Micro electrical discharge machining of small hole in TC4 alloy

Aiming at machining deeply small holes in TC4 alloy,a series of experiments were carried out on a self-developed multi-axis micro electrical discharge machining(micro-EDM)machine tool.To improve machining efficiency and decrease relative wear of electrode in machining deeply small hole in TC4 alloy,many factors in micro-EDM,such as polarity,electrical parameters and supplying ways of working fluid were studied.Experimental results show that positive polarity machining is far superior to negative polarity machining;it is more optimal when open-circuit voltage,pulse width and pulse interval are 130 V,5μs and 15μs respectively on the self developed multi-axis micro-EDM machine tool;when flushing method is applied in micro-EDM,the machining efficiency is higher and relative wear of electrode is smaller.

Comparative study on discharge conditions in micro-hole electrical discharge machining of tungsten carbide (WC-Co) material

WC-Co is used widely in die and mold industries due to its unique combination of hardness, strength and wear-resistance. For machining difficult-to-cut materials, such as tungsten carbide, micro-electrical discharge machining(EDM) is one of the most effective methods for making holes because the hardness is not a dominant parameter in EDM. This paper describes the characteristics of the discharge conditions for micro-hole EDM of tungsten carbide with a WC grain size of 0.5 μm and Co content of 12%. The EDM process was conducted by varying the condenser and resistance values. A R-C discharge EDM device using arc erosion for micro-hole machining was suggested. Furthermore, the characteristics of the developed micro-EDM were analyzed in terms of the electro-optical observation using an oscilloscope and field emission scanning electron microscope.

Material properties and machining performance of hybrid Ti_2AlN bulk material for micro electrical discharge machining

Mn+1AXn(MAX) phases are a family of nanolaminated compounds that possess unique combination of typical ceramic properties and typical metallic properties.As a member of MAX phase,Ti2 AlN bulk materials are attractive for some high-temperature applications.The synthesis,characteristics and machining performance of hybrid Ti2 AlN bulk materials were focused on in this work.The bulk samples mainly consisting of Ti2 AlN MAX phase with density close to theoretic one were synthesized by a spark plasma sintering method.Scanning electron microscopy results indicate homogenous distribution of Ti2 AlN grains in the samples.Micro-hardness values are almost constant under different loads (6-6.5 GPa).A machining test was carried out to compare the effect of material properties on micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) performance for Ti2 AlN bulk samples and Ti6242 alloy.The machining performance of the Ti2 AlN sample is better than that of the Ti6242 alloy.The inherent mechanism was discussed by considering their electrical and thermal conductivity.

Fabrication of Micro Structures by Ultrashort Voltage Pulse Electrical Discharge Machining

The machining of small holes and array holes has been a difficult problem in machining field. Tiny hole is widely used in mechanical field, for instance, fuel injection nozzles, spinneret holes for synthetic fibers and wire drawing dies. This paper investigated the application of EDM (electrical discharge machining) to the fabrication of micro structures. There are obvious limitations in the process of micro-electrical discharge machining, such as electrode wear, unstable discharge condition and low machining efficiency. The effects of EDM parameters were investigated, such as voltage, pulse frequency, and frequency of ultrasonic vibration applied to electrode. Micro holes were machined with Pt electrode made by focused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD) and Cu electrode made by wire-electrode cutting. The comparison experiments between EDM and ECM (electrochemical machining) indicated that the processing of ECM has serious stray current corrosion and poor machining precision. Moreover, the workpiece vibration was firstly proposed to be utilized in the micro-electrical discharge machining. It can be concluded that maximum machine could be obtained under the amplitude ratio of 76%, which was an appropriate parameter.

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aero- engine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole, needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling （TSECDD）, a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy （DD6）. The Tagu- chi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows： pulse duration： 12μs, pulse interval： 30 gs, peak current： 6 A, and salt solution conductivity： 3 mS/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.

Effect of tube-electrode inner diameter on electrochemical discharge machining of nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are widely employed in modern aircraft engines because of their excellent material characteristics, particularly in the fabrication of film cooling holes. However, the high machining requirement of a large number of film cooling holes can be extremely challenging. The hybrid machining technique of tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling (TEHECDD) has been considered as a promising method for the production of film cooling holes. Compared with any single machining process, this hybrid technique requires the removal of more complex machining by-products, including debris produced in the electrical discharge machining process and hydroxide and bubbles generated in the electrochemical machining process. These by-products significantly affect the machining efficiency and surface quality of the machined products. In this study, tube electrodes in different inner diameters are designed and fabricated, and the effects of inner diameter on the machining efficiency and surface quality of TEHECDD are investigated. The results show that larger inner diameters could effectively improve the flushing condition and facilitate the removal of machining by-products. Therefore, higher material removal efficiency, surface quality, and electrode wear rate could be achieved by increasing the inner diameter of the tube electrode. (C) 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

