Proximate, Chemical and Functional Properties of Wheat, Soy and Moringa Leaf Composite Flours

The study presents the effect of utilizing wheat, soy and moringa leaf flour and quality analysis of the flour. The composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour, soy flour and moringa leaf flour. Four composite flour, compositions were formulated such as 100% wheat flour (control) designated as sample A. Sample B consisted of 75% wheat, 20% soybean and 5% moringa leaf. Sample C consisted of 70% wheat, 20% soybean and 10% moringa leaf. Sample D was 65% wheat, 20% soybean and 15% moringa leaf. Sample E was 60% wheat, 20% soybean and 20% moringa leaf, respectively. Proximate, chemical, and functional properties of wheat, soy and moringa leaf flours were studied in composite flour variation and preparations. The present study highlighted the nutrients enrichment of flour on incorporation of soy and moringa leaf. Relevant statistical tests were done to analyse the significance of means for all tested parameters. Composite flour composition with 20% soybean was identified to produce optimal nutrient, mineral quality and yield. The addition of soybean and moringa flour in baked products has been shown in this study to improve the nutrition and health benefits of the body. It also serves as a good cut on the cost of wheat importation in communities with supply challenges.

Nanoencapsulation of Antioxidant-Rich Fraction of Roasted <i>Moringa oleifera</i>L. Leaf Extract: Physico-Chemical Properties and <i>in Vitro</i>Release Mechanisms

Nanocapsules (NC) of antioxidant rich fraction of roasted Moringa leaves were prepared using emulsion coacervation technique with alginate (ALG) and/or chitosan (CTS) as biopolymers. NC were characterized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Substituting CTS with ALG in NC caused a reduction in particle size and PDI, and enhanced EE. Mean particle size dropped from 1209 nm in 1:3 to 413 nm in 3:1 ALG/CTS-NC;PDI decreased from 0.9% to 0.2% and zeta potential from -5.4 to -28.1 mV. The highest EE (87.6%) and LC (13%) were obtained with ALG-CTS-NC (3:1). ALG-NC were spherical while both CTS and ALG-CTS-NC were ovoid. ALG and ALG-CTS-NC were oil/water emulsions while CTS-NC formed water/oil emulsions. 60% and 70% of bioactives in ALG-CTS-NC (3:1) were released in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids respectively after 400 min. Release of antioxidants from NC is concentration-dependent (First order model) and involves simultaneously diffusion (Higuchi model), swelling (korsmeyer-Peppas model) and erosion (Hixson-Crowell model) mechanisms.

Effect of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Leaf Powder Supplementation on Some Quality Characteristics of Wheat Bread

The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on some physico-chemical and sensory properties of wheat bread was determined. Bread was prepared from varying proportions of 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96% and 95% wheat flour supplemented with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% Moringa oleifera leaf powder respectively. The bread samples were allowed to cool at ambient temperature (30℃± 1℃) and analysed for some physical properties, proximate composition, and sensory attributes. Moringa leaf powder addition significantly (p % to 3.28%), ash (1.10% to 1.65%), protein (9.07% to 13.97%), and ether extract (1.51% to 2.59%), while decreasing moisture content (35.20% to 27.65%). Moringa leaf powder supplementation also significantly (p cm3, 32.32 to 25.65 g, 7.00 to 5.83 cm and 4.70 to 2.65 cm3/g respectively, while the loaf weight increased from 169.20 to 185.86 g. There was a significant (p mg/100g and 0.02 to 3.27 mg/100g respectively, while Iron (Fe) and Cupper (Cu) contents decreased from 2.74 to 1.25 mg/100g and 2.26 to 0.03 mg/100g respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that although there was significant (p Moringa supplementation. This implies that despite the high nutrient content of Moringa oleifera powder, it is not a good substitute for wheat in bread production due to its physical characteristics and sensory attributes.

