Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Phytochemical studies and anti-ulcerative colitis effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and Egyptian propolis methanol extracts in a rat model

Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents, and to explore potential protective effect of the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera(M. oleifera) seeds and Egyptian propolis, each alone or concurrently administered on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Methods: Eight groups of 5 rats each were used: normal control group with distilled water, model group, two groups with M. oleifera seeds(100 and 200 mg/kg), two groups with propolis(50 and 100 mg/kg), one group with concurrent administration of both, and one group with prednisolone(reference drug). Macro-and microscopic picture, ulcer index and lesion scores, oxidative markers, inflammatory mediators, in vitro activity of the inflammatory enzymes and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals scavenging activity were evaluated. The phytochemical constituents of both extracts were explored by GC-MS analysis. Results: Both treatments modulated the macro-and microscopic picture, decreased the ulcerative index, lesion score, oxidative markers and inflammatory mediators, and inhibited the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Propolis appeared to be powerful free radicals scavenger. A powerful synergistic effect of both treatments in modulating the course of the disease was reported. GCMS analysis of methanol extract of M. oleifera seeds and propolis revealed the presence of 50 and 34 compounds, respectively. Conclusions: M. oleifera seeds and propolis methanol extracts have modulated the course of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Moreover, both treatments induce a good synergistic effect against the disease. Isolation of the active constituents is recommended.

Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity potential effect of Moringa oleifera in the experimental model

Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the potent anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera Lam.(M. oleifera) ethanolic extract and to clarify the link between these mechanisms and the associated metabolic and vascular risks in the experimental model of visceral obesity.Methods: M. oleifera ethanolic extract was orally administered at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese female rats daily for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight was determined, and the atherogenic index, coronary artery index, glucose level, insulin resistance status, liver and kidney functions were assessed. Also, the m RNA of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in visceral adipose tissue was determined by quantitative real time-PCR.Results: The results showed that M. oleifera extract down-regulated m RNA expression of leptin and resistin, while it up-regulated adiponectin gene expression in obese rats relative to untreated obese control counterparts. This amelioration of genes expression was paralleled by a reduction in body weight and improvement of the atherogenic index and coronary artery index, as well as glucose level and insulin resistance value without adverse effects on liver or kidney functions, versus the untreated obese control ones.Conclusions: It is reasonable to assume that the anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and antidiabetic properties of M. oleifera are mechanistically achieved via working directly on the adipokines of the visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, M. oleifera may be a good therapeutic candidate for the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.

Current Development and Prospects of Selenium-enriched Moringa oleifera Industry in Guangxi

Due to its unique economic value,Moringa oleifera Lam. has become a tree species with great development potential. This paper firstly introduced the value of development and utilization of M. oleifera in nutrition,medicinal,industrial,greening,etc. Then,focusing on the current development status of M. oleifera industry in Guangxi and combining Guangxi's resource conditions,it came up with recommendations for the comprehensive development and rational utilization of M. oleifera. Besides,it made a prediction of the prospect of Se-enriched M.oleifera industry in Guangxi.

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract mitigates carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatic inflammation and apoptosis via targeting oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathway in mice

Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)is a hepatotoxin that triggers liver damage.This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of phytochemicals detected in Moringa oleifera Lam.leaf extract(MOLE)on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Phytochemicals,total phenolics,and total fl avonoids were detected in MOLE.MOLE markedly decreased the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in consistence with the ameliorating effect on CCl4-induced histopathological abnormalities.Moreover,MOLE significantly alleviated the decrease in the antioxidant defense mechanism induced by CCl4.The suppressing effect of MOLE on the boosted inflammatory pathway triggered by CCl4 was detected by measuring the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells(NF-κB-p65),toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β,and IL-8 as well as the relative expressions of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB),TNF-α,IL-1β,and TLR4 genes.Apoptosis and genotoxicity induced by CCl4 were signifi cantly alleviated by MOLE.MOLE co-administration modulated TLR4/NF-κB pathway as presented by the suppressed gene expression of TLR4 and NF-κB as well as by the reduced protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB-p65.In conclusion,MOLE has a multifarious protective role against hepatotoxicity through control of oxidative stress and modulation of TLR4/NF-κB.

