Sexual Violence in the Zinder Region, about 441 Cases in Reference Motherhoods

Background: Niger is one of the countries that have the highest fertility rate in the world, with 7, 6 children per woman. Zinder is the most populated region of Niger with 5 million inhabitants that is 1/5 of Niger population. The demographic impact that has affected Niger the last 10 years: unemployment poverty and drug use, spawned violence of all kinds in Zinder region (physical and sexual violence). Sexual abuse is a major risk for poor psychiatric and physical outcomes. As sexual violence has serious consequences on the life and future of women and the community and it concerns our field of intervention, we initiated this study whose objective was to determine the socio-epidemiological and lesional aspects, the consequences and appropriate solutions of sexual violence in the Zinder. Methodology: This was a retrospective collection study of all cases of alleged sexual violence received over a 12-year period from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2021 in Zinder’s referral maternity wards. Results: During the study period, 441 cases of sexual violence were collected;an annual average of 36 cases (441/12). The frequency is 1.29% on the 34,186 consultations. The mean age was 12.31 years with age extremes of 3 to 43 years. Students accounted for 25.39%. Street vendors were found in 224 cases or 50.79%. The predominant reason for admission is rape in 64.63%. The defloration was 52.15%. Pregnancy was found in 118 cases or 26.75%. HIV serology was positive in 1 victim. School dropout was 26.75%. Conclusion: The victims of sexual violence were minors, mostly street vendors and school children. The lack of means of repression at the time allowed the expansion of this violence. The consequences of sexual violence were severe. Advocacy has improved the phenomen on of sexual violence in Zinder.

From“Mother Goddess”to“Mother”:A Comparison of the Image of Motherhood in“Lotus Lantern”and“Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child”*

The mother figure is the most frequent female figure in animated films.The portrayal of the mother figure in Lotus Lantern and Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child reflects the social construction of the mother figure in both films,and sheds light on the concepts and attitudes of women in society at different times.The mother figure in Lotus Lantern has the characteristics of a traditional ideal mother in a typically patriarchal culture;the mother figure in Nezha:Birth of the Demon Child returns to the realistic mother.The construction of the ideal mother to the realistic mother will also lead us to a more realistic understanding and concern for mothers and women in a realistic context.

生育的幸福效应——兼论其对低生育率的支撑

生育的幸福效应是理解低生育率社会中个体生育决策的一个重要维度。利用中国家庭追踪调查2010—2018年数据,考察孩子出生前后父母幸福感轨迹。研究发现,个人在主观幸福感方面对生育事件有积极的预期收益,主观幸福感在生育事件发生的当年达到顶峰,然后随着时间的推移逐渐下降。生育事件前后的主观幸福感轨迹表明,生育事件对个人的心理和生活感知有积极的促进作用,同时也证实了适应效应的存在。就业性质对生育的幸福效应具有调节作用,并且存在显著的性别差异,表明当父亲和母亲的工作允许他们有更多时间照顾孩子时,他们都会增加亲子互动和沟通并从中获得更高水平的幸福感。生育的这种幸福效应具有超经济性,并借助个人的生育决策筑成低生育率的底部。

流动育龄女性的生育时间成本感知与生育意愿

流动育龄女性对生育成本的感知与母职惩罚的认知,会对其生育观念产生影响。立足对于育龄流动女性在妊娠期和分娩后可能面临的工作时间减少风险的理解,将流动女性的生育机会成本操作化为产前时间成本与产后时间成本。基于2018年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,参考单递减生命表方法与总和工作年限方法分别计算生育年龄段流动女性的产前时间成本与产后时间成本,并采用系列计量模型和因果修正及稳健性检验方法,探索出流动女性人口的生育时间成本与其生育意愿之间的因果关系。计量结果发现,预期生育时间的成本上升对流动女性的一孩及二孩生育意愿均具有显著抑制作用,其中,这种抑制作用在二孩生育意愿上更为明显。