Nutritional Evaluation of Complementary Food Formulations from Maize, Soybean and Peanut Fortified with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Leaf Powder

Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from maize, soybean and peanut fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder was carried out. Maize, soybean and peanut were blended in a ratio of 60:30:10 to produce a complementary food, which was then fortified. While the unfortified food product (sample A) served as control, the other three formulations were fortified with 5%, 10% and 15% Moringa leaf powder to give three samples (B, C and D respectively) of fortified food. Nutritional composition determination and feeding trials were then carried out, using two weeks old male albino rats to determine the performance of the food formulations. While the crude protein, crude fibre, and ash contents of the diets increased significantly (p with fortification, with values ranging from 16.04% to 17.59%, 2.25% to 4.42% and 1.40% to 2.50% respectively, crude fat and carbohydrate decreased significantly (p < 0.05), with concomitant decrease in energy, with values ranging from 23.48% to 20.80%, 49.32% to 47.63% and 472.76% to 448.08 kcal/100g respectively in samples A to D. PER values significantly (p < 0.05) improved up to 10% substitution, from 1.77 in unfortified (sample A) to 1.90 in 10% fortified (sample C), but declined at 15% substitution (sample D) to 1.69. Similarly, NPR values increased from 0.71 to 0.76 and 0.68. However, all the PER values including that of Nestle Cerelac (2.04) were lower than, though within the same range, with the value of 2.10 recommended by the Protein Advisory Group (PAG) for complementary foods. Sample C (10% Moringa flour blend) gave the best performance after rat feeding trials.

Anti-angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in the early stages of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on angiogenesis and inflammatory process in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.Methods:Four weeks after a single injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin,rats were treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg/day Moringa oleifera leaf extract,1 mg/kg/day dapagliflozin,or a combination of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and dapagliflozin for further eight weeks.Renal function,kidney histology,and gene expression were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results:Renal function of diabetic rats was significantly impaired as evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen,albuminuria,24-h proteinuria,and high creatinine clearance which indicated glomerular hyperfiltration.In addition,diabetic rats showed an increase in gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A),angiopoietin-2(Ang2),the Ang2/Ang1 ratio,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1βand monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significant increase in the density of glycoprotein CD34.Moringa oleifera leaf extract markedly improved all renal dysfunction markers and modulated the upregulated expression of angiogenic factors and inflammatory genes.Conclusions:Moringa oleifera leaf extract could suppress abnormal angiogenesis and inflammatory processes possibly by downregulating gene expression of angiogenesis factors and proinflammatory cytokines.

Oral administration of Moringa oleifera leaf powder relieves oxidative stress,modulates mucosal immune response and cecal microbiota after exposure to heat stress in New Zealand White rabbits

Background:Heat stress(HS)disrupts the gut barrier allowing the uptake of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and leads to an inflammatory response and changes in gut microbiota composition.Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP)has been proposed to combat HS,yet its alleviate role is currently under investigation.The current study investigated the effects of chronic HS and MOLP supplementation on changes in redox status and immune response of cecal mucosa along with alteration in cecal microbiota.Methods:A total of 21 young New Zealand White(NZW)rabbits(male)about 32 weeks old(mean body weight of 3318±171 g)reared on a commercial pelleted diet were employed;divided into three groups(n=7):control(CON,25°C),heat stress(HS,35°C for 7 h daily),and HS supplemented orally with MOLP(HSM,35°C)at 200 mg/kg body weight per day for 4 weeks.Results:The results demonstrated that MOLP supplementation increased organ index of cecal tissue compared with the HS group(P>0.05).Levels of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)as well as lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)were reduced in the cecal mucosa of the HSM group compared with the HS group.MOLP downregulated the contents of cecal mucosa LPS,several inflammatory markers(TNF-α/IL-1α/IL-1β),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in the HSM group(P<0.05).Secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA)was increased in the HSM group compared with the HS group(P<0.05).The transcriptome of cecal mucosa showed that MOLP reduced gene expression relative to several immune factors,including IL-10,IFNG,and RLA,whereas both HS and MOLP increased the gene expression of fat digestion and absorption pathway,including APOA1,FABP1,FABP2,MTTP,andLOC100344166,compared to the CON group(P<0.001).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was increased by HS,while Actinobacteria was significantly increased by HSM compared to other groups(P<0.05).At genus level,Papillibacter was higher in abundance in HSM groups compared to CON and HS groups(P<0.05).Higher butyrate concentrations were observed in the HSM group than HS and CON groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:In conclusion,HS in growing rabbits resulted in alteration of cecal microbiota at phyla level as well as increased oxidative stress and expression of mucosal inflammatory genes.Whereas,oral MOLP supplementation elevated the relative weight of cecum,affected their immunological and cecal micro-ecosystem function by improving antioxidant status and down-regulating mucosal tissue inflammatory response.

