当年生桑树(Morus alba L.)果枝叶片特征与果实性状的相关性

为揭示叶果间的内在作用规律,以桑树(Morus alba L.)当年生果枝为研究对象,分析不同大小果枝上叶片特征和果实性状的差异及其二者间的相互关系。结果表明:随着果枝由小到大,果枝上的叶片数与总叶干重显著增加,而叶形指数却无显著变化;桑葚数与总桑葚干重也有显著增加,桑葚含水量无显著变化。桑葚数与叶片数、总叶干重、总叶面积及其平均桑葚干重显著正相关。研究结果证实了果实的性状与叶片特征之间存在极密切关系。当年生果枝上的桑葚数量多少取决于果枝上的叶片总数,平均桑葚的干重则与果枝上的平均叶面积显著相关。

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m-2和2422.4 mg·100 m-2,且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg-1和103.2 mg·kg-1降低至1790.0 mg·kg-1和85.94 mg·kg-1,同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P<0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg-1.因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P<0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside with antioxidation activity from the root bark of Morus alba L.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside（1） was isolated from the root bark ofMorus alba L.,along with moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）,and moracin M-6,3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）.Compound 1 was identified as 2-methylene-3-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.In addition,the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） and 2,2′-azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS） assay.The IC_（50） values were 2.49 and 0.45 mg/mL,respectively.

Research and Prospect of Mulberry (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry(Morus alba L.)is not only rich in nutrients,but also has medicinal value.As a drug and food,it is widely planted all over the country,with considerable yield and economic value.In recent years,it has attracted many scholars and been widely reported,and in-depth research has already been conducted.Through reviewing the literatures on mulberry,this paper summarized the chemical composition,pharmacological effects and quality evaluation of mulberry,providing some reference for the further development and utilization of mulberry.

Evaluation of the Liver Cancer Prevention of Anthocyanin Extracts from Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>L.) Variety PR-01

This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of anthocyanins extracts (MAEs) from mulberry variety PR-01 against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It was found that 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs treatment significantly reduced the NDEA-induced hepatic nodules incidence and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence by 58.30% and 41.70% compared to the model group. Meanwhile, MAEs significantly restored the elevated the liver function enzymes, inhibited the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels, elevated the serum interleukin-10 and interferon-γ and increased hepatic glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 enzyme activity. Moreover, 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs supplement enhanced glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities but reduced the malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content by 37.90% and 44.52%. Furthermore, MAEs pretreatment maintained nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase1 stimulation and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), indicating that MAEs exhibit effectively prevention effects against liver cancer via decreased lipid peroxidation, induced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and attenuating the inflammatory mediators COX-2 through NF-κB pathway. Thus, MAEs of mulberry variety PR-01 may be used as a good functional dietary supplement against liver cancer.

Correlation between Different Morus alba L. Leaf Nodes and the Change in Leaf Size or Mass

This paper aimed to explore the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change and provide a theoretical basis for the development of scientific Morus alba L. cultivation technology. During 2016-2017,the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change was investigated and researched. Results showed that through the correlation coefficient analysis,there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as( leaf length ÷ leaf width) and petiole length,there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass,and there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and the other indicators; there was a highly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width) and( leaf length × leaf width),there was a significantly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass,and there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in thickness. In terms of significant level of difference,it was found that there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf nodes on the Morus alba L. shoots and some indicators such as leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass; there was an extremely significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass; there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and the other indicators. The regression analysis was performed on the leaf node and leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),( leaf length ÷ leaf width),petiole length,petiole diameter in width,petiole diameter in thickness,petiole mass and leaf mass. Significance F values were0. 4864,0. 1995,0. 2888,0. 3004,0. 2350,0. 2407,0. 8925,0. 5227,0. 7022 and 0. 2000,respectively,that is,there was an extremely significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and petiole diameter in width,there was a significant difference between Morus alba L.leaf node and petiole mass,and there was no significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and the other indicators. The comparative analysis of quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation was performed on some indicators such as leaf length,and it was found that the R value between the leaf node and petiole diameter in width was in line with the logarithmic curve regression equation,and the other R values of quadratic curve regression equation was larger than the other R values of linear regression equation,indicating that different Morus alba L. leaf nodes,leaf length,leaf mass and other indicators were in line with the quadratic curve regression equation. It was concluded that by investigating the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots and regression equation,we could predict the leaf size,leaf mass and other indicators,and we could take the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots as a main factor affecting the Morus alba L. leaf size and mass.