Microbiological Quality of Surface Water Treated with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds or Cakes during the Storage: Case Study of Water Reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 Dams in Burkina Faso

Water purification with Moringa oleifera seeds has received a lot of attention because it reduces water turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is important to define the optimum conditions of storage to preserve the treated water quality. The study aims to investigate microbial quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds or cake coagulants in relation to the storage temperature and shelf life in order to define the optimum conditions of storage. A total of 45 water samples from 3 water reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 dams were collected in sterile glass bottles and treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seeds or defatted cakes coagulants. Treated water samples obtained at optimum conditions were stored at room temperature (25°C - 30°C) and at 4°C. Fecal bacteria pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus) and parasites were monitored every 24 hours during three (3) days based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, bacterial indicators increased significantly with storage temperature (p and shelf life (p . However, for all water samples, bacterial growth was more important in samples treated with Moringa oleifera cakes than seeds (p . For water samples treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and stored at room temperature, bacterial increase after 72 hours was 57 - 80, 42 - 50 and 22 - 47 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, E. coli and fecal streptococcus, respectively. With Moringa oleifera cake’s treatment, the increase was 63 - 104, 57 - 82 and 28 - 52 for the same indicators, respectively. Bacterial growth was also more important at room temperature than at 4°C. Thus, microbiological quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds was better than cakes whatever storage temperature and shelf life. Overall, water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds should be stored at low temperature and consumed within 24 hours.

Effectiveness of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Defatted Cake versus Seed in the Treatment of Unsafe Drinking Water: Case Study of Surface and Well Waters in Burkina Faso

Safe drinking water access for rural populations in developing countries remains a challenge for a sustainable development, particularly in rural and periurban areas of Burkina Faso. The study aims to investigate the purifying capacity of Moringa oleifera defatted cake as compared to Moringa oleifera seed in the treatment of surface and well waters used for populations alimentation. A total of 90 water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles from 3 dams’ water reservoirs, a river, and a large diameter well, respectively. The water samples were treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seed and defatted cake coagulants. At different settling time and coagulant concentration, turbidity and pH were measured to determine the optimal conditions and factors influencing treatment with regard to sampling source. Nine physicochemical parameters (turbidity, pH, nitrates, nitrites, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, organic matter and sulfates), three bacterial fecal pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal Coliforms and fecal Streptococcus) and parasite cysts were monitored based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, for the same concentration of coagulant, settling time providing the lowest turbidity was significantly shorter (p Moringa oleifera cake than seed. Optimum settling time with Moringa oleifera cake was between 15 - 60 min versus 60 - 120 min, with Moringa oleifera seed. Both treatments significantly reduced minerals concentration in water excepted sulfates for which the concentration reversely increased. However, only Moringa oleifera cake treatment reduced organic matter content in all the water samples, while it increased with Moringa oleifera seed one (p < 0.0001). The reduction of microbial pollution indicators was 92% - 100% with M. oleifera cake treatment and 84% - 100% with M. oleifera seed one. Overall, for all water samples, Moringa oleifera cake treatment appeared more efficient in improving drinking water quality than the M. oleifera seed treatment.

Biocoagulation of Direct Red-31 and Direct Yellow-12 Azo Dyes from Synthetic Wastew ater with Moringa Oleifera Seed Presscake

Batches experiments were carried out to study the removal potentials of Moringa oleifera seed presscake( MOSP),the residual solids of Moringa oleifera seed after oil extraction used as a natural coagulant for the removal of two direct azo dyes including Direct Red-31( DR-31) and Direct Yellow-12( DY-12). The results indicated that the MOSP contained active proteins which were active agents and efficient for the removal of the two dyes. Higher temperature and lower p H were favorable for dye removal. The removal rates of the two dyes increased with the increasing MOSP dosage. Inorganic salts improved the dye removal efficiencies by the salt-in effect that prompted the release of proteins from the MOSP particles. Suspended solid simulated by kaolin decreased the dye removal efficiencies because of the competition for active sites of the MOSP between the kaolin particles and the dye molecules. The most likely mechanism for the removal of the two dyes by using MOSP as coagulant was a combined effect of adsorption and neutralisation of charges and the nucleation of the MOSP particles. The results provide new insight into the MOSP utilization and development of new coagulant for dye removal.