Performance and Haematological Characteristics of Broiler Finisher Fed Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal Diets

To investigate the effects ofMoringa oleifera leaf meal （MOLM） on the performance and haematology of broiler finisher using 120 Cobb chicks of 4 weeks old broiler chicks. The birds were assigned randomly into four dietary treatments containing MOLM at 0, 6%, 8%, and 10% （treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4） inclusion levels, respectively, in a complete randomized design experiment. The effect of the dietary treatments on the growth performance and blood parameters of the broiler finisher was determined. MOLM at a rate of 6% （T2）, 8% （T3）, and 10% （T4） of the diets （as fed basis） to replace 3.2%, 5.6% and 8.6% of the crude protein （CP） of the control diet. The daily feed, dry matter and CP intake of the chicks fed MOLM diets were higher （p〈0.05） than those fed the control diet. Average weight gain （AWG） of birds fed MOLM diets reduced as inclusion levels increases 09〈0.05） than those fed the control diet. Chicks fed T2 showed higher （p〈0.05） AWG than those on T3 and T4. Feed conversion ratios （FCR, weight gain/g and feed intake） were higher for chicks fed MOLM. MOLM showed minimal deleterious effects in birds. However, birds fed T2 （6%） diets recorded significantly （p〈0.05） the highest body weight gain. There were significant differences （p〈0.05） among groups in packed cell volume （PVC） of birds. The haemoglobin （Hb）, mean corpuscular volume （MCV）, mean corpuscular haemoglobin （MCH） and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration （MCHC） counts showed no significant difference （p〉0.05） among treatments. The results indicated that at 10% in the diets of broiler finisher chick, MOLM could be substituted with expensive conventional protein sources without any deleterious effects on performance and blood parameters of broiler finisher chicken.

Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory events in BV-2 microglial cells by Moringa oleifera leaf extract

Objective: To determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract(MLE) under lipopolysaccharide stimulation of mouse murine microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Methods: The cytotoxicity effect of MLE was investigated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inflammatory response of BV-2 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide. The generation of nitric oxide levels was determined by using Griess assay and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) was evaluated by ELISA kit. The expression of iNOS, COX-2 as well as IκB-ααwas carried out by immunoblot analysis. Results: MLE reduced the nitric oxide production in concentration-dependent manner, and maintained the viability of BV-2 microglial cells which indicated absence of toxicity. In addition, MLE repressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B by arresting the deterioration of IκB-α, consequently resulted in suppression of cytokines expression such as COX-2 and iNOS. Conclusions: MLE inhibitory activities are associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B transcriptional activity in BV2 microglial cells. Thus MLE may offer a substantial treatment for neuroinflammatory diseases.

Effect of Pure Culture Fermentation on Biochemical Composition of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Lam Leaves Powders

