出了三种不同的解读。第一种解读是传统且主流的解读,主张将morale par provision理解为"临时的道德",它是笛卡尔为了保障自己或他人在贯彻"普遍的方法"的第一步"怀疑的方法"或"方法论怀疑"时所采取的一种权宜之计。第二种解读是将morale par provision理解为"先决的道德",强调这种道德的先决性与无条件性。第三种对morale par provision的解读是将之理解为"完美道德的一阶近似"。笛卡尔在《谈谈方法》一书中所做的"建筑的比喻"十分清楚地表明了他提出morale par provision的用意及其真正的含义,他将morale par provision比作为了实施房子重建计划而预先准备的临时的房子。因此,Morale par provision其实是笛卡尔为了保障自己或他人在贯彻"普遍的方法"的第一条准则时仍能够不影响日常生活所采纳的一种策略。在这个意义来说,将morale par provision译作"临时的道德"是合适的,换句话说,三种解读中的第一种解读有其合理的依据。《谈谈方法》是morale par provision的出处,因此它无疑是对这一表述进行解释所要依据的最重要的文本。另外两种解读尽管有其合理的地方且具有创新性,但是,只要它们无法强力地否定《谈谈方法》的文本证据,那么它们就无法真正地驳倒第一种解读。此外,关于morale par provision的另外两种解读的支持理由与证据也并非无懈可击。

Relative trust and tax morale

This paper investigates the importance of trust in international institutions for the development of tax morale by focussing on interactions between trust in the national government and trust in the European Union(EU)or trust in the United Nations(UN).Using large-scale survey data from European countries,we provide evidence that all three trust variables are significantly related to the individual level of tax morale.Overall,the results regarding trust in the EU and the UN are very similar,while trust in the national government appears to be the main factor in driving tax morale.However,depending on the national context,trust in the national government interacts differently with trust in different international institutions with respect to the shaping of tax morale.

The Role of Education Guidance in Enhancing the Intelligence and Motivation of Village Residents

The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Winning the Battle of Poverty Alleviation points out that by 2020,rural poor people will have stable access to food and clothing,and compulsory education,basic medical care,and housing security will be guaranteed.The growth rate of per capita disposable income of farmers in poverty-stricken areas is higher than the national average,and the main indicators of basic public services are close to the national average.According to the requirements,the poverty alleviation work team stationed in the village has tailored measures to local conditions and carried out targeted poverty alleviation.Faced with difficulties such as increasing the importance of education among villagers,solving the problem of children going to school,and increasing income for villagers,under the guidance of the assistance unit,the poverty alleviation work team adopts the method of setting an example to ensure education,introducing education to increase knowledge,and expanding knowledge through education going global,in order to change the current situation from point to surface.After unremitting efforts,the villagers began to change their mindset,and the enrollment and enrollment rates of village students were significantly increased.The children enter the classroom,the elderly work at home,and the young and strong labor force actively goes out to work.The villagers have motivation to work,and life has a bright future.The village sees hope.

Characteristics of moral distress from nurses’perspectives:An integrative review

Objective:This integrative review aimed to identify the common characteristics of moral distress in nursing and distinguish it from other types of distress by examining nurses’perspectives in the literature.These insights will help update existing tools and create new ones to capture moral distress better,guiding the development and implementation of strategies to support nurses in addressing this challenge.Methods:Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in three databases(EBSCO Medline,CINAHL,and PubMed).Additionally,two journals,Bioethics and Nursing Ethics,were manually searched to reduce search bias.The included studies were primary resources published in English between 2018 and 2023,utilizing quantitative,qualitative,or mixed methods to examine moral distress’s characteristics,components,and definitions.All of identified studies were screened,extracted,and analyzed independently by two researchers.Results:Nineteen studies were included.The results were grouped into five themes shaping the main characteristics of moral distress:1)experiencing a moral situation,with five ethically conflicted situations identified,including treatment plans,professional and personal moral values,team dynamics,complex contexts,clinical practices,and patient-centered care;2)making a moral judgment,where nurses experience moral distress when they cannot act consistently with their values,ethical principles,and moral duties;3)the presence of constraints,categorized at three levels:individual factors related to the nurse,patient,and patient’s family;team factors related to the team or unit involved;and system factors,including institutional and policy elements;4)moral wrongdoing,which occurs when nurses are unable to perform the right moral action;and 5)moral suffering,with studies showing that moral distress impacts physical,emotional,and psychological well-being.Conclusion:The findings enhance the understanding of moral distress characteristics among nursing staff,highlighting the concept of the crescendo effect,which underscores the cumulative and escalating nature of unresolved moral distress,emphasizing the need to address moral conflicts proactively to prevent the erosion of moral integrity and professional satisfaction.