经济体制改革背景下的“母职惩罚”效应——基于动态视角的分析

在传统社会性别分工下,生育成本和养育压力主要由女性承担,使已育女性在劳动力市场中处于劣势地位,面临“母职惩罚”,这一现象进而反过来影响女性的生育决策,成为许多国家(地区)近年来出现较低生育率的重要原因之一。已有研究显示我国女性的“母职惩罚”在中国经济体制改革的不同阶段呈现不同特点,尤其在近年来出现愈发严重的趋势。但囿于数据,已有文献大多聚焦20世纪90年代甚至是21世纪后生育的女性,鲜有研究从20世纪80年代我国市场经济改革之初开始比较各时期女性生育行为对其劳动参与产生的影响,并且大多数文献主要考察生育事件的整体影响,较少关注不同育儿阶段对女性劳动参与影响的动态变化。文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查2014年的生命历程回顾性调查数据重构女性在生育前后的劳动就业史,运用事件研究法分析1980年之后至少生育一个孩子的女性的劳动状况在初育前后的动态变化轨迹及其在不同工作部门类型的女性间的差异。数据分析结果显示我国女性参与劳动的概率在生育一孩后呈现先下降后回升的趋势,并在生育后第2年达到最低点。生育前在企业工作并且拥有农业户口的女性受到生育带来的负面影响较大,而生育前在政府部门工作或务农的女性受到的影响较小。文章进一步使用线性概率模型和混合效应多分类逻辑斯蒂模型比较生育对女性参与劳动的负面影响在不同生育队列间的差别和不同生育阶段对女性在不同工作部门参与劳动概率的影响。研究发现:相较于在20世纪80年代生育一孩的女性,在21世纪之后生育的女性的劳动参与受到的负面影响更大。相比生育前,成为母亲后的女性在各工作部门工作的机会都有所下降,但在企业获得工作的可能性最小且受到影响的持续时间最长,在其他类型的部门获得工作的可能性仅在孩子年幼时受到影响。提升未来我国女性的生育水平需要切实帮助女性平衡家庭和工作的关系,降低生育对女性职业发展的负面影响,重点发展普惠托育服务体系,同时鼓励男性多参与育儿和其他家务劳动,构建生育友好型社会。

显性断裂与隐性承袭:从代际共育看家庭伦理的现代化

本文以“农二代”城市新移民家庭的代际共育为经验研究对象,讨论农业家庭进城后中间一代在同居共育过程中重建家庭平衡的实践过程。一方面,面对强大的现代化压力,中间一代有意识地依据培养现代个体的观念与技术来抚育子代,他们对自己儿时被抚育经历的反思强化了“为人父母”时抚育理念的现代化,造成祖代与中间一代观念上的显性断裂。另一方面,在共居育儿的生活实践中,中间一代又隐性承袭了亲子一体的传统意识,既会无意识地调用亲子一体的伦理资源来平衡家庭关系,也可能在不同程度上存在“文化自觉”,体认到育儿的现代实践依赖传统一体的支持。“一体”与“个体”的交织塑造着家内行动者尤其是女性的感情世界。这一过程既展现了中国式现代化进程中传统伦理深沉而恒常的支持力量,又蕴含着其在当下实现创造性转化的可能。

读博妈妈“学业与母职”困境干预——基于行动科学的理论视角

博士就读时间恰与女性生育黄金年龄重合,读博妈妈面临的学业与母职冲突尤为巨大。与以往研究停留在描述、解释和分析的层次不同,研究者以行动科学为指导对现实困境进行干预,呈现了一个成功案例。最初,当事人采取“母职隐身”和“学业隐身”策略,试图满足行动科学第I型文化中“好学生”和“好妈妈”的标准,却陷入双输困境。支持者通过创设对话机会构建第Ⅱ型文化空间,采用“情境移植”等互动式干预策略,使当事人突破原来框定问题的界限,实现双路径学习。基于此研究结果提出,校园第Ⅱ型文化的构建将有助于保障女博士的生育权利,起到“生育祛魅”作用,破除高学历女性的母职焦虑,提升其行动策略。