电火花线切割工艺加工钼铜钨铜载体初探

钼铜钨铜材料的载体,由于孔隙率极低,在热沉制作和电子封装领域应用越来越广泛,但由于载体材料硬度高、厚度尺寸小等特点,传统机械加工方法无法对其进行有效加工。电火花线切割类非接触式特种加工方法为该类材料的顺利加工提供了解决方案。电火花线切割加工技术是一种通过在工具电极与工件之间施加电压,利用两者之间的脉冲性火花放电能量来蚀除工件表面多余的金属,从而使工件得到所需的形状、尺寸精度、表面质量的技术。分析钼铜钨铜材料特性,针对性寻求相应的线切割方案,设计相关加工实验,探究整体工艺方案和工艺参数,加工出符合技术要求的产品。这种加工方式为后续开展钼铜钨铜载体更高效、更高精度的加工提供了宝贵的参考。

B_(4)C陶瓷电火花工艺温度场仿真及试验研究

B_(4)C陶瓷具有硬度高、密度低等特性,在军工装甲等领域应用前景广阔,但由于硬度高、脆性大,传统加工方法难以胜任孔、槽等加工。考虑半导电特性,拟采用电火花方法对其进行孔加工技术研究。利用ANSYS软件对电火花放电过程中的单脉冲温度场进行仿真建模,输出凹坑半径、深度及温度场数值,并引入锥角物理量进行仿真和试验比对。结果表明:凹坑半径、深度随峰值电流、脉冲宽度增加而增加,温度场特点满足高斯热源正态分布;随着峰值电流、脉冲宽度的增加,仿真锥角和试验锥角数值更贴合。

电火花成形加工技术的研究现状和发展趋势

从电火花加工基础理论、电火花加工工艺理论等方面分析总结了目前国内外电火花加工技术的研究现状,论述了电火花加工技术未来的发展趋势。

模具制造中的高速加工技术

分析了传统电加工工艺在模具制造中存在的主要问题 ,介绍了超高速加工技术的主要特点 ,论述了超高速加工用于模具制造的关键技术 ,列举了一些应用实例和使用效果 。

微细电火花加工系统及其工艺技术

开发了一套微细电火花加工系统,该系统不仅能加工微细轴、微细孔,还能实现微三维结构的微细电火花加工。研究了针对该系统的微细电火花加工工艺技术,研究了放电电压、放电电容等工艺参数,主轴转速,以及工作液介质对微细电火花加工效率、相对电极损耗率的影响规律。采用旋转削边电极技术大大提高了进行大深径比微细孔加工时的加工效率。进行了大量的加工实验,加工出了最小直径为6μm的微细轴以及最小直径为10μm的微细孔;通过对电极损耗的在线补偿策略研究,实现了微三维结构的加工,加工出了外径为4mm、具有24个叶片的微型涡轮盘及具有微三维结构的微细梁,充分证实了该系统的广泛适用性。

微细电火花加工脉冲电源及其脉冲控制技术

为了提高微细电火花加工效率,通过分析微细电火花加工特点,改进了主放电回路,设计了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的微细电火花加工脉冲电源.该电源集成了放电状态检测功能,能够判断每一个脉冲的放电状态,并及时切断有害脉冲.设计了应用于微细电火花加工的清扫脉冲回路,可在极间加载高能量窄脉宽的清扫脉冲,以清除积聚在极间的加工屑.利用该电源在桌面式微细电火花加工机床上进行了微细深孔加工实验和微细孔极限加工实验,取得了较好的加工效果.

超声振动辅助电火花微孔加工研究进展

超声振动辅助电火花(UVE)微孔加工作为一种特种复合加工技术,是提高难加工材料微孔加工性能的有效途径之一。在UVE微孔加工中,根据超声振动作用形式不同,可分为电极振动、工件振动和工作液振动3种微孔加工方式。电极振动的UVE微孔加工中,超声频率一般为20~40kHz,超声振幅为5μm左右,材料去除率可提高40%~60%,可加工深径比最大接近30的微孔。工件振动的UVE微孔加工中,超声频率大多小于30kHz,超声振幅小于10μm,材料去除率可提高40%左右,微孔锥度降低30%左右。工作液振动的UVE微孔加工中,超声频率一般大于40kHz,超声振幅大于5μm,材料去除率最大可提高33倍,孔壁粗糙度可达Ra0.2μm。对3种类型的UVE微孔加工的研究成果进行了总结与分析,探讨了3种类型的UVE微孔加工机理以及存在的问题,对比了3种振动类型的UVE微孔加工特点以及适用范围,并对UVE微孔加工发展趋势进行了展望。