Physio-Chemical Characteristics and Acid-Sulphate Reactions of Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder Cement Paste and Concrete

The evaluation of the effect of using moringa oleifera seed powder(MOSP)to partially replace cement by wt.%has been carried out.A mix parameter of 1:1.7:2.5,with designed strength of 20 kN-m^(2),and a cement content of 420 kg-m3,water-cementitious ratio of 0.5,to produce concrete specimens to which percentages of MOSP by wt.%of cement were added and cured for 90 days.Basic characteristics of the MOSP material were determined(Consistency and Setting times),and the concrete parameters workability,density,water absorption and compressive strength were also determined.The analysis of the experimental data collected on MOSP and MOSP-concrete confirmed that MOSP is substantially silicate(Quartz and Cristobalite).These have greatly to a large extent imparted on the quality of MOSP-concrete produced good quality concrete.The optimum replacement was at 0.2%wt.%of cement.

辣木叶的营养价值及其在家禽生产中的应用

辣木叶含有多种生物物质,其中含许多具有潜在药用功效的黄酮类、多酚类、苯丙素类、萜类、生物碱类、异硫氰酸酯类、有机酸等化合物,其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血脂等功效。辣木叶中还含有丰富的蛋白质和家禽所需的11种必需氨基酸,矿物元素和维生素也非常丰富,尤其是钙、铁、硒、维生素E、泛酸等。辣木叶作为家禽优良的饲料原料之一,替代部分蛋白质饲料,具有改善家禽生产性能,促进肠道健康、肉品质以及胫骨强度,以及改善蛋品质等作用。文章就辣木叶中的生物活性物质、营养成分以及在家禽生产中的应用进行综述,以期为辣木资源的饲料化和开发利用提供科学依据。

两种凝乳酶加工的非发酵型干酪品质特性比较分析

利用辣木籽凝乳酶加工非发酵型干酪,以商用小牛皱胃酶为对照,分别通过感官、营养成分、质构特性、色差、游离氨基酸和游离脂肪酸等指标进行比较分析。结果表明,两者所加工干酪在感官、色差ΔE值和水分含量上无显著差异(P>0.05),但辣木籽凝乳酶加工干酪蛋白质含量更高、脂肪含量更低(P<0.05);辣木籽凝乳酶加工干酪质构较软且回复力更好(P<0.05);辣木籽凝乳酶加工干酪在游离氨基酸和游离脂肪酸总含量上要低于小牛皱胃酶加工干酪(P<0.05),其中牛磺酸是辣木籽凝乳酶加工干酪中的特有成分,且主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)显示4种氨基酸(谷氨酸、赖氨酸、脯氨酸、亮氨酸)和5种脂肪酸(油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、银杏酸、肉豆蔻酸)是区分2种干酪的标志性风味物质。该研究为辣木籽凝乳酶在干酪加工中的应用提供了重要参考。

辣木籽粗多糖的分级提取及抗氧化活性

为了更好地开发与利用辣木籽,以辣木籽为原料,研究了不同体积分数乙醇(20%、40%、60%、80%)分级醇沉得到的辣木籽粗多糖(P_(20)、P_(40)、P_(60)、P_(80))的单糖组成差异以及抗氧化活性,并采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对纯化后的辣木籽多糖结构进行表征。结果表明:4种辣木籽粗多糖的主要成分均为鼠李糖(Rha)、半乳糖(Gal)和葡萄糖(Glc),其中粗多糖P_(80)中单糖总含量最高(84.09μg/mg);在4种辣木籽粗多糖中,P_(20)(1 mg/mL)对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除率均最高,分别为50.24%、34.54%,P40(1 mg/mL)对羟自由基清除率最高,为76.92%,P_(80)的总还原力最强;通过UV-Vis和FT-IR表征可知,不同体积分数乙醇能够对辣木籽粗多糖进行分级醇沉。综上,采用不同体积分数乙醇进行醇沉的辣木籽粗多糖有不同的抗氧化活性,需要根据具体应用有针对性地提取。

