Redlining in Residential Mortgages in Johannesburg, South Africa

The aim of the research in the paper was to study redlining practice within the greater Johannesburg area. The aim can be summarised by the following objectives： firstly, to investigate the evidence of redlining in the Greater Johannesburg area and to test its existence; secondly, to investigate the reasons why the areas were redlined; thirdly, to understand what the South Africa government and society did to combat the redlining practice. The research methodology was based on a questionnaire and interviews. A pool of respondents from the Greater Johannesburg suburbs that had interest or were affected by the practice of redlining was sought and interviewed. Analysis of the responses was made and conclusions were drawn from the responses. Secondary data was also sought from publications on the redlining practice to support the primary interviews data. From the interview responses and the secondary data, it was established that redlining existed in Greater Johannesburg and that the areas where redlining was practised could be marked on a map.

The Pricing of Reverse Mortgages in the Chinese Market

Reverse mortgages(RM)are an attractive tool to increase retirement incomes and to face the needs of health care for elderly people.The investor in the RM market faces several risks:longevity risk,as retirees’life expectancy increases,interest rate risk,especially in the low-rate post-crisis period,property market risk,in the last stage of the current business cycle.In our pricing model we incorporate the overall risk of the RM,focusing on the feature of the developing Chinese market.

Survey of Framer Credit Demands in China with Tianjin as an Example

Giving farmers more rights and interests on land property is the basis of achieving balanced and coordinated economic development between urban and rural areas as well as building a sharing economy during the period of economic transition in China.Based on the survey data of suburban households of Tianjin,in this paper,measurement method was adopted to study factors influencing farmer s willingness on land management right mortgage.The results shows that the willingness of individual farmer on mortgage is not strong,however,their willingness on mortgage is bound to have a significant relationship with farmland right confirmation and land transfer and other factors.Finally,it is concluded that it is necessary to promote land transfer on the basis of land right of confirmation while carrying out farmland mortgage under the premise of large-scale operation in China.

Mortgages Come to Shenzhen

The Shenzhen Branch of the People’sConstruction Bank of China has adoptedHongKong’s mortgage banking system asa way to privatize housing.Shenzhen,which was the country’s first special eco-nomic zone,is accepting applications forloans up to 70 per cent of the value of thehouse being purchased.The mortgage loansystem is also expected to be adopted

“房奴”英译的文化解读

近年来流行的词"房奴"常常被误译为"mortgage slave"。本文论述了对"房奴"的内涵与外延误读的原因,指出了目前英译存在的问题,并提出了解决的方法和相应的翻译原则。

mortgage和hypothecate二法律术语的汉译

mortgage和hypothecate是民法中两个有着很大区别的概念 ,然而 ,我国的一些英汉词典及法律词典似乎将其等同化了 ,结果导致汉译不准确 ,出现法律翻译中“专门术语不一致”现象。本文旨在分析这两个词的内涵 ,探讨其中文译法 。

关于美国次级房贷危机及其对中国经济的影响

美国次级抵押贷款危机，严重冲击了美国、欧洲、日本资本市场并波及中国，美欧政府及其央行果断迅速地加以干预、援助。本文论述了美国次级房贷危机的成因和影响，并论证了中关两国房地产市场是截然不同的，指出中国根本不可能发生类似危机，美国这场危机对中国大陆深圳上海证券市场的冲击将是全世界各国中最小的，并且总结了美国次级房贷危机对中国经济、资本市场发展的教训与启示。

美国抵押贷款证券化市场结构及对我国的启示

美国是世界上最早开展住房抵押贷款证券化的国家。完善的监管体系和发达的债券市场为其住房抵押贷款证券化市场的发展提供了良好的基础。通过对美国住房抵押贷款证券化的市场主体分析,以期对我国住房抵押贷款证券化的组建及房地产业的有序发展提供一些有益的启示。

语用综观论视域下网络新词的翻译策略

随着互联网技术的不断发展,网络新词①频频出现在人们的日常生活中。盘点2015年,网络新词有很多,例如“城会玩”“主要看气质”“然并卵”“吃土”“Duang”“小公举”等等。这些网络新词在日常生活中不知不觉受到人们的广泛关注,也出现了许多版本的翻译结果。在此背景下,本文借助语用综观论,对网络新词翻译策略展开论述,以提高网络新词译文的得体性与准确性,达到跨文化交际的应用目的和要求。