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the age of the leaves and fermentation on in vitro protein digestibility and biochemical properties of leaves powder of Moringa oleifera. A 6 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two ages of the leaves (one and seven-month-old leaves), six times of fermentation and two fermentation temperatures was used for this purpose. One and seven-month-old fresh leaves were dried at 45 ℃ for 24 h, crushed to 1000 μm then fermented at 30℃ and 37℃ for 120 hours with Lactobacillus plantarum A6 at 108 CFU/g. Samples were withdrawn every 24 hours for physico-chemical analyses. Results showed that 7 month-old leaves were richer in iron, proteins, polyphenols and phytates than one month old leaves. The phytates content dropped from 66.92% and 61.95% in the seven and one month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 37℃, and from 54.15% and 67.95% in the seven and one month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 30℃. Protein content increased by 26.34% and 24.48% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively fermented at 37℃, and by 13.06% and 13.97% for the 1and 7month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 30℃. Iron availability increased from 35.97% to 40.57% and 20.74% to 30.98% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 37℃ and from 35.97% to 39.79% and 20.76% to 23.72% for the 1and 7-month-old leaves powders respectively, fermented at 30℃. There was a negative correlation between pH, total and reducing sugar contents, time as well as fermentation temperature, whereas there was a positive correlation between total protein content and pepsic digestibility of protein and fermentation time. From these results, fermentation of M. oleifera leaf powder by Lactobacillus plantarum A6 increases protein content, pepsic digestibility of protein and availability of iron and reduces the phytates content of these powders.

辣木叶水提物对大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及机制

研究辣木叶(Moringa oleifera Lam,LM)水提物对大鼠肝纤维化(Hepatic Fibrosis,HF)的改善作用和机制。60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(100 mg/kg),以及LM高、中、低剂量组(200、100、50 mg/kg),除空白组外,其余组大鼠通过腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺(Thiacetamide,TAA)建立HF模型,自第5周开始灌胃给药。给药结束后检测大鼠体重、肝脏指数、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、HF指标(血清Ⅲ型前胶原(procollagenⅢ,PCⅢ)、IV型胶原(IVcollagenIV-C)、层黏蛋白(laminin,LN)、透明质酸(hyaluronidase,HA)、肝脏羟脯胺酸(HYP)、Masson染色观察肝脏纤维组织病变、氧化应激指标(肝脏活性氧(reactiveoxygen,ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD),实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印记检测肝脏转运生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta1,TGF-β1)/Smads通路基因表达。结果表明,与空白组比较,HF模型组大鼠体重极显著降低(P<0.01),肝脏指数显著增加,血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度极显著增加(P<0.01);肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著增加,HF病变严重;肝脏ROS和MDA含量极显著增加(P<0.01),SOD活力极显著降低(P<0.01),表明模型组大鼠肝脏处于氧化应激和纤维化病变状态,肝脏功能受损。与模型组比较,LM各剂量组大鼠血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度不同程度的降低,肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝脏ROS和MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD活力显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM能够降低肝脏氧化应激水平,改善大鼠HF,保护肝脏功能。对TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达检测发现,模型组TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-SMA基因mRNA和蛋白表达较空白组显著增加;相较于模型组,LM高、中剂量组大鼠肝脏TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),LM低剂量组大鼠肝脏Smad3和α-SMA基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM可下调HF大鼠肝脏TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达。LM可能通过下调ROS-TGF-β1/Smads通路,改善TAA诱导的大鼠肝纤维化。

Exogenous application of bio-stimulants and growth retardants improve nutrient absorption and fiber quality in upland cotton

Background Natural and synthetic plant growth regulators are essential for plant health,likewise these regulators also play a role in increasing organic production productivity and improving quality and yield stability.In the present study,we have evaluated the effects of foliar applied plant growth regulators,i.e.,moringa leaf extract(MLE)and mepiquat chloride(MC)alone and in combination MC and MLE on the conventional cotton cultivar(CIM 573)and transgenic one(CIM 598).The growth regulators were applied at the start of bloom,45 and 90 days after blooming.Results The application of MC and MLE at 90 days after blooming significantly improved the relative growth rate,net assimilation rate,the number of bolls per plant,and seed cotton yield.Likewise,the combined application of MLE and MC at 90 days after blooming significantly boosted the nitrogen uptake in locules,as well as the phosphorus and potassium uptake in the leaves of both cotton cultivars.The application of MLE alone has considerably improved the nitrogen uptake in leaves,and phosphorus and potassium contents in locules of Bt and conventional cotton cultivars.Similarly,Bt cotton treated with MLE at 90 days after blooming produced significantly higher ginning out turn and oil contents.Treatment in combination(MLE+MC)at 90 days after blooming produced considerably higher micronaire value,fiber strength,and staple length in conventional cultivar.Conclusion The natural growth enhancer,MLE is a rich source of minerals and zeatin,improving the nutrient absorption and quality of cotton fiber in both conventional and Bt cotton cultivars.