High Phenotypic Variation in Morus alba L. along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Indian Trans-Himalaya

Ten quantitative morphological characters were studied in 56 Morus alba L. trees representing three natural populations from the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region. The altitude of collection sites ranged from 2815 to 3177 m above the sea level(asl). Coefficient of variation(CV) showed high phenotypic variation in M. alba. Linear regression analysis revealed that leaf and fruit size decreases with an increase in altitude. High CV was observed for leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, internodal distance, number of nodes, bud length, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. Similarly, a high phenotypic plasticity index was observed for bud length, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, inter-nodal distance, number of nodes, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. For every 100 m increase in altitude, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area decreased by 1 cm, 0.8 cm and 16.6 cm2, respectively. Analysis of covariance showed a predominant altitudinal effect on the morphological characters in comparison to the population effect. A small change in the altitude caused significant change in the plant morphological characteristics. The present investigation represents to our knowledge the first study addressing phenotypic variation in mulberryalong an altitudinal gradient.

Selection and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different origins for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia and Morus alba L.leaves

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria（LAB） strains from different origins and to select the best strains for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia（RB） and Morus alba L.（MB）leaves. The LAB strains were inoculated into the extracted liquid obtained from RB and MB leaves to evaluate the fermentation products. 11 LAB strains were selected for further experiments based on the highest products of lactic or acetic acid, including 1 strain of Weissella confusa, 2 of Lactobacillus reuteri and 8 of Lactobacillus plantarum.The API 50 CH fermentation experiment indicated that all of the selected 11 LAB strains utilised most of the carbohydrates. All the strains grew at temperatures between 10 and 45℃ and at a p H of 3.5 to 4.5; however, L. reuteri F7 and F8 tolerated a p H as low as 3.0. All 11 LAB strains showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coil, Salmonella sp. and Acetobacter pasteurianus; however, after excluding the effect of organic acids, only F7 and F8 still exhibited antibacterial activity. The present study indicated that the selected 11 LAB strains could be used to prepare silages of RB and MB leaves, especially L. reuteri F7 and F8.

Characteristics of <i>Morus alba</i>L. Cultured by In-Room Hydroponics

Morus alba L., (cv Ichinose) was cultivated by in-room hydroponics. The flavor and texture of leaves were markedly improved enough to be edible. When the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polyphenols were measured in the hydroponic cultivar, DNJ increased in the leaf compared to the field grown M. alba. However, polyphenols, in contrast, decreased compared to the field cultivar. HPLC profiling revealed marked difference in leaf components between hydroponic and field cultivars indicating relative contents of lipophilic polyphenols were increased. The polyphenols contents, especially, lipophilic polyphenols in the root were remarkably high compared to So-Haku-Hi (Sang Bai Pi in Chinese). The anti-obesity effect of the hydroponically grown Morus was further studied in rats by feeding high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with and without supplementation of dried leaf and root powders for 15 weeks. As the result, both the leaf and root from the hydroponic cultivar showed potential anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic functions through amelioration of insulin resistance. Differential effects of leaf and root powders indicated that besides DNJ, the lipophilic polyphenols may play a crucial role in the anti-diabetic function of hydroponically grown Morus alba L. The hydroponics will provide an alternate way to cultivate a novel resource of Morus for developing functional foods and medicines.

响应面法优化桑白皮黄酮提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以95%乙醇为溶剂,采用超声法提取桑白皮活性成分黄酮,以黄酮提取率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法优化了提取工艺,并研究了桑白皮黄酮提取液的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,桑白皮黄酮的最优提取条件为:提取温度45.78℃、提取时间38.33 min、料液比1∶25.52(g∶mL),在此条件下,黄酮提取率为2.211%。体外抗氧化实验表明,2.00 mL 0.50 mg·mL^(-1)桑白皮黄酮提取液对4.00 mL 0.05 mg·mL^(-1)DPPH自由基的清除率为62.21%,低于同浓度的阳性对照VC(清除率81.39%);抗氧化实验的精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,RSD值分别为0.05%、0.15%、0.69%(n=5)。该提取方法简单、高效、可靠,为桑白皮的后续开发提供了一定理论基础。

