Force Distribution Model of Motor Units of Leg Extensor Muscles

The paper aims to defme the lawfulness （model）, by which one can reliably estimate the distribution of motor units＇ force from the moment when leg extensor muscles start to generate the force until the moment when the maximal level is achieved. The study included 110 participants. To assess the contractile characteristics of leg extensors, standardized equipment and standardized isometric test in sitting position with the angle of the knee joint of 125° were used. The participants were instructed to exert their maximal force as quickly as possible. Using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and fitting the exponential model of the distribution of force of leg extensor motor units in the whole range of force generation is defined. The model has the following form： y = 0.2051e3.3855x, where y is the motor units force expressed in daN （decanewtons）, x is the time expressed in s （seconds）. It provides an understanding of the control of multivariate motor unit recruitment and distribution of their force during sports movements as well as training programming for the adoption of forms for conlrolling force distribution of motor units, the development of their maximum force and their involvement speed.

Proximal-distal motor unit number estimationdynamic changes in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A one-year follow-up

BACKGROUND：Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） is the most common of all the motor neuron diseases and the absence of a biologic marker has made both diagnosis and tracking evolution of the disease difficult, Electrodiagnostic tests play a fundamental role in quantifying pathological changes in the motor unit pool.OBJECTIVE：We assessed distal-proximal Motor Unit （MU） loss and changes using the method of motor unit number estimation （MUNE）.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：A case-control study was performed at the Department of Neuroscience, Pisa University Medical School, Italy from December 1999 to November 2009. PARTICIPANTS：A total of 50 ALS patients were recruited, 30 males：mean age （59.6 ± 13.3） years; 20 females：mean age （63.9 ± 11.7） years; range （30-82） years; all patients had probable or definite ALS. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited from department staffs, including 20 males and 10 females; mean age （57.7 ± 13.8） years served as controls.METHODS：MUNE was performed for both the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles of the same side. The technique used relayed substantially on manual incremental stimulation of the motor nerve, known as the McComas technique （50 ms sweep duration, a gain of 2 mV/Div for M wave, 0.5 mV/Div for each step; filters 10-20 kHz）.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：MUNE results were measured.RESULTS：Functioning MU numbers, measured by MUNE, decreased in the biceps brachii and abductor digiti minimi muscles over the entire one-year follow-up period （one assessment every three months） compared with baseline determination, the rate of MU decrease was similar in both muscles, but steeper distally.CONCLUSION：MUNE is a feasible method for ALS patients both proximally and distally to track changes over time in muscle MUs during the disease＇s evolution.

Towards semi-supervised myoelectric finger motion recognition based on spatial motor units activation

It is vital to recognize the intention of finger motions for human-machine interaction(HMI).The latest research focuses on fine myoelectric control through the decoding of neural motor unit action potential trains(MUAPt) from high-density surface electromyographic(sEMG) signals.However,the existing EMG decoding algorithms rarely obtain the spatial matching relationship between decoded motion units(MU) and designated muscles,and the control interface can only recognize the trained hand gestures.In this study,a semi-supervised HMI based on MU-muscle matching(MMM) is proposed to recognize individual finger motions and even the untrained combined multi-finger actions.Through automatic channel selection from high-density s EMG signals,the optimal spatial positions to monitor the MU activation of finger muscles are determined.Finger tapping experiment is carried out on ten subjects,and the experimental results show that the proposed s EMG decomposition algorithm based on MMM can accurately identify single finger motions with an accuracy of 93.1%±1.4%,which is comparable to that of state-of-the-art pattern recognition methods.Furthermore,the MMM allows unsupervised recognizing the untrained combined multi-finger motions with an accuracy of 73%±3.8%.The outcomes of this study benefit the practical applications of HMI,such as controlling prosthetic hand and virtual keyboard.

