Relationship Between Self-efficacy Beliefs and Achievement Motivation in Student Nurses

Objective： To investigate general self-efficacy levels and to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement motivation in student nurses in China. Methods： A total of 716 student nurses were enrolled in this study from 7 hospitals in western China. Data were collected using three scales： General Data Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale （SES） and Achievement Motivation Scale （AMS）. There were 566 valid questionnaires. Results： The mean general self-efficacy scores of the student nurses were low. There was a significantly positive relationship between self-efficacy and achievement motivation （ r = 0. 432, P = 0. 000）. Conclusions： Our findings suggested that self-efficacy was related to age and educational levels, rather than gender and place of residence. Nursing managers should take measures to develop the self-efficacy of student nurses; when self-efficacy is developed, the achievement motivation may then be improved. Achievement motivation may also be improved through the improvement of self-efficacy.

Why is English Learned in China？

English is widely taught and learned in China nowadays. Wherever you go, you may find English language is taught and learned as a compulsory course from the third year of primary school onwards from 2001. In addition, adults who have not had any education in English before are now encouraged to take up English lessons in formal teaching or take English courses in self-taught ways. Why English is so widely learned in China？ This research will help us to find the factors encouraging this phenomenon either from the historical background, or from our education policies and people＇s learning motivation.

Understanding Each Other

Perha Ps one aspect of sino-african cultural engagement that has long-term implications for the relationship is language and education.From breaking down cultural barriers to understanding each other,language is the golden thread that portends great opportunities for Sino-African friendship and solidarity.

Motivations and Training Needs of General Practitioner Preceptors

Background：General practitioner （GP） preceptors play an important role in the cultivation of GPs.Many problems exist in the training of GP preceptors.This study aimed to explore the willingness and training needs of GP preceptors and compare the differences between preceptors from general practice and other specialties.Methods：A total of 375 questionnaire forms were sent to 375 GP preceptors from 11 different provinces,and 344 completed forms were returned.The main outcome included general information,teaching motivations,and training needs of GP preceptors.Results：The study showed that about 89.2% of GP preceptors were willing to be teachers.The majority of respondents strongly agreed that the motivation for becoming a GP supervisor was to learn from teaching.The most important capability they should master was clinical teaching （92.2%）,followed by lecture （83.1%） and doctor-patient communication （83.1%）.The top three preferred methods of GP preceptors training were case discussion （78.8%）,workshop （57.6%）,and classroom teaching （56.4%）.The domains in which most GP preceptors wanted to acquire knowledge and skill were mental health （59.3%）,rehabilitation （47.1%）,pediatrics （41.0%）,and obstetrics （37.5%）.No significant differences were found in the willingness to train GPs （x2 =3.34,P 〉 0.05） and whether they would become or continue to become a GP supervisor after the training （x2 =l.106,P 〉 0.05）.Conclusions：Although most preceptors were under on-the-job training,they were glad to train GPs.To be qualified,preceptors should be trained according to the actual needs of GP preceptors.

Appraisal of the Production-Oriented Approach： An Introduction

The production-oriented approach （POA） has been developed over a decade. It is driven by the need to improve English classroom instruction for university students in China （Wen, 2016）. It is also motivated by the aspiration to enhance the quality of foreign language education in other similar pedagogical contexts outside China. A volume of research has been done by Wen Qiufang and her research team, to formulate the theory of POA and to test its effectiveness in classroom pedagogy （e.g. Wen, 2016, 2015; Yang, 2015; Zhang, 2015）. At the moment, the POA is still at an early stage of theory building and almost all empirical research is done in the Chinese context. In order to improve the quality of this theory and to make it intelligible to the international academic community, a one-day symposium was held in Beijing Foreign Studies University on May 15, 2017. The symposium was entitled ＇The first international forum on innovative foreign language education in China： Appraisal of the POA＇. In the forum, leading experts in applied linguistics were invited to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the POA and the directions for its future development. The symposium was the first attempt for the POA research team to discuss its latest work with international scholars. This Viewpoint section collects the responses of four experts who participated in the symposium, listed in alphabetical order. The collection of articles covers three topics related to the POA： its pedagogical application, its use for teacher training, and its research. Alister Cumming is Professor Emeritus and the former Head of the Centre for Educational Research on Languages and Literacies, University of Toronto, Canada. His article focuses primarily on POA research as an exemplary case of design-based research. Rod Ellis is Research Professor in the School of Education at Curtin University, Australia. He discusses POA in terms of pedagogy, teacher training and research, with both critiques and constructive suggestions. Paul Kei Matsuda is Professor of English and Director of Second Language Writing at Arizona State University, the writed states. He responds to POA from the perspective of an expert researcher and teacher of L2 writing. Charlene Polio is Professor and Associate Chair in the Department of Linguistics ＆ Germanic, Slavic, Asian ＆ African Languages atMichigan State University, the writed states. She conceptualises POA as a useful method to address some issues in pre-service teacher development. Overall, the articles in this section are insightful and reader-friendly. They are not only useful for the development of POA in particular, but may also be valuable to a broad range of researchers as they touch upon pertaining issues, as well as emerging topics, in the field of applied linguistics. We therefore find it necessary to make them accessible to a wide readership.