不同微生物添加剂对辣木茎叶青贮感官评价、营养成分及发酵品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同微生物添加剂对辣木茎叶青贮感官评价、营养成分及发酵品质的影响。试验以辣木茎叶为底物,对照组中不添加微生物制剂,试验组分别添加植物乳杆菌(A组)、酵母菌(B组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(C组)、植物乳杆菌+酵母菌(D组)、酵母菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(E组)、植物乳杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(F组)、植物乳杆菌+酵母菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(G组),每组3个重复,青贮30 d,测定辣木茎叶青贮的感官、营养成分及发酵品质。结果显示:对照组辣木茎叶青贮感官评价分数最低,为12分,D组、E组、F组、G组辣木茎叶青贮得分为18~19分,等级为一级优良。与对照组比较,除A组外,其余微生物添加剂组辣木茎叶青贮的粗蛋白(CP)含量均显著升高(P<0.05),D组、E组、F组和G组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著降低(P<0.05),所有微生物添加剂组木质素(ADL)含量均显著降低,相对饲喂价值(RFV)显著升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,所有微生物添加剂组辣木茎叶青贮的pH值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且低于4.2,D组、E组、F组和G组青贮饲料的氨态氮(NH3-N)含量显著降低(P<0.05),所有微生物添加剂组辣木茎叶青贮的乳酸(LA)含量均显著升高(P<0.05);所有微生物制剂组辣木茎叶青贮中的植酸含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,辣木茎叶青贮过程中添加植物乳杆菌、酵母菌及枯草芽孢杆菌均可不同程度地改善感官评分、营养品质及发酵品质,且以植物乳杆菌+酵母菌+枯草芽孢杆菌组效果最好。

辣木叶多糖结构及其降血糖功效研究

以辣木叶多糖(MOP)为研究对象,通过H2O2-维生素C法制备4种低相对分子质量的辣木叶多糖(MOP-1、MOP-2、MOP-3和MOP-4),研究其降血糖能力,并从多糖结构上分析其活性差异原因。结果表明:MOP-4对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶有最强的抑制能力,而MOP对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最差。对MOP和MOP-4进行结构表征,发现MOP和MOP-4的官能团和糖苷键种类未发生变化,但糖苷键数量比例发生变化,造成差示扫描量热(DSC)有差异,且影响多糖颗粒大小及表面结构。MOP-4多糖颗粒更为细腻、含有更多的活性Galp-(1,3→糖残基),可作为具有降血糖功效的食品添加剂。

辣木叶、穿心莲、肿节风混合中药水煎剂防治大肠杆菌病疗效研究

为了测试辣木叶、穿心莲、肿节风混合中药水煎剂对大肠杆菌的抗炎效果,试验首先用枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵3种中草药水煎浓缩液,经0.22μm微孔滤膜过滤后收集过滤除菌的发酵液,制成中草药发酵液;通过接种2%大肠杆菌,测定3种中药发酵液的抑菌率。根据各中药发酵液的抑菌率达80%的作为最低浓度为组合配方浓度配制中草药组方,并测定中草药组方的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)作为小鼠试验剂量;用SPF昆明小鼠制备大肠杆菌腹泻模型,随机分成4组,即预防组、治疗组、阳性组、空白组。预防组小鼠提前3 d每天灌服最小抑菌浓度的中药方剂[药物含量318μg(/只·d)],预防组小鼠腹腔注射大肠杆菌1×10^(7)CFU/mL(0.1 mL/只)当天即停止灌药。治疗组在试验期每天灌服中药液组合配方剂量与预防组相同[药物含量318μg(/只·d)]。除空白对照组注射等量生理盐水外,其他各组腹腔注射大肠杆菌。试验期记录小鼠的腹泻、死亡和剖检情况,观察疗效。结果显示:阳性组的腹泻率为12%,预防组和治疗组腹泻率为0.04%。阳性组的死亡率为40%,预防组的死亡率为36%,治疗组的死亡率为28%。阳性组腹泻症状和死亡率显著高于预防组与治疗组。对比发现阳性组小鼠十二指肠病变情况较为严重,切片标本中可见肠绒毛残缺或萎缩、细胞排列错乱,因功能受影响,造成严重腹泻。72 h后,预防和治疗组小鼠症状开始好转,恢复程度较好。阳性组小鼠转归较慢。由此表明,中药组方对大肠杆菌所导致的小鼠腹泻、肠损伤和死亡率有防治效果。