“好父亲”的社会建构——基于“情境—身份”框架的分析

基于“情境—身份”分析框架,以15个家庭父母双方的访谈资料为基础呈现当代中国社会中“好父亲”的建构过程、机制及后果,结果显示:在父亲身份可能被唤醒的交往情境、抚育情境及消费情境中,“好父亲”的社会建构表现为父亲身份与抚育者角色和家长角色的聚合以及与消费支柱型角色的偏离;由于缺乏结构层面的角色模范,行动者层面的父亲身份建构呈现出个体化与模糊化特征,“好父亲”的展现严重依赖于母亲的配合表演。上述发现有助于将“父亲身份的社会建构”带入家庭与性别社会学的研究中心,还为理解当代社会的性别平等进程提供了新的经验证据。

情绪化体罚:城市新中产母职的情感工作困境

在科学养育的语境下,体罚已成为城市新中产养育实践的禁忌。尽管新中产阶层的母亲对体罚普遍持否定态度,并对代际传承有一定的防范意识,这使得由慢性环境压力源引起的体罚大致可控;但由急性情境压力源引发的情绪化体罚仍然时有发生,而且难以自控。情感工作是密集母职的重要组成部分,面对情绪化体罚,母亲既要关注自身作为独立个体的情感权利,又要顾及被粗暴对待后需要安抚的儿童。在这样的情境中,母亲常常陷入消极挣扎的情感体验中,导致母职的情感活动呈现矛盾重重的实践困境。

女性育儿博主的平台实践与身份认同

女性育儿博主是自媒体从业者中较为特殊的网络群体之一。作为母亲,她们是家庭中的成员,受到家庭情境的影响;作为博主,她们又从属于社交平台、社会更大的结构层面,也要经受网民的凝视。正是个人、家庭、平台行动者等多重影响力量,使得女性育儿博主的身份不断趋于复杂。通过对9位女性育儿博主的深度访谈,发现女性育儿博主的从业动因,主要是母职实践与职业转变的勾连,以及公共平台与私人领域的联动;女性育儿博主的内容呈现,主要围绕提供情绪价值、输出功能价值、形成网络社群;女性育儿博主还经历着身份焦虑和结构压力。女性育儿博主呈现母职的转化和异化,推动着自媒体平台上的性别话语表达,还推动了女性公共话语表达的发展和进步。

母亲陪读、密集母职及其生育效应——来自中国农村母亲的证据

陪读作为农民家庭帮助幼年子女获得更优教育机会的教育风险投资,将大量年轻母亲束缚在家庭中,使其承受着剧增的子女教养负担,从而抑制了其多孩生育意愿。文章基于农民家庭教育投资策略变迁的视角,利用CFPS数据实证考察陪读行为对农村母亲生育意愿的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)陪读显著抑制了农村陪读母亲的多孩生育意愿。有陪读经历的农村母亲,其生育孩子的期望数量明显少于没有陪读经历的农村母亲,且其结果具有稳健性。(2)机制分析发现,农村母亲在陪读过程中的“密集母职”实践引致其精神压力的增大,显著抑制了其多孩生育意愿。(3)进一步证据表明,陪读对农村母亲生育意愿的负向影响存在溢出效应,即对于没有选择陪读的农村已婚育龄女性来说,其生育意愿会受到同村陪读母亲经历的负向影响。(4)异质性分析发现,不论子女在何地学校就读,陪读对农村母亲生育意愿的抑制作用具有普遍性。由此,提高农民生育意愿的关键,在于保障城乡教育资源均衡配置,推动教育责任回归学校,减轻农民家庭子女教育负担,并警惕农村社会互动的消极效应。

From Silence to Voice： An Interpretation of Black Motherhood in Sula

Toni Morrison has made great achievements in American literary history. In her famous work Sula, motherhood is an essential theme which has attracted public attention. This essay interprets the abnormal maternal love provided by silenced black mothers in Sula and the ways for black women to break the silence.