A simulation study on the relation between muscle motor unit numbers and the non-Gaussianity/non-linearity levels of surface electromyography

Recent research has demonstrated that surface electromyography （sEMG） signals have non-Gaussianity and non-linearity properties. It is known that more muscle motor units are recruited and firing rates （FRs） increase as exertion increases. A hy- pothesis was proposed that the Gaussianity test （Sg） and linearity test （St） levels of sEMG signals are associated with the num- ber of active motor units （nMUs） and the FR. The hypothesis has only been preliminarily discussed in experimental studies. We used a simulation sEMG model involving spatial （active MUs） and temporal （three FRs） information to test the hypothesis. Higher-order statistics （HOS） from the bi-frequency domain were used to perform Sg and St. Multivariate covariance analysis and a correlation test were employed to determine the nMUs-Sg relationship and the nMUs-St relationship. Results showed that nMUs, the FR, and the interaction of nMUs and the FR all influenced the Sg and St values. The nMUs negatively correlated to both the Sg and St values. That is, at the three FRs, sEMG signals tended to a more Gaussian and linear distribution as exertion and nMUs increased. The study limited experiment factors to the sEMG non-Gaussianity and non-linearity levels. The study quantitatively described nMUs and the FR of muscle that are not directly available from experiments. Our finding has guiding significance for muscle capability assessment and prosthetic control.

Compound muscle action potential(CMAP)scan examination of paretic and contralateral muscles reveals motor unit alterations after stroke

This study presents a novel compound muscle action potential(CMAP)examination of motor unit changes in paretic muscle post stroke.CMAP scan of the first dorsal interosseous(FDI)muscle was performed bilaterally in 16 chronic stroke subjects.Various parameters were derived from the CMAP scan to examine paretic muscle changes,including CMAP amplitude,D50,step index(STEPIX)and amplitude index(AMPIX).A significant decrease in CMAP amplitude and STEPIX was observed in paretic muscles compared with contralateral muscles(CMAP amplitude:paretic(9.0±0.5)mV,contralateral(11.3±0.9)mV,P=0.024;STEPIX:paretic 101.2±7.6,contralateral 121.9±6.5,P=0.020).No significant difference in D50 and AMPIX was observed between the paretic and contralateral sides(P>0.05).The findings revealed complex paretic muscle changes including motor unit degeneration,muscle fiber denervation,reinnervation and atrophy,providing useful insights to help understand neuromuscular mechanisms associated with weakness and other functional deterioration post stroke.The CMAP scan experimental protocols and the applied processing methods are noninvasive,convenient,and automated,offering practical benefits for clinical application.

混合动力驱动单元技术发展与展望

随着新能源汽车发展走向深入,混合动力汽车成为增速较快的细分市场,各汽车制造商加大对混合动力车型及混合动力驱动单元的研发投入。为了更高效地开发混合动力驱动单元,从零部件组成、结构型式、电机位置等维度介绍混动车辆及混动驱动系统的主要概念及分类,结合2024年度中国市场混动车型的驱动系统型式,详细阐述不同构型混动驱动系统的应用现状,并以丰田、本田、通用、上汽、比亚迪等汽车公司混合动力驱动单元发展历程为依托,梳理混动驱动单元的迭代过程,最后对混动驱动单元未来的发展趋势进行展望,以期为各企业开发具有自主知识产权的混合动力驱动单元提供参考。

Electromyographic evaluation of functional electrical stimulation to injured oculomotor nerve

Functional electrical stimulation delivered early after injury to the proximal nerve stump has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for enhancing the speed and specificity of axonal regeneration following nerve injury. In this study, the injured oculomotor nerve was stimulated functionally by an implantable electrode. Electromyographic monitoring of the motor unit potential of the inferior oblique muscle was conducted for 12 weeks in two injury groups, one with and one without electric stimulation. The results revealed that, at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after functional electric stimulation of the injured oculomotor nerve, motor unit potentials significantly increased, such that amplitude was longer and spike duration gradually shortened. These findings indicate that the injured oculomotor nerve has the potential for regeneration and repair, but this ability is not sufficient for full functional recovery to occur. Importantly, the current results indicated that recovery and regeneration of the injured oculomotor nerve can be promoted with functional electrical stimulation.