辣木叶多糖对STZ诱导糖尿病小鼠的降糖效果及其机制

为探讨辣木叶多糖(Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide,MOLP)对糖尿病小鼠的降糖效果及其机制,通过建立链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)诱导糖尿病小鼠模型,将实验小鼠设为正常空白组、模型组、MOLP低剂量组(100 mg/kg·bw)、中剂量组(200 mg/kg·bw)、高剂量组(400 mg/kg·bw)和阳性药物组(盐酸二甲双胍200 mg/kg·bw),每组8只,灌胃28 d,测定空腹血糖、血清糖化蛋白、血清胰岛素、肝/肌糖原等生化指标,对肝脏和胰腺中糖代谢关键基因(肝X受体(Liver X Receptor,LXR)、胰腺十二指肠同源异形盒1(Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1,PDX-1)、葡萄糖激酶(Glucoskinase,GK)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)、葡萄糖6磷酸酶(Glucose-6-phosphatase,G6Pase)、葡萄糖转运载体2(Glucose transporter type 2,GLUT2)、胰岛素受体底物1/2(Insulin receptor 1/2,IRS1/2))进行测定,并对各组小鼠肝脏和胰腺组织进行HE染色,观察其组织形态。结果表明:MOLP降糖效果显著,且呈现一定的量效反应关系,MOLP高剂量组(400 mg/kg·bw)的血糖降低水平最为接近阳性药物组,其相关机制为表达显著上调的LXR和PDX-1通过调控其下游基因PEPCK、G6Pase、GK、GLUT2和IRS1/2 mRNA表达,从而改善糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱,使其损伤的肝脏组织和胰腺组织得到有效改善,血清胰岛素和肝糖原含量增加,最终达到降血糖作用。

辣木叶总黄酮的提取及其降血糖作用

采用乙醇回流法从辣木叶中提取黄酮类化合物,经AB-8型大孔吸附树脂柱纯化获得辣木叶总黄酮(TFM);以四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠为动物模型,以中成药消渴丸为对照,进行TFM的降血糖动物试验研究。结果表明TFM能明显降低糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖,同时能提高血清SOD活力,降低血清MDA含量,但TFM对正常小鼠的血糖水平无影响。

不同着生部位辣木叶营养成分差异分析

【目的】测定不同着生部位辣木叶的营养成分,掌握辣木叶营养成分含量变化规律,为辣木生产和加工提供参考。【方法】根据食品主要营养成分测定方法,测定分析辣木侧枝上不同着生部位叶片的蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、矿物质元素、维生素C和氨基酸含量。【结果】辣木叶含有人体所需的营养物质,其中,蛋白质含量在样品3(第六、七片叶)中的含量为38.82 g/100 g,与其他样品的差异极显著(P<0.01,下同);粗纤维含量在样品5(第十、十一片叶)中的含量为9.00g/100 g,与其他样品的差异极显著;脂肪在样品1(第二、三片叶)中的含量最低,为5.60 g/100 g,与样品2(第四、五片叶)和样品5的差异显著(P<0.05,下同);辣木叶中矿物质元素含量存在明显差异,其中钾和钙含量最丰富,含量为8400.00~24000.00μg/g,其他矿物质元素(镁、磷、锌、钠、锰、铁和铜)的含量为5.02~4000.00μg/g,随着叶位降低,镁、钠、锰、铁和铜含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,磷含量呈升高趋势,锌含量呈下降趋势;维生素C含量呈下降趋势,在样品1中含量最高;氨基酸总含量在样品3中含量最高(30.67 g/100 g),与其他样品的差异显著。【结论】不同着生部位对辣木叶各营养成分含量有一定影响。综合各营养成分含量差异,可采摘、利用不同部位叶片,开发成不同的辣木叶产品。

