Analysis of Active Components of Hexane Extractives of Morus alba Leaves

[Objective]The aim was to explore the active compound of Morus alba leaves with the analysis of active components of hexane extractives of M.alba leaves.[Method]Antibacterial assays of hexane extractives of M.alba leaves were done and the volatile components of hexane extractives of M.alba leaves with the strongest antibacterial activity were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）.[Result]The results of inhibitory effect of hexane extractives of M.alba leaves on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that hexane extractives of M.alba leaves collected in June,July and August had antibacterial activity against S.aureus and had no antibacterial effect against E.coli.Furthermore,hexane extractives of M.alba leaves collected in June had the strongest antibacterial activity against S.aureus（inhibition diameter 10.95 mm）.The hexane extractives of M.alba leaves collected in June was analyzed by GC-MS,the main volatile components were tetradecane（16.76%）,dodecane（13.20%）,diisobutyl phthalate（10.26%）,decane（9.10%）,hexadecane（8.71%）,linolenyl alcohol（7.25%）,octadecane（5.88%）,eicosane（3.26%）,dibutyl phthalate（2.59%）.[Conclusion]Linolenyl alcohol was the potential antibacterial compound.

当年生桑树(Morus alba L.)果枝叶片特征与果实性状的相关性

为揭示叶果间的内在作用规律,以桑树(Morus alba L.)当年生果枝为研究对象,分析不同大小果枝上叶片特征和果实性状的差异及其二者间的相互关系。结果表明:随着果枝由小到大,果枝上的叶片数与总叶干重显著增加,而叶形指数却无显著变化;桑葚数与总桑葚干重也有显著增加,桑葚含水量无显著变化。桑葚数与叶片数、总叶干重、总叶面积及其平均桑葚干重显著正相关。研究结果证实了果实的性状与叶片特征之间存在极密切关系。当年生果枝上的桑葚数量多少取决于果枝上的叶片总数,平均桑葚的干重则与果枝上的平均叶面积显著相关。

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m-2和2422.4 mg·100 m-2,且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg-1和103.2 mg·kg-1降低至1790.0 mg·kg-1和85.94 mg·kg-1,同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P<0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg-1.因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P<0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside with antioxidation activity from the root bark of Morus alba L.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside（1） was isolated from the root bark ofMorus alba L.,along with moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）,and moracin M-6,3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）.Compound 1 was identified as 2-methylene-3-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.In addition,the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） and 2,2′-azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS） assay.The IC_（50） values were 2.49 and 0.45 mg/mL,respectively.

A new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative from Morus alba L.

2-[3,5-Di-O-β-D-glucosyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]benzofuran-6-ol,a new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative was isolated from Morus alba L.Its structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including MS,~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR,DEPT,~1H-~1HCOSY,HMQC and HMBC.

Research and Prospect of Mulberry (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry(Morus alba L.)is not only rich in nutrients,but also has medicinal value.As a drug and food,it is widely planted all over the country,with considerable yield and economic value.In recent years,it has attracted many scholars and been widely reported,and in-depth research has already been conducted.Through reviewing the literatures on mulberry,this paper summarized the chemical composition,pharmacological effects and quality evaluation of mulberry,providing some reference for the further development and utilization of mulberry.

Evaluation of the Liver Cancer Prevention of Anthocyanin Extracts from Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>L.) Variety PR-01

This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of anthocyanins extracts (MAEs) from mulberry variety PR-01 against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It was found that 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs treatment significantly reduced the NDEA-induced hepatic nodules incidence and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence by 58.30% and 41.70% compared to the model group. Meanwhile, MAEs significantly restored the elevated the liver function enzymes, inhibited the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels, elevated the serum interleukin-10 and interferon-γ and increased hepatic glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 enzyme activity. Moreover, 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs supplement enhanced glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities but reduced the malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content by 37.90% and 44.52%. Furthermore, MAEs pretreatment maintained nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase1 stimulation and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), indicating that MAEs exhibit effectively prevention effects against liver cancer via decreased lipid peroxidation, induced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and attenuating the inflammatory mediators COX-2 through NF-κB pathway. Thus, MAEs of mulberry variety PR-01 may be used as a good functional dietary supplement against liver cancer.