Trade credit contracting in a risk-averse supply chain under adverse selection and moral hazard

Trade credit,as an effective tool for integrating and coordinating material,information,and financial flows in supply chain management,is becoming increasingly widespread.We explore how a manufacturer can design optimal trade credit contracts when a risk-averse retailer hides its sales cost information(adverse selection)and selling effort level(moral hazard).We develop incentive models for a risk-averse supply chain when adverse selection and moral hazard coexist,which are then compared with the results under single information asymmetry(moral hazard).Moreover,we analyze the effects of private information and risk-aversion coefficient on contract parameters,selling effort level and the profit or utility of the supply chain.The study shows that when the degree of retailer’s risk aversion is within a certain range,reasonable trade credit contracts designed by the manufacturer can effectively induce the retailer to report its real sales cost and encourage it to exert appropriate effort.Furthermore,we find that the optimal trade credit period,optimal transfer payment,and retailer’s optimal sales effort level under dual information asymmetry are less than those under single information asymmetry.Numerical analysis are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the parameters on decisions and profits.

Exploring the Path of Implementing the Home-School Co-education Model from the Perspective of Moral Education Field

As a social psychological field derived from the concept of physical field,the moral education field plays a very important role in guiding the construction of a home-school co-education model.In this paper,by analyzing the internal power system of the moral education field,with a policy oriented approach and combined with contemporary factors,it aims to empower the traditional home-school co-education model.Only by combining home education and school education,supplemented by social policy guidance,strengthening the construction of the"trinity"community,creating a harmonious and stable ecological interactive moral education field,expanding the path of home-school cooperation,strengthening the boundary of home and school responsibility,and innovating the form of home-school co-education,can it support the bright future of education.

On the Dilemma of Contemporary Liberal Theory of Moral Rights for Penalty Justification——Exemplified by the Right to Personal Liberty

Contemporary liberal theory on moral rights argues that moral rights associated with personal liberty constitute a strong constraint on the boundaries of state power.Therefore,the core issue of the penalty justification is not the purpose of the penalty,but the reason for the penalty to refrain from infringing on the moral rights of individuals.In order to justify the penal system,scholars have explored solutions such as limiting the content of rights,waiving rights,and finally rights forfeiture.However,the concept of rights forfeiture cannot be reasonably integrated into the framework of the liberal theory of moral rights.The failure of these attempts stems from the patchwork understanding of rights presupposed by the liberal theory of moral rights.There is another systematic way of understanding rights that offers a better justification.Individual rights are not an independent non-derivative moral justification,and both individual rights and the penal power of the state are only part of a specific(realistic or ideal)system of rules that collectively serve certain values.The real question of penalty justification is not why the punishment does not infringe on the moral rights of individuals,but whether the overall institutional arrangements,including the penal system,are justifiable for all citizens,including the punished.

Natural Law and Daoist Law in the Perspective of Law and Morality

This paper has a comparative analysis of natural law and Daoist law,focusing on the connections of law and morality.There is a description of the definitions of them and the historical analysis of natural law.And the stoicism is introduced to reveal the feature and nature of links of law and morality,which is supported with the current cases of violences worldwide to demonstrate the significance of moral rules,the states of mind.The Daoist law in China emphasizes the spontaneity of the inner world,a higher spiritual condition to be pursued in ancient China,free from the inappropriate desires,less intervention of the authority with more initiative of the general public.The western individualistic god-centered law under the guidance of reason and rationality can go well along with the collectivistic China’s Daoist law,the former stressed on the principles of justice,equality,fairness,etc.and the latter themed Ziran,self so,keeping as they are.The fighting guys of natural law and positive law in the West are mirrored with the counterparts of Daofa,the spontaneity of all things,and Lifa,the rule-based Confucian governance in China.The two couples as well as the two differing views within can either oppose or complement each other.Natural law can refer to the just doctrines,the moral principles,immanent in nature,while Daoist foundation is based on nature-like inclination,the self-so and other-so spontaneity.