辣木籽醒酒肽的酶解制备工艺优化

旨在促进辣木籽醒酒肽的开发利用,以辣木籽蛋白粉为原料,蛋白水解度和辣木籽醒酒肽的乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)激活率为考察指标,采用单因素实验和响应面法优化辣木籽醒酒肽的制备工艺。结果表明,辣木籽醒酒肽制备的最佳酶解工艺条件为料液比1∶20、碱性蛋白酶添加量5.0%、酶解pH9.0、酶解温度63℃、酶解时间142min,在此条件下辣木籽蛋白水解度为12.23%,辣木籽醒酒肽的ADH激活率为22.16%。综上,以辣木籽为原料制备醒酒肽具有良好的发展前景。

辣木籽蛋白酶解物对小鼠肠道黏膜炎的改善作用

探讨辣木籽蛋白酶解物(Moringa oleifera Seed Protease Hydrolysate,MSPH)对小鼠肠道黏膜炎的改善作用。提取辣木籽蛋白并进行酶解,冷冻干燥得到MSPH;随机将雄性BALB/c小鼠分为空白对照(Con)组、模型(Mod)组和MSPH组(800 mg/kg·BW),每组6只,腹腔注射5-FU诱导小鼠肠道黏膜炎,MSPH灌胃干预。每天记录小鼠体质量;通过HE染色观察肠道组织形态学并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度;酶联免疫法测定小鼠血清(INF-γ、SIgA、ROS、G-CSF、ET、D-LA)和小肠组织(IL-1β、IL-6、MDA、MPO、TNF-α)含量变化;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测小肠组织ZO-1和Occludin m RNA表达量。与Mod组相比,MSPH组小鼠在实验后期体质量显著提高(P=0.001 1),脾脏和胸腺指数分别增加16.22%和34.69%,肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度增加25.88%,血清中INF-γ、ROS、G-CSF、ET、D-LA含量分别降低16.85%、17.50%、14.22%、8.28%、9.27%,SIgA含量升高23.07%,小肠组织中IL-1β、IL-6、MDA、MPO、TNF-α含量分别降低9.72%、11.23%、9.74%、7.29%、5.17%,肠道组织ZO-1和Occludin mRNA表达量增加121.64%和29.35%。因此,MSPH可以通过减轻炎症和氧化应激及降低肠道通透性改善5-FU诱导的小鼠肠道黏膜炎。

辣木籽水提物对5-氟尿嘧啶诱导小鼠空肠黏膜炎的调节作用

【目的】探究辣木籽水提物对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)诱导引起的小鼠空肠黏膜炎的改善作用。【方法】将50只SPF级雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组(腹腔注射5-FU 130 mg/kg)及辣木籽水提物低、中、高剂量组(分别灌胃辣木籽水提物50、100和200 mg/kg)。第1~14天,每日正常组和模型组灌胃蒸馏水,辣木籽组灌胃不同剂量的辣木籽水提物;第15~16天,每日正常组腹腔注射生理盐水,其余组均腹腔注射5-FU;第17~18天观察;第19天处死小鼠。每日记录小鼠摄食量、饮水量及体质量;采用HE染色并观察小鼠空肠组织形态学变化;采用免疫组化法检测空肠增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表达情况;采用Tunel法检测空肠细胞的凋亡情况;采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定空肠组织IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α炎症因子的含量变化。【结果】与模型组相比,辣木籽水提物高剂量组(200 mg/kg)可显著缓解小鼠体质量下降,极显著提高空肠绒毛高度、降低隐窝深度、增加绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值,提高空肠PCNA表达量,降低细胞凋亡程度,抑制IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的表达。【结论】辣木籽水提物可改善5-FU诱导引起的小鼠空肠黏膜炎,且呈剂量依赖性。