Correlation between Different Morus alba L. Leaf Nodes and the Change in Leaf Size or Mass

This paper aimed to explore the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change and provide a theoretical basis for the development of scientific Morus alba L. cultivation technology. During 2016-2017,the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change was investigated and researched. Results showed that through the correlation coefficient analysis,there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as( leaf length ÷ leaf width) and petiole length,there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass,and there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and the other indicators; there was a highly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width) and( leaf length × leaf width),there was a significantly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass,and there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in thickness. In terms of significant level of difference,it was found that there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf nodes on the Morus alba L. shoots and some indicators such as leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass; there was an extremely significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass; there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and the other indicators. The regression analysis was performed on the leaf node and leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),( leaf length ÷ leaf width),petiole length,petiole diameter in width,petiole diameter in thickness,petiole mass and leaf mass. Significance F values were0. 4864,0. 1995,0. 2888,0. 3004,0. 2350,0. 2407,0. 8925,0. 5227,0. 7022 and 0. 2000,respectively,that is,there was an extremely significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and petiole diameter in width,there was a significant difference between Morus alba L.leaf node and petiole mass,and there was no significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and the other indicators. The comparative analysis of quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation was performed on some indicators such as leaf length,and it was found that the R value between the leaf node and petiole diameter in width was in line with the logarithmic curve regression equation,and the other R values of quadratic curve regression equation was larger than the other R values of linear regression equation,indicating that different Morus alba L. leaf nodes,leaf length,leaf mass and other indicators were in line with the quadratic curve regression equation. It was concluded that by investigating the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots and regression equation,we could predict the leaf size,leaf mass and other indicators,and we could take the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots as a main factor affecting the Morus alba L. leaf size and mass.

Selection and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different origins for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia and Morus alba L.leaves

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria（LAB） strains from different origins and to select the best strains for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia（RB） and Morus alba L.（MB）leaves. The LAB strains were inoculated into the extracted liquid obtained from RB and MB leaves to evaluate the fermentation products. 11 LAB strains were selected for further experiments based on the highest products of lactic or acetic acid, including 1 strain of Weissella confusa, 2 of Lactobacillus reuteri and 8 of Lactobacillus plantarum.The API 50 CH fermentation experiment indicated that all of the selected 11 LAB strains utilised most of the carbohydrates. All the strains grew at temperatures between 10 and 45℃ and at a p H of 3.5 to 4.5; however, L. reuteri F7 and F8 tolerated a p H as low as 3.0. All 11 LAB strains showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coil, Salmonella sp. and Acetobacter pasteurianus; however, after excluding the effect of organic acids, only F7 and F8 still exhibited antibacterial activity. The present study indicated that the selected 11 LAB strains could be used to prepare silages of RB and MB leaves, especially L. reuteri F7 and F8.

Characteristics of <i>Morus alba</i>L. Cultured by In-Room Hydroponics

Morus alba L., (cv Ichinose) was cultivated by in-room hydroponics. The flavor and texture of leaves were markedly improved enough to be edible. When the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polyphenols were measured in the hydroponic cultivar, DNJ increased in the leaf compared to the field grown M. alba. However, polyphenols, in contrast, decreased compared to the field cultivar. HPLC profiling revealed marked difference in leaf components between hydroponic and field cultivars indicating relative contents of lipophilic polyphenols were increased. The polyphenols contents, especially, lipophilic polyphenols in the root were remarkably high compared to So-Haku-Hi (Sang Bai Pi in Chinese). The anti-obesity effect of the hydroponically grown Morus was further studied in rats by feeding high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with and without supplementation of dried leaf and root powders for 15 weeks. As the result, both the leaf and root from the hydroponic cultivar showed potential anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic functions through amelioration of insulin resistance. Differential effects of leaf and root powders indicated that besides DNJ, the lipophilic polyphenols may play a crucial role in the anti-diabetic function of hydroponically grown Morus alba L. The hydroponics will provide an alternate way to cultivate a novel resource of Morus for developing functional foods and medicines.

IAA处理对桑树嫩枝扦插生根形态、内源激素及酶活性的影响

为探讨内源激素和抗氧化酶活性对‘强桑1号’不定根形成的影响及其机制,以4种不同质量浓度(200、500、800、1000 mg/L)吲哚乙酸(IAA)浸泡1a生桑树品种‘强桑1号’插穗30 min,以清水为对照(CK).扦插后每隔10 d收集一次插条样品,共收集5次,每次每个处理取插穗5根,每个处理3次重复.采用酶联免疫法对5种内源激素IAA、ABA、ZR、GA_(3)、JA和3种氧化酶POD、PPO、IAAO进行测定.结果显示,随外源IAA处理浓度增加,内源IAA、ZR与IAA/ABA比值呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,ABA、GA_(3)、JA与IAA/ZR呈先上升后下降的趋势,抗氧化酶(POD、PPO与IAAO)的活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.1000 mg/LIAA处理30 min对桑树内源激素和氧化酶影响最大,外源激素IAA的施用增加内源激素IAA、ABA、ZR、JA与氧化酶POD、PPO的合成,同时促进GA_(3)与IAAO的分解代谢.研究结果为‘强桑1号’规模化扦插育苗提供理论技术支撑.