分流法小孔电火花加工与试验

介绍了一种等面积分流小孔电火花加工方法,分析了等面积电极放电的电火花加工过程,研究了在等面积电极条件下,等面积单电极与分流多电极加工对加工速度、电极损耗、放电间隙的影响并进行了验证性试验。研究结果表明:小孔分流法加工与单电极加工相比,加工速度略有减小、放电间隙略有变小、电极损耗略有增加,加工效果具有一致性,而且分流法电火花加工有利于小孔电火花加工的尺寸控制。通过等面积分流法改变加工工艺,用电火花机床稳定加工参数进行了比机床稳定加工临界值尺寸还小的小孔加工,试验中采用单电极1mm×1mm(总面积为1mm2)的稳定加工指标,进行等面积分流为3个电极0.577mm×0.577mm(总面积为1mm2)的小孔加工,获得了稳定电火花加工的0.6mm×0.6mm小方孔,表明提出的方法是一种有效的小孔电火花加工方法。

粉末颗粒在混粉电火花加工中作用机理研究

混粉电火花加工在小脉冲能量下可稳定进行,良好的加工效果主要归因于工作液煤油中粉末颗粒.从粉末颗粒在放电间隙中引起的电场畸变入手,运用W agner模型,分析计算了粉末颗粒对放电间隙和工作液复合介电系数的影响,结果表明放电间隙和工作液的复合介电系数均有所增大,但放电间隙的增大程度更高,于是得出了混粉电火花加工放电过程稳定性提高的根本原因,即混粉电火花加工时的极间等效电容较常规电火花加工时大大减小,对加工过程的影响程度减弱.相关的实验结果与分析计算值相一致,证明了理论分析的正确性.

曲线孔电火花加工SMA机器人的研究

采用形状记忆合金 (SMA)功能材料 ,仿照蚯蚓等软体动物的蠕动与挠曲原理研制出了曲线孔仿生电火花加工机器人 ,采用该机器人可方便地加工出形状复杂的空间曲线孔。分析了该机器人的加工原理 ,研究了该机器人驱动部分的构成和蠕动原理 。

用正交试验分析电参数对小孔圆柱度的影响

为实现电火花加工小孔圆柱度误差的合理控制,通过工艺试验研究了放电参数与小孔圆柱度间的规律。提出了多截面直角坐标测量方法,用线切割对已加工小孔的工件进行轴向和径向切割,以产生反映小孔特征的母线基准和圆基准;然后,用万能工具显微镜对这两个基准上的特征点进行测量,最终实现小孔圆柱度的定量评定。在此基础上,采用正交试验研究了放电参数(开路电压、电流,脉宽,脉间,抬刀周期)对小孔圆柱度的影响。结果表明,脉宽对圆柱度的影响最为显著,开路电压次之,其余3个参数的影响较弱;实验获得了以圆柱度误差最小为评价目标的一组放电参数:开路电压110V,电流0.6A,脉宽150μs,脉间120μs,抬刀周期1+2s。验证实验得到了平均半径为0.30184mm的小孔,其圆柱度误差为0.021mm,说明用该方法控制电火花加工小孔的圆柱度是有效的。

电火花小孔加工速度的工艺试验研究

简述电火花小孔加工试验原理及系统构成,并分析了工件材料的热物理系数、平均功率及脉冲宽度等参数对电火花小孔加工速度的影响,为实际应用提供了重要参考。

钛合金小孔电火花加工有限元仿真研究

为有效地预测钛合金材料电火花小孔加工的体积去除率,利用有限元法建立了单脉冲电火花加工钛合金小孔的数学模型。模型考虑了诸多因素:高斯热源模型、能量分配率、随放电时间变化的放电半径以及熔融潜热。应用生死单元法模拟出去除体积形貌图,然后计算出单脉冲去除体积。采用K1C高速小孔机加工钛合金小孔,记录加工时间,利用称重法得出加工前后重量,从而算出单脉冲体积去除率。验证实验得出,实际加工单脉冲体积去除率和模拟结果的误差小于10%,结果表明,仿真模型可较准确地预测体积去除率,为指导电火花加工钛合金小孔提供了依据。

微细喷油孔电火花加工机床的研制

设计开发了一台高精度、高性能，具有自主知识产权的微细孔电火花喷孔加工机床。该机床采用卧式布局旋转主轴，主轴转速可调。采用基于压电陶瓷与步进电机结合的宏微伺服进给系统，能实现电极的微步距振动式进给。配有制作微细工具电极的反拷系统，能够在线获得所需的各种尺寸的工具电极。该机床能稳定加工各种柴油机喷嘴的喷孔，尤其适合加工孔径为0．05～0．20mm的喷孔，加工精度达0．001—0．005mm，加工效率达到20～50s／孔。