功能对等理论在法律术语翻译中的适用

在借鉴和移植西方国家法律制度的过程中,法律术语的误译给法学研究者带来了很大的障碍,甚至误入歧途。法律术语翻译的最大难题在于如何实现语言学和法律上的双重对等。本文从个案研究出发,尝试以奈达的功能对等理论来指导法律术语的翻译,并提出了自己关于法律术语翻译的一些见解。

Roles of Financial Innovation and Information Technology:Lessons from US Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis and Its Implications for China

The mortgage loan has evolved from a local lending instrument into a major global security and its role is unparallel to other financial instruments in the process of financial globalization. This paper explains how technology and financial innovation transformed the mortgage loan from a local security into a premier global security traded worldwide. It examines the fundamental flaws of this process and why it does not work in regards to mortgage lending and the re-securitization products that were created through financial innovation. The findings show that regulation was unable to keep pace with financial innovation, which created an environment where actors in the financial service sector were able to behave geographically irresponsibly by using information asymmetries to their advantage by par- ticipating in moral hazard activities and engaging in other immoral and unethical business practices that were centered around localized geography, which ultimately contributed to the global financial crisis. It also examines the roll of financial innovation in regard to the Lehman Brothers Mini-Bond in Hung and its role as a driving force behind China＇s newly emerging shadow banking sector. It concludes with a policy recommendation and its implication for China＇s continued economic development.

Obstacles to the Mortgage Financing of Forest Rights and its Countermeasures

Current status of the mortgage financing of forest rights is introduced.Significance of the development of mortgage financing of rural forest rights is analyzed,indicating that the mortgage financing of rural forest rights is an inevitable trend of rural reform development,Mortgage financing of forest rights in rural China is an effective vector for the farmers' income increase project with financial support,explores the great potential of forest resources,promotes the coordinated development of forestry and financial services.Major obstacles for the mortgage financing of forest rights at present is pointed out,which are the high assessment fees,the complex mortgage valuation,the unsound element market of forestry,and the lack of risk protection mechanism.Countermeasures for the development of mortgage financing of forest rights is out forward.For instance,both government and Forestry Bureau should strengthen the circulation services,establish smooth evaluation mechanism,establish companies for rural assets platform,increase the interest subsidies for forest right mortgage and the risk compensation,strengthen the team construction and improve the service system.

A Review of Rural Policy-favored Petty Loan Forest Property Certificate Mortgage

Studying petty loan forestry property mortgage mode has significant practical meaning in fund-raising and income-increasing in the forest- agriculture industry,restructuring and expanding the industry as well as setting up scientific industrial public policies. On the basis of literature analysis and field research data,this paper will classify and analyze research papers studying in forestry,property mortgage,and therefore draws conclusions on relevant concepts of petty loan forestry property mortgage,economics and property rights theory as well. At present,the studies of petty loan forestry property mortgage are more practical that are lack of an overall theoretical framework. Considering China's real situation of petty loan forestry property mortgage mode,we have investigated some foreign cases in operating forestry property mortgage systemically and some challenges and difficulties confronted by stakeholders in real cases. Therefore,we put forward that in the current period the fund-raising in forestry industry should focus on establishing and improving an overall rural petty loan forestry property mortgage mode.

A Probe into the Mortgage Rates of Land Contract Management Rights Based on Unified Annual Output Value

The mortgage of land contract management rights has launched a pilot project in Ningxia,Hubei,Henan,Guizhou,Chongqing and other provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,which provides a good solution to the problem of funds for rural development and plays a huge role in promoting local rural economic development.In the mortgage financing of land contract management rights implemented in various regions,how to determine a scientific,accurate and reasonable mortgage rate of land contract management rights becomes a difficulty troubling the mortgage financing of land.On the basis of unified annual output value of land,this article uses survey method,income capitalization method,and comparison method to analyze the value of land contract management rights,and finally determine the mortgage rates of land contract management rights.