桑叶黄酮的提取及抗氧化研究

考察提取溶剂、提取温度、提取时间、固液比等单因素对桑叶黄酮提取效果的影响,采用正交试验确定最适提取条件,用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂作为层析柱填充料,对桑叶黄酮的提取物进行纯化,并探讨所得黄酮类化合物的抗氧化活性,对不同季节桑叶黄酮含量及抗氧化性进行了比较研究。结果表明:桑叶中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取溶剂是70%乙醇,在固液比1:50、提取时间1.5 h、提取温度80℃的条件下,黄酮得率达3.50%;不同季节桑叶中,春季桑叶的黄酮含量最高,夏季桑叶次之,秋季桑叶黄酮的含量最低,且春季桑叶黄酮抗油脂氧化能力最强,夏、秋桑叶黄酮依次减弱;秋季桑叶黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除率最高,夏、春桑叶黄酮依次减弱,秋、春季之间呈显著性差异。

中碱钠盐胁迫对桑树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以桑树(Morus alba L.)为研究材料,在相同Na+浓度下,研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的响应特性。结果表明,100 mmol/L NaCl对桑树幼苗的生长和光合影响较小,桑树幼苗可以通过增加根冠比和叶片非光化学淬灭(NPQ)来适应盐胁迫。但是,50 mmol/L Na+浓度下,Na2CO3胁迫对桑树幼苗植株的生长和根系生长的抑制效果明显大于NaCl的。同时,Na2CO3胁迫降低了桑树幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量和桑树幼苗叶片对光能的利用能力,光饱和时的最大光合速率(Pmax)降低,并且桑树幼苗叶片吸收的光能不能完全用于电子传递,而NPQ等光合热耗散能力受抑制,导致过剩光能的大量积累。因此,在相同Na+浓度下,碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫对桑树幼苗的伤害比中性盐(NaCl)胁迫的严重,Na2CO3胁迫不但抑制了桑树幼苗根系的生长,而且降低了叶片的光合热耗散能力。

桑椹籽与籽油的营养成份及理化特性的研究

分析了桑椹籽和籽油的化学成份。桑籽含３０．７％的油，２９．４％的粗蛋白，２５．３％的膳食纤维，７．１％的碳水化合物。桑籽中黄酮含量３３．３ｍｇ／１００ｇ。还分析了桑籽的氨基酸成份和微量元素组成。籽油中含亚油酸７９．４％，维生素Ｅ８１７μｇ／ｇ，β－胡罗卜素１．７８μｇ／ｇ，硒０．０３μｇ／ｇ。桑籽油的物化指标为：皂化值２０１．８，不皂化物６．４５％，折光指数１．４８１２（２０℃）。

桑叶多糖的含量测定

用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定了桑叶中多糖的含量。测定波长620nm,多糖换算因子f=3.07;在10～60μg/ml范围内吸收度与被测物含量呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999005;多糖的平均回收率为98.81%,RSD为2.08%(n=5)。测定结果表明,10月份桑叶中多糖含量最高。本法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为桑叶中多糖的含量测定方法。