辣木籽多糖抑菌作用及对牛肉保鲜效果研究

为探究辣木籽多糖的抑菌作用及保鲜效果,以大肠杆菌O157∶H7作为模型微生物研究其抑菌作用和以冷鲜牛肉作为原材料研究其保鲜效果。结果表明:辣木籽多糖对大肠杆菌O157∶H7有较好的抑菌作用,其抑菌机制是通过破坏大肠杆菌O157∶H7细胞壁和细胞膜的结构,造成孔洞塌陷,使细胞的疏水性和通透性增大,使胞内物质(如DNA、电解质、酶类等)泄露从而导致其生长受阻导致死亡。辣木籽多糖对冷鲜牛肉具有一定的保鲜效果,其可以延缓牛肉的pH升高、抑制TVB-N和TBA的生成、有效抑制微生物的生长繁殖,保护牛肉的色泽以达到保鲜的目的。辣木籽多糖可以作为一种天然的抑菌剂及保鲜剂,应用于食品行业中。

Anti-inflammatory effects of Morninga oleifera lam extract in rats

Objective:To investigate the acute and delayed anti-inflammatory effects of Morning oleifera lam（MOL） crude methanolic extract.Methods:Compared the anti-inflammatory effects of MOL with that of standard anti-inflammatory agents like indomethacin and hydrocortisone using Air Pouch Model.Results:In both acute and delayed inflammation,the MOL extract produced dose dependent anti-inflammatory effect[acute IC50=（399.30±5.43） mg/kg;delayed IC50=（510.26±4.53） mg/kg].The order of anti-inflammatory potency for the three drugs was hydrocortisone】 indomethacin 】 MOL.Conclusions:These observations indicate that MOL possesses potential anti-inflammatory property.

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Moringa Seed Proteins for Recovery of Precious Metal Ions

Precious metals are highly demanded economic value metals that require to be recovered from industrial wastes and electronic used products (e-waste). They are such as gold (Au) as well as Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) for instance palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt). The study was conducted to test the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with Moringa oleifera seed proteins as adsorbent for recovery of Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) from aqueous solutions. Different functional groups responsible for adsorption, morphology, thermal stability, and surface charges of the nanoparticles were characterized with FTIR, SEM, TGA and Zeta potential respectively. Batch adsorption method was used, and precious metal ions percentage recovery was measured using ICP-OES. The effects of pH, initial adsorbate concentration, adsorption agitation time and adsorbent dosage were studied at room temperature of 25&#176;C. Au(III) yielded a maximal recovery of 99.8%, followed by Pt(IV) with 87.7%, then Pd(II) with 72.7% at a pH 2.5, 10 mg/L initial adsorbate concentration, 120 minutes agitation time and 0.065 g adsorbent dosage. These results suggested that modified iron oxide nanoparticles were effective in selective recovery of the precious metal ions.

储藏年限对辣木种子萌发、生理特征及净水效果的影响

为探明储藏年限对辣木种子萌发、生理指标及净水效果的影响,以自然储藏1年、2年、3年和4年的辣木种子为试验材料,测定种子发芽率,观察种子萌发情况,研究生理特征及净水效果的变化情况。结果表明,辣木种子发芽率随储藏年限的增加逐渐降低,MDA和可溶性蛋白含量随储藏年限的增加呈先升后降趋势,但储藏4年的种子MDA和可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度较大,POD活性和CAT活性均随着储藏年限的增加显著下降。相关性分析发现,发芽率与可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关,电导率与POD活性、CAT活性分别呈显著和极显著正相关,POD与CAT间显著正相关。研究发现,储藏年限对种子净水效果影响不大,建议在辣木栽培生产上,选择储藏1~2年的种子,保存时间长的种子可作为天然净水剂等被开发利用。