Adolescent mothers' experiences of the transition to motherhood: An integrative review

A woman experiences heightened vulnerability and faces tremendous challenges when transitioning to motherhood.This is exacerbated for young mothers and studies have shown that adolescent mothers experience an increased burden of responsibility during the transition to motherhood.Recent research addressing the experiences of adolescent mothers has increased.However,the current literature on this topic is still fragmented.The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the literature to explore adolescent mothers' experiences of transition to motherhood and identify associated factors.The literature was searched using electronic databases: Medline,Cumulative index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL),ProQuest,Scopus and PubMed.Relevant articles published in English from February 2005 to 2018 were included.Eighteen articles were included in the analysis.Based on this review,factors influencing a successful to transition to motherhood for adolescents included physical problems related to birth and breastfeeding,psychological well-being,ability to care for their baby,social support,education and economic strain and the provision of healthcare.The literature indicated a relationship between social supports and the development of positive maternal identity in the transition period for adolescent motherhood.Future healthcare interventions for adolescent mothers during the transitional period should aim to provide social support and the increase ability of adolescent mothers to manage the physical and psychological challenges of young motherhood,and enhance new mothers' knowledge about caring for babies.

Contribution of safe motherhood solidarity groups in using and accessing maternity services during a period of armed conflict

This report presents the results of a study on Reproductive Health done in North Kivu in September 2009. It was conducted by HEAL Africa, in partnership with the Provisional Division of Health, and financed by the University of Ottawa, Canada/CRDI with technical assistance from Western Cape University of South Africa. The study was conducted in the health zones of Birambizo and Kayna within the framework of the central office. The focus of the report is on one aspect of Reproductive Health—Low Risk Maternity. This study was conducted in rural areas given that Reproductive Health indicators are much weaker when compared with urban areas, according to EDS RDC, 2007 [1]. This study emphasizes the following points: General characteristics of the participants in the study, and the utilization and accessibility of maternity services in rural areas in conflict situations. The formula SPSS 12.0.1 was used to facilitate data analysis in the study. This study comes at a point in time when its relevance to HEAL Africa’s work will assist HEAL and its partners in determining the focus of interventions done in health zones in order to improve maternal and neonatal health. HEAL Africa firstly stepped into a Safe Motherhood pilot project in June 2006 for 9 months in the Masisi zone, then in 2007 in the Birambizo and Kayna health zones. In November 2007, HEAL expanded into Walikale and in October 2008, into Kirotshe, Binza, and Lubero. The intervention kit consists of reinforcing the capacity of existing health facilities, training traditional midwives who serve as a link between the community and the health structures, the provision of sanitary equipment, medical essentials and community mobilization was done through local leaders about health and reproduction, and organizing women of reproductive age in solidarity groups (SG) to generate maternity insurance. The community approach “Solidarity Groups for Maternity Insurance” constitutes the spine of HEAL Africa within the support it provides in Reproductive Health. The principal idea is to educate and train communities on how to use the MMR services that are available in their community, and to remove financial barriers to accessing health services. The 4 pillars that comprise the Safe Motherhood program are: family planning, prenatal care, safe assisted delivery and essential obstetric care. These four strategic measures are integral in assuring primary health care and equality for women. This study evaluates this approach, keeping in mind local strategies and their effects on improving the utilization and accessibility of reproductive health services.