12个桑品种叶片营养与活性成分分析

为筛选不同用途的桑(Morus alba L.)品种,选取7份栽培桑和5份野生桑种质夏季成熟的叶片,分别测定其12项成分含量,比较栽培桑和野生桑各组分含量间的差异,并采用相关性分析、主成分分析法对叶质的性能进行综合评价。结果表明,栽培桑的粗蛋白、粗纤维、类黄酮和总酚含量显著高于野生桑,粗脂肪、野尻霉素、钙和硒含量显著低于野生桑,而总糖、生物碱、γ-氨基丁酸含量与野生桑无显著差异;主成分分析中提取的4个主成分累计贡献率达88.37%,以此计算桑叶品质的综合得分,结果显示“908”叶质综合得分最高,其次为广1号、小红皮、黑玉墨斗、伦教408、GM41和“731”,而野生桑主成分得分均为负值;相关性分析表明夏季叶质综合评价指标可简化为粗蛋白、总糖、总酚和粗脂肪含量4项指标。该夏季叶质评价体系模型可为桑树优良品种选育以及桑叶产品加工原料的选取提供一定的理论依据。

桑枝的化学成分及其药理活性研究进展

桑枝作为应用广泛的传统中药,其化合物类型丰富,主要含有黄酮类、生物碱、香豆素类、芪类和三萜类等成分,还含有氨基酸、有机酸、挥发油及多种维生素等。现代药理学研究表明桑枝具有镇痛、抗炎、降血糖、抗氧化等多种药理作用。笔者归纳总结了近年来相关文献,对桑枝中的化学成分和药理作用进行简要综述,并为其进一步的质量控制及开发利用提供参考。

蛋白桑叶中蛋白质提取工艺优化及6种蛋白酶酶解物体外降血糖活性分析

为开发利用蛋白桑叶中蛋白质资源,对其蛋白质提取工艺及酶解物体外降血糖活性进行研究。本研究以蛋白桑叶为原料,采用超声辅助碱提酸沉法提取蛋白桑叶蛋白质。通过单因素实验和响应面法优化提取工艺,以α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为评价指标,分析不同蛋白桑叶蛋白酶解产物体外降血糖活性。结果表明,蛋白桑叶中蛋白质的最佳提取工艺为:氢氧化钠浓度0.125 mol/L、提取温度40℃、提取时间40 min和液料比37:1 mL/g。在此优化条件下,得到蛋白质提取率实际值为49.59%±0.45%,所得蛋白质等电点为pH3.5,吸水性为6.49±0.49 g/g,吸油性为2.59±0.06 g/g,乳化活性为7.40±0.17 m^(2)/g,乳化稳定性为72.48%±3.03%。研究考察了蛋白桑叶蛋白质的复合蛋白酶酶解物、风味蛋白酶酶解物、碱性蛋白酶酶解物、胰蛋白酶酶解物、中性蛋白酶酶解物、木瓜蛋白酶酶解物体外降血糖活性,其中中性蛋白酶酶解物对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最佳,其IC_(50)=3.52 mg/mL。本研究认为,此蛋白桑叶蛋白质提取工艺稳定,中性蛋白酶解肽具有较高的体外降血糖活性,为进一步开发蛋白桑叶蛋白质及其多肽资源提供参考。

桑树磷脂酶MaPLA1-2D亚型4个基因的克隆与胁迫应答分析

磷脂酶(phospholipase)是一类在植物生长发育和胁迫应答中起重要调控作用的磷脂水解酶,也是一类重要的信号转导酶。而磷脂酶A1(PLA1)在植物应答生物胁迫和非生物胁迫中的功能研究鲜见报道。研究从桑树(Morus alba L.)中克隆了磷脂酶PLA1的1个亚型MaPLA1-2D基因,对其进行了序列分析、组织表达、胁迫诱导表达和蛋白亚细胞定位分析。结果表明,桑树PLA1-2D亚型基因包括4个成员,命名为MaPLA1-2D.1~MaPLA1-2D.4。4个基因在桑树根和叶中高水平表达,蛋白亚细胞定位在叶绿体。序列和进化分析表明MaPLA1-2D基因4个成员与拟南芥AtDAD1基因的保守结构域序列具有较高相似度且进化关系紧密。MaPLA1-2D基因4个成员的启动子含有多种胁迫应答顺式元件和激素响应元件;胁迫诱导表达模式分析表明MaPLA1-2D基因表达受干旱和脱落酸处理显著诱导。以上结果说明,MaPLA1-2D基因与拟南芥DAD同源,可能在桑树非生物胁迫应答中发挥重要功能。