桑叶干燥过程中黄酮类和生物碱类成分动态变化分析

目的：通过评价不同干燥方法、不同烘干温度对桑叶中黄酮类、生物碱类化合物含量的影响,揭示干燥过程中桑叶中黄酮类及生物碱类化合物的动态变化,为桑叶药材品质评价提供参考与技术支撑。方法：以不同干燥方法、程序升温烘干法、恒温烘干法对桑叶样品进行处理,采用HPLC-PDA联用技术分析桑叶中的黄酮类化合物;采用LC-TQ/MS技术分析评价桑叶中的生物碱类化合物。结果：不同烘干方法桑叶中黄酮类和生物碱类化合物的含量具有明显差异,黄酮类化合物由高到低的烘干方法依次为：冷冻干燥〉阴干〉烘干〉晒干〉微波干燥〉红外干燥;生物碱类化合物由高到低的烘干方法依次为：冷冻干燥〉阴干〉烘干〉晒干〉红外干燥〉微波干燥。随着烘干温度的升高,桑叶中黄酮类化合物的含量先升高后降低,以75~85℃烘干桑叶中黄酮类化合物含量为最高,55~65℃烘干为最低;DNJ含量以85~95℃烘干为最高,55~65℃烘干为最低;荞麦碱含量以95~105℃烘干为最高,45℃烘干为最低。不同含水量的桑叶中黄酮类和生物碱类化合物含量有差异,含水量30%~50%时,黄酮类化合物含量较低;含水量10%时黄酮类化合物含量为最高。两种生物碱类化合物含量随含水量不同表现出不同的变化趋势,DNJ和Fagomine的含量随样品含水量的减少逐渐升高,且55~65℃烘干样品明显高于95~105℃。结论：该研究结果为桑叶适宜的干燥方法和条件提供了参考和依据,为揭示干燥过程中桑叶中资源性化学成分的转化以及药材品质的形成奠定了一定基础。

柱前衍生化高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定桑叶中的1-脱氧野尻霉素

建立了芴甲氧酰氯(FMOCCl)柱前荧光衍生高效液相色谱法测定桑叶中1脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)的方法。桑叶经0.05mol/L盐酸提取,在pH8.5的硼酸盐缓冲溶液条件下,DNJ反应生成荧光产物,然后用高效液相色谱荧光检测器测定。流动相为乙腈-0.1%醋酸(55∶45,V/V)。线性范围为0.567～34mg/L(相关系数r=0.9999);检出限为0.03mg/L。实验测得桑叶中DNJ含量为0.24%;平均回收率为97.1%,RSD为1.35%(n=6)。

桑树生态系统服务功能研究进展

桑树(Morus alba L.)是非常重要的经济栽培林木之一。近年来,随着人们对生态环境日益恶化的重视,桑树以其对恶劣自然环境的超强适应性和生态治理能力而备受关注。根据森林生态系统服务功能评估规范,并结合桑树生态功能研究现状,将桑树生态系统服务功能归纳为8个指标类型:提供原材料、涵养水源、土壤保育、调节气候、净化空气、维持生物多样性、休闲游憩和文化传承;并就各功能指标研究情况进行了综述。

EDTA对桑树和任豆幼苗吸收重金属Pb的影响

【目的】研究不同重金属Pb^(2+)浓度下螯合剂EDTA处理对桑树和任豆幼苗修复土壤中重金属Pb^(2+)的效果及Pb2+在植物茎叶及根部积累,以期为重金属污染土壤生态修复及植物资源的合理利用提供理论依据。【方法】用盆栽模拟法,以4L/盆Hoagland营养液作为培养液,培养液中的Pb^(2+)浓度分别为0、2.5、5.0、10.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0、200.0、250.0mg/L,EDTA的浓度均为0.55mmol/L,以不添加EDTA作对照。分别测定桑苗和任豆幼苗茎叶和根部的Pb^(2+)浓度。【结果】随着水培液中Pb2+浓度的增加,桑树和任豆幼苗对Pb^(2+)的吸收和积累量也逐渐增大;在相同的重金属Pb2+胁迫背景下,加入EDTA的桑树和任豆幼苗对Pb^(2+)的吸收量比不添加EDTA的对照组明显增高;桑树和任豆幼苗体内Pb^(2+)浓度通常为根部>茎叶,而添加EDTA能加速重金属Pb^(2+)向茎叶的转运。随着培养液中Pb^(2+)浓度的增加和时间的延长,Pb^(2+)在植物根部的积累逐渐增加,而向茎叶的转运则相对减少。【结论】桑树和任豆幼苗具有较强的重金属Pb耐性,而EDTA能促进桑树和任豆幼苗对重金属Pb^(2+)的吸收,因此,桑树和任豆可作为修复植物应用于重金属污染地区。

桑树大豆间作地上部和地下部的种间作用研究

在田间条件下研究了桑树-大豆间作体系中地上部分和地下部分之间的相互作用。结果表明:在桑树和大豆间作的共生期间,间作桑树地上部生物量、光合速率、含N量、根系干重、根长密度和叶片硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)比单作桑树分别增加了65.9%、11.8%、17.8%、24.8%、139.8%和116.2%,而大豆呈现相反趋势,桑树和大豆间作期间存在明显的竞争关系。但是,间作大豆土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤脱氢酶活性分别比单作大豆高10.6%和3.5%,桑树和大豆间作存在种间促进作用。因此,桑树和大豆间作体系中种间促进作用和种间竞争作用是同时存在的。