Neonatal risks from in vitro fertilization and delayed motherhood

Delayed childbearing(DC) is common in most Western countries.The average age of first-time mothers increased in United States from 21.4 years in 1970 to 25.0 years in 2006 and from 25.4 to 30.8 years in Australia in the same period.It is commonly believed that this has no ominous consequences.But several negative consequences of this behavior are described: stillbirth,prematurity,twins,birth anomalies.Age also decreases women's fertility,thus many couples undergo in vitro fertilization.And we highlight a paradox: medical reproduction techniques decreases their effectiveness with maternal age,but their availability can be an incentive to postpone parenthood.Of course the risks of delayed parenthood involve a minority of cases,but are parents entitled to accept any risk on the behalf of their baby? A complete information would make people cautious before deciding to postpone childbearing,though this is often an obliged rather that a free choice: the consumerist society pressure and the difficulty to find an employment have their heavy weight in this choice.But if this choice is not really free,people's interest is to overcome these pressures and to claim for a real broad choice on when becoming parent,despite the pressures made by their cultural environment to postpone parenthood.Moreover,even reproductive techniques have some risks.Unfortunately,mass mediaoften praise and endorse DC,disregarding the increase of premature babies born because of DC,a real alarm for public health.Pediatricians should discourage the culture that makes DC a normal event.

Motherhood for All—Women,Men,Trans*,Inter*,Nonbinary and Agender-Persons—Examined Using the Figure of the Continuum

This article is about the question of what the term“motherhood”signifies,and how the figure of the Continuum helps recognize and explain pluralities of motherhood beyond the gender binary of“female-male”.After an initial explanation of the concept of gender as a Continuum,the figure of the Continuum will be applied to forms of motherhood and will discuss them in light of the four dimensions of the Continuum—physicality,feeling,sociality,and desire.The tensions between physical and social motherhood will be traced in an examination of Bertold Brecht’s“The Caucasian Chalk Circle”(1948)and its references to biblical,Chinese and German-language texts.Based on the diverse forms of motherhood discussed in the article,concerning trans*men among others,the necessity of a reformulation of the understanding of motherhood as a new parenthood will be outlined,which overturns the limiting connection between motherhood and heteronormatively defined femininity.

性别规训、生育与性别收入差距

传统的性别角色观念强调女性对家庭的付出,束缚了现代女性在劳动力市场上的表现,更加重了生育行为带来的母职工资惩罚。基于2017年中国综合社会调查数据,探究性别规训、生育与性别收入差距之间的关系。结果显示:性别规训程度与个体收入呈显著负相关关系,并且该负面影响主要体现在女性群体中;生育行为对性别规训的收入代价具有调节效应,随着育儿的性别呈现差异。因此,文化根源上的性别规训是性别收入差距的重要影响因素,应通过淡化社会性别角色观念、调整生育假期等方式,降低性别规训的收入代价。

Early Criticism of Traditional Motherhood

Basically, motherhood contains the physical aspect of motherhood, both as the ability to give birth and as the practice of nurturance. There is also the ideology of"the social construction of motherhood"which encompasses the legal, economic and institutional means by which society defines the roles, rights and duties of mothers.

随机实验法在社会科学因果分析中的应用--以女性生育行为的选择效应为例

清楚辨析变量间因果关系是社会科学研究的难点,基于观测数据传统的统计推断方法存在着混淆变量等内生性问题,无法满足“无偏性”和“一致性”估计.提出在研究设计中可利用自然科学随机试验思路控制所有混淆变量,以满足因果分析中的必然性.即在社会现象是多因、随机和未知的前提下,引入随机性自然实验达到“总体相同”的必然性和在社会现象是已知、清晰和可控的前提下,通过倾向值匹配法构造实验组和对照组,控制混淆变量进行因果分析.最后,以女性生育行为的选择效应为案例,详解自然实验法在控制女性多孩生育事件对收入影响分析中混淆变量的应用、倾向值匹配法在控制女性劳动参与对生育行为影响分析中混淆变量的应用.

父职建构:背景、原因与策略

在三孩政策实施的背景下,老龄化问题突出、女性低生育率等问题更加凸显了现代社会中父职建构与转型的重要性。文章以育龄夫妻为主要研究对象,探讨了当代家庭中母职焦虑与父职缺位的问题与矛盾,认为经济因素、分工结构、社会政策是产生这一问题的原因,并提出了父职建构中建立相关认同、社会积极示范与健全生育政策的相关建议。