桑叶活性成分及药理作用研究进展

桑叶是我国传统中药材,其含有多种活性成分,包括酚类、生物碱类、多糖类、氨基酸类及挥发性成分,其中1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-DNJ)、黄酮类、酚酸和多糖类的药用价值较高,具有抗氧化、降血糖、降血脂、抗炎和抗肿瘤等药理作用。本文从活性成分、药理作用两个方面介绍了桑叶的药用价值,为桑叶的质量控制及品种开发利用等相关研究提供参考。

超声波-半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮及其活性的研究

【目的】对桑叶黄酮的提取工艺及其自由基清除能力,对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性抑制作用进行研究,旨在获得充分保持桑叶黄酮活性的新型制备方法,为桑叶资源开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用超声波–半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮,考察液料比、超声时间、超声温度、超声功率4个因素对桑叶黄酮得率和DPPH·以及OH·的平均清除率的影响,通过响应面试验优化桑叶黄酮提取工艺,评价桑叶黄酮对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用。【结果】桑叶黄酮最佳提取工艺为液料比30 mL/g、提取总时间97 min(3个阶段的时间比例为1∶2∶2)、超声温度49℃、超声功率400 W,黄酮得率为(38.23±0.42) mg/g,自由基平均清除率为(57.04±0.97)%。桑叶黄酮对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性抑制的IC_(50)值为(1.081±0.130) g/L和(1.204±0.190) g/L。超声波–半仿生法比单一超声波法提取桑叶黄酮的自由基清除能力强,比单一半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮的得率高。【结论】采用超声波辅助半仿生法提取的桑叶黄酮具有良好的自由基清除能力,且对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶有抑制作用,与单一提取法相比,超声波–半仿生法提取桑叶黄酮具备更高的生物活性和得率。桑叶黄酮可开发为高糖人群调节血糖的产品,超声波–半仿生法可为工业制备桑叶黄酮提供良好的技术储备。

桑叶粉对中华鳖生长性能、肝功能及血清抗氧化指标的影响

该文旨在探究桑叶粉[Mulberry(Morus alba L.)Leaf Powder]对中华鳖(Truogx sinensis)生长性能、肝功能及血清抗氧化能力的影响。试验选取120只体重一致的中华鳖幼鳖,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加,试验为期60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组中华鳖的体形、内脏形态与颜色均未出现明显差别,内脏与体重比、肝脏与体重比等均无显著性差异(P>0.05);谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-PX)没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。提示饲料添加3%桑叶粉不影响中华鳖的生长性能和肝功能,但影响中华鳖的血清总抗氧化水平。

中碱钠盐胁迫对桑树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以桑树(Morus alba L.)为研究材料,在相同Na+浓度下,研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的响应特性。结果表明,100 mmol/L NaCl对桑树幼苗的生长和光合影响较小,桑树幼苗可以通过增加根冠比和叶片非光化学淬灭(NPQ)来适应盐胁迫。但是,50 mmol/L Na+浓度下,Na2CO3胁迫对桑树幼苗植株的生长和根系生长的抑制效果明显大于NaCl的。同时,Na2CO3胁迫降低了桑树幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量和桑树幼苗叶片对光能的利用能力,光饱和时的最大光合速率(Pmax)降低,并且桑树幼苗叶片吸收的光能不能完全用于电子传递,而NPQ等光合热耗散能力受抑制,导致过剩光能的大量积累。因此,在相同Na+浓度下,碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫对桑树幼苗的伤害比中性盐(NaCl)胁迫的严重,Na2CO3胁迫不但抑制了桑树幼苗根系的生长,而且降低了叶片的光合热耗散能力。

不同供氮水平对饲料桑树幼苗生长以及光合特性的影响

为科学制定饲料桑树幼苗氮肥管理措施,在水培条件下以青龙桑为试验材料,设置4个供氮水平(每株0 mg、7.5 mg、15.0 mg和22.5 mg),探求不同供氮水平对桑树幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,桑树幼苗株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、生物量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用率(WUE)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均随施氮量的增加而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,根冠比随着施氮量的增加逐渐降低,其中每株施15 mg氮处理的桑树幼苗长势最好;此外,桑树幼苗的叶绿素含量、PSII最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着施氮量的增加而降低。适宜的供氮量可以增强桑树叶绿体光化学活性和光合能力,并且促进桑树的生长,而过高的供氮水平对其促进效应降低。