The Role and Influence of Plato’s Ideas in Religious Cinema

In contemporary society,film,as a significant form of cultural expression,bears profound ideological connotations and cultural significance.Religious films,as a distinct genre,serve as crucial avenues for humanity to explore and contemplate religious beliefs,moral concepts,and the essence of existence.Plato’s philosophy,as a significant pillar of Western thought,exerted profound influence on the conception and depiction of religious films.This thesis aims to examine Plato’s philosophical impact on religious cinema,elucidating its significance and value via comprehensive analysis of his ideas and their manifestation in religious films.Platonic ideas transcend the realm of emotions,inciting moral conflicts and dilemmas in religious films,thereby probing the dynamics between good and evil,justice and injustice.Plato’s political concepts offer profound sociopolitical reflections within religious films,stimulating discourse on matters like authority,governance,and liberty.Additionally,it catalyzed inquiries into aesthetics and emotions.Plato’s appreciation and pursuit of beauty resonate extensively in religious films,guiding viewers into a transcendent aesthetic realm through depictions of beauty and emotion.This holds immense theoretical and practical significance in deepening individuals’comprehension of Plato’s philosophy,fostering cultural exchange and discourse,and augmenting the artistic merit and societal impact of religious films.

Moral Perspective as Depicted in the Archetypes on Divine-Human Perspective of Dianshizhai Pictorial

This article examines the archetypes related to the divine-human perspective in the Dianshizhai Pictorial and uses the basic theory of“Myth-Archetype Criticism”to analyze the concepts of moral perspective and the view of cause and effect reflected in the text.It summarizes the interactive modes and various archetypes of cause and effect in three contexts:gods to humans,humans to gods,and humans to humans,explores the social reality and the relevant views of moral perspective and causality reflected in the illustrated magazine,and reveals the archetype foundation of the narrative of moral perspective retribution in Dianshizhai Pictorial in the three dimensions of psychology,literature,and society.

On Evaluating University Teachers’ Morality and Ethics in the New Era

University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the fundamental task of cultivating talents.The present study proposes that due to the multiple identities of university teachers,it is necessary to evaluate the construction of teachers’morality and ethics in terms of what to evaluate and how to evaluate?It is expected that the attempt will provide useful guidance for the construction of university teachers’morality and ethics.

An Empirical Study on Students’Evaluation of Moral Education in Foreign Language Education in China

Students’evaluation of moral education is of great significance for improving the quality of teaching.Through a survey of 2715 undergraduates majoring in foreign languages,this paper analyzes their evaluation of the moral education.Findings show that students speak highly of teachers’competence in moral education,teaching methods and the integration of moral education in the textbooks,but not in the course assessment and the overall effect of moral education.Suggestions were proposed accordingly to improve moral education of foreign language education in China.

A Cosmological Neuroscientific Examination of Bertrand Russell’s Essays on Religion and Related Subjects