辣木叶粉对鹌鹑生产性能、免疫功能及血清抗氧化指标的影响

通过在鹌鹑日粮中添加不同剂量辣木叶粉,探究其对鹌鹑生产性能、免疫功能及血清抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明:添加2%、4%辣木叶粉能显著提高鹌鹑15、21、28日龄体质量(P<0.05),添加4%辣木叶粉能显著提高鹌鹑35日龄体质量(P<0.05);添加2%辣木叶粉能显著提高鹌鹑7～35日龄平均日增质量,显著降低料质量比(P<0.05);添加4%辣木叶粉能显著提高7～35日龄鹌鹑平均日增质量,显著降低料质量比(P<0.05);添加2%、4%、8%辣木叶粉能显著降低鹌鹑7～35日龄料质量比(P<0.05)。21日龄时,添加4%、8%辣木叶粉显著提高鹌鹑脾脏指数、血清总超氧化物歧化酶活力(P<0.05),显著降低血清丙二醛含量(P<0.05);添加8%辣木叶粉显著提高法氏囊指数、血清新城疫抗体水平和总抗氧化能力(P<0.05)。35日龄时,添加4%、8%辣木叶粉显著提高脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、血清新城疫抗体水平、白介素-2含量、γ-干扰素含量和总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛含量(P<0.05);添加8%辣木叶粉显著提高胸腺指数(P<0.05)。综合考虑,4%辣木叶粉为最佳添加剂量。

辣木叶总黄酮乙醇提取工艺的研究

对辣木叶中总黄酮的乙醇提取工艺进行了研究。探讨乙醇浓度、浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间、浸提次数对辣木叶中总黄酮提取效果的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:辣木叶中总黄酮类物质的最佳提取条件为70%的乙醇溶液作提取剂,提取温度60℃,料液比1:20,提取3次,每次1h,在此条件下,提取液中的总黄酮含量达到3.95%。

辣木叶对糖尿病大鼠认知功能及海马神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨辣木叶对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠认知功能障碍及海马神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选取健康SD雄性大鼠50只,随机选取10只作为对照组,40只大鼠给予腹腔注射25 mg/kg STZ构建糖尿病大鼠模型。40只大鼠随机分为模型组、辣木高、中、低剂量组,分别每日灌胃给药2.0 g/kg、4.0 g/kg、8.0 g/kg辣木叶,对照组和模型组每日灌胃给药等量生理盐水,1次/日,持续给药8周。Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠学习记忆能力;HE染色及免疫组化染色对大鼠海马神经元切片进行染色,观察各组大鼠海马神经元病理改变的情况及Bax、caspase-3及Bcl-2蛋白表达情况;酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测大鼠海马组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)。结果:与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血糖值明显提高(P<0.01),血胰岛素水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,辣木组血糖值显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),辣木中、高剂量组血胰岛素水平显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。不同剂量组辣木组间比较,给药后3组大鼠FBG及INS无统计学差异(P>0.05);Morris水迷宫实验的第4-5日,与模型组相比较,辣木各剂量组潜伏期均明显缩短(P<0.05);辣木不同剂量组目标象限停留时间明显延长(P<0.05)。炎症因子变化结果,与模型组相比较,辣木低、中、高剂量组TNF-α、IL-6含量及蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。HE染色及免疫组化染色结果显示,与模型组相比较,辣木中剂量组中阳性表达,呈棕黄色,细颗粒状。辣木叶中剂量组(53.21±7.19)能显著减少神经元细胞凋亡的数目(P<0.01);辣木组中剂量组大鼠海马组织中Bax、caspase-3的蛋白表达及Bax/Bcl-2比例显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:辣木叶能改善糖尿病大鼠认知功能障碍其作用机制可能与调节Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3的蛋白表达,降低炎症因子TNF-α及IL-6含量相关。