Developing Situation and Countermeasures of Mortgage Financing of “Three Rights” in China's Rural Areas

By adopting archival analysis method and investigation method,this paper expounds the relationship between "three rights" mortgage and farmers' financing in rural areas,and conducts analysis on behavior choosing of "three rights" mortgage financing in rural areas.The results show that the farmers has strong need for financing,but the satisfaction level of need is not high;the farmers have many irregular channels of financing and there is a ubiquitous phenomenon of loan being rejected without mortgage;agricultural modernization,industrialization and scaling-up management have strong need for capital.The main problems yet to be solved in the process of carrying out "three rights" mortgage loan are expounded and corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:first,we should solve the problems of mortgage registration as quickly as possible,which is the prerequisite of implementing "three rights" mortgage loan;second,we should establish smooth evaluation mechanism,which is important condition for promoting "three rights" mortgage loan;we should solve the difficulties in confirmation of farmers' house as quickly as possible,which is indispensable element of expanding mortgage loan of farmers' house;we should effectively solve the problem of turning an asset into cash and assets disposal,which is the key to expanding "three rights" mortgage financing;we should establish sound forestry factor market,which is the main part of promoting healthy development of forestry right mortgage loan;we should formulate management methods of financing risk compensation fund of rural property rights and adopt rational measures to reduce taxation,which is the main approach to quicken offering of "three rights" mortgage loan.

Fair Valuation Issues and the Subprime Mortgage Debacle： Could Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Underlying the Historical Cost Method Have Prevented the Crisis？

There are three primary methodologies employed to determine real estate value in the appraisal industry： the cost approach, the sales approach and the income approach. The definition of market value is defined as： ＂a type of value, stated as an opinion that includes a set of assumptions concerning the market＂. Unfortunately, untrained and unlicensed appraisers provided opinions using primarily the sales approach or market data approach and virtually ignored the other two methodologies. The ensuing game of ＂Can You Top This＂ resulted in creating an out-of-control real estate market driven by unregulated fiduciaries as appraisers.

无性别的they

在语言使用方面,两百年来,不管传统语法家们在语言课的内容中的效果如何,他们的影响几乎是微不足道的,至少在英国是这样。莎士比亚认为把介词用在句末没有什么错,我的老师也大声郎诵哈姆雷特的独白中的名句“继承于那个亲人……”(that flesh is heir to)。但是,我在学校用介词时都必须在其后跟个名词。从莎士比亚时代以来,各行各业的人们都把某些介词用在句末,而且今天还在这样用,可见这是传统语法家们错了。与此相似,弗莱斯(Fries) (1940)曾指出:三个世纪以来。

Legal Research on Rural Land Management Right Financing under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Financing difficulties have always been one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of"three rural".The core to solve the difficulties is to seek financing collaterals that in line with the law and with the value able to be effectively evaluated.Besides,the law confirmation of the mortgage financing's form for Rural Land ManagementRight(RLMR)is the primary prerequisite for rural land financing.With the continuous advancement of rural revitalization strategy,the rural land reform with the main content of"three powers separation"has paid more attention to the functions of RLMR financing.Due to the lack of supply of existing laws,there are still certain legal risks in the financing of RLMR.Based on rural revitalization strategy,this paper made an in-depth analysis of the causes of financing risk of RLMR.Furthermore,we put forward some possible paths to legalize this right.

Analysis of Risks in the Individual Housing Mortgage Loan with Game Theory

Through using game theory,a game model of lendingand borrowing money between banks and individuals isestablished to explain how the risks come into being and are transferred in the dynamic point of view.Some sug-gestions about how to avoid the risks are proposed.

Rural Financial Innovation in China Viewed from Subprime Mortgage Crisis

The root causes of subprime crisis are analyzed based on the introduction of the definition and features of subprime mortgage loans:firstly,a loose financial supervision and regulation environment leads to weak risk awareness;secondly,the highly complex financial products enlarge the risk. Taking into account that our rural finance is characterized by vast territory,scattered distribution of population,small economic scale and insufficient mortgage,it is pointed out that rural finance has different development rules and patterns from urban finance. On the basis of introducing that there is an insufficient amount of formal finance in our rural finance and our informal finance is under a long-term suppression,the great significance of financial innovation to rural finance is discussed:firstly,it effectively increases financial supply;secondly,it gradually regulates and develops the informal finance. The enlightenment of subprime crisis to our rural financial innovation is explored:firstly,financial innovation is the driving force of rural financial development;secondly,to strengthen risk awareness is a prerequisite for financial innovation;thirdly,a flexible and effective supervision and regulation system is an effective approach to preventing financial risks.