This work examined Bertrand Russell’s main arguments against the existence of God and his strongly negative opinion on the historic role of religions.These arguments were:(1)The idea that God is a First Cause is invalid because the cosmos doesn’t have to have a beginning;(2)If there were reasons for God to issue the observed natural laws and not others then God Himself was just an intermediary of older laws;(3)Considering all the defects of the world one cannot consider God as an omnipotent designer;(4)If God created both right and wrong then it is no longer a significant statement that God is good;And(5)most people believe in God just because they have been taught from early infancy to do it.The criticisms of cosmological neuroscience were as follows:(1)The particular cosmic wave that carries our Universe could have a beginning;(2)Although there were reasons for the natural laws which God issued,it cannot diminish the divine creativity of this act;(3)Although the world is indeed full of defects,they are as much parts of the cosmic order as its splendors,due to their common roots in the Law of Coexistence in Diversity;(4)Although right and wrong may ultimately be both in God’s blueprint,He is still benevolent due to the Law of Divine-Evil Asymmetry permitting wrong only under the dominance of right;And(5)although many believe in God only because they were taught to do so and hope it provides safety,this is an oversimplification unable to explain the genuine Faith of others.The devastating judgement of Russel that religions have been just“a source of untold misery to the human race”was also examined.This brief article could not detail all the positive social changes with which the religions of goodness(e.g.,Abrahamic religions)enriched history,such as introducing the respect for human life.But the paper did remind the reader of the God-inspired work of Lao Tzu,Rumi,Michelangelo,the Bach-interpreting Leonard Bernstein,Mother Teresa,Martin Luther King Jr.,George Harrison and others including the architects of the Borobudur temple and astronauts like Frank Borman who read from the Bible while flying around the Moon.The paper ended with the central thought of Bertrand Russell that“The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge”,to emphasize that if committed to their Conscience atheists like him can live as moral lives as the men and women of Faith—the difference is being nothing else than sensing or not the Soul that permeates the cosmos.

A Study of a Moral Dilemma Stories Teaching Model Focusing on the Development of Higher-Order Thinking --"Synthetic polymers" as an example

Cultivating students'higher-order thinking is one of the important goals of modern education,and innovative teaching model is an effective way to achieve this goal.Aiming at the inadequacy of the existing moral dilemma stories approach in the transformation of knowledge and behavior,this research constructs a new Project Based Learning-Ethical Dilemma Stories(PBL-EDS)Teaching Model applicable to China's secondary education stage based on the innovative features of the moral dilemma stories approach on the core competencies,taking the chemistry subject as an example to carry out practice,and puts forward suggestions for the implementation of the teaching model.Chemistry as an example to carry out the practice,and suggestions are made for the implementation of the teaching model.

Challenges and Countermeasures of Youth Moral Education in the Era of Big Data

Youth moral education is an extremely important work,which is related to the inheritance of traditional virtues of the Chinese nation,the fundamental plan of“successor,”and the construction of modern Chinese spiritual civilization.In the era of big data,the moral education of youth is facing new challenges and opportunities.The wide application of big data technology has brought about an information explosion,exposing young people to more diverse and complex social information.It not only brings opportunities for positive moral education but also many challenges.The main problems of youth moral education in the era of big data are neglected youth subjectivity,insufficient youth moral practice,and utilitarian youth value orientation.We should develop personalized moral education programs,strengthen the integration of moral knowledge and action,and pay more attention to moral practice to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of moral education for young people in the era of big data.

Reflections on Teachers’Professional Ethics in Colleges and Universities

Teachers in colleges and universities are the nurturers of the core talents of the country.Teachers’comprehensive quality levels in colleges and universities fundamentally determine the quality of talent cultivation in colleges and universities,the level of scientific research,and the contribution to society.Based on moral cultivation and teachers’professional moral cultivation,this paper discusses the problems in the professional moral cultivation of college teachers and the measures to improve the professional moral cultivation of college teachers.

Collaborative Cultivation of Ideological and Political Education and Undergraduate Management in Colleges and Universities Under the Guidance of Moral Education

Guided by moral education,improving the ideological and moral quality of college students is an important goal of college education.To achieve this goal,it is necessary to strengthen ideological and political education and continuously improve the level of undergraduate management.This paper outlines the feasibility of collaborative cultivation of ideological and political education and undergraduate management in colleges and universities and analyzes its significance and the specific implementation strategies,with a view to providing valuable references for relevant colleges and universities to carry out educational work.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Moral and Law Course Teaching on the Effectiveness of University Students’Ideals and Beliefs Education

The Moral and Law course serves as a critical platform for educating university students about ideals and beliefs,and it has a significant impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education.This paper establishes a mechanism through which Moral and Law course teaching influences the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education and conducts an empirical evaluation.The results reveal that factors such as the relevance and applicability of the teaching content,the integration of theory and practice,the innovation,interactivity,and participation of teaching methods,as well as classroom atmosphere,teaching facilities,and campus culture,all have a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education for university students.