双馈变速抽蓄机组关键技术及展望

双馈变速抽蓄机组不局限于额定转速运行,已成为抽水蓄能领域的新方向和研发热点。介绍了双馈变速抽蓄机组的社会需求和国内外发展现状,概述了双馈变速抽蓄机组的原理并总结了其特点。结合双馈变速抽蓄机组的特点对其典型应用场景进行了分类;对变流器技术、控制技术和机组设计及制造技术等双馈变速抽蓄机组关键技术的研究现状和主要问题进行了梳理;并对双馈变速抽蓄机组未来的发展进行了思考与展望。

Effect of repeated eccentric exercise on muscle damage markers and motor unit control strategies in arm and hand muscle

To examine the contralateral repeated bout effect(CL-RBE)on muscle damage markers and motor unit(MU)control strategies,seventeen healthy adults performed two bouts of 60 eccentric contractions with elbow flexor(EF group;n=9)or index finger abductor(IA group;n=8)muscles,separated by 1 week.All participants randomly performed eccentric exercise on either the right or left arm or hand muscles,and muscle damage markers and submaximal trapezoid contraction tests were conducted pre,post,1-and 2-day post eccentric protocol.One week after the first bout,the same exercise protocol and measurements were performed on the contralateral muscles.Surface electromyographic(EMG)signals were collected from biceps brachii(BB)or first dorsal interosseous(FDI)during maximal and submaximal tests.The linear regression analyses were used to examine MU recruitment threshold versus mean firing rate and recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationships.EMG amplitude from BB(bout 1 vs.bout 2=65.71%±22.92%vs.43.05%±18.97%,p=0.015,d=1.077)and the y-intercept(group merged)from the MU recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationship(bout 1 vs.bout 2=7.10±14.20 vs.0.73±16.24,p=0.029,d=0.513)at 50%MVIC were significantly different between two bouts.However,other muscle damage markers did not show any CL-RBE in both muscle groups.Therefore,despite changes in muscle excitation and MU firing behavior,our results do not support the existence of CL-RBE on BB and FDI muscles.

CRH5动车组牵引脉冲整流器自适应优化控制方法研究

针对CRH5动车组牵引主回路脉冲整流器在牵引网压波动下的稳定性问题,提出一种基于自抗扰算法的参数自适应优化控制策略。在CRH5动车组牵引脉冲整流器现采用的dq双环控制结构基础上,针对电流内环采用最速综合fal函数实现控制响应及控制量大小随误差变化自适应调整,基于状态空间方程构建一阶线性自抗扰电压外环控制器以实现对系统扰动的观测及跟踪。由此改善控制器对外部扰动的估计及补偿能力,增强控制器对车网耦合特性变化的适应能力。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真对比分析了基于PID控制和基于参数自适应优化控制的dq电流控制器性能,仿真结果表明,基于参数自适应的dq电流优化控制策略下的整流器直流侧输出电压在启动过程中超调量更小,且在应对网压波动时输出电压波动恢复后的稳态误差小于指标值的1/6,抗干扰能力更强。为进一步验证该控制器应对网压低频振荡的抗扰动效果,在RT-LAB半实物实验平台上搭建动车组-牵引网级联耦合模型对比分析2种控制策略下的牵引网网压波形。结果表明:基于参数自适应的dq电流优化控制更能适应多列动车组同时接入而引发的扰动,抑制牵引网网压大幅度振荡;fal电流环的参数自适应特性能改善控制器动态特性,可根据瞬态误差及时调整控制器响应,且其控制参数适应范围较宽,易于整定。

考虑同步启动低频电流影响的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法

在蓄水电动机组继电保护配置过程中,因电动机组同步启动时参与同步振荡,导致低频电流幅值较大,影响电网运行的安全性。针对这一情况,提出考虑同步启动低频电流影响的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法。针对蓄水电动机组不同电压下的线路进行线路保护配置和整定,将保护装置与断路器相连,并制定一套阶段式保护,实现对蓄水电动机组线路的保护,在此基础上,根据电动机组的工作阶段采用两种不同的整定方式,实现对蓄水电动机组的过流保护,考虑同步启动低频电流的变化,改进低功率保护整定,自动调整低功率保护动作值。结果表明:提出的蓄水电动机组继电保护配置方法能够快速消除故障,及时调整机组工作状态。在该配置方法作用下,线路的连锁故障率比较低,进一步保障了蓄水电动机组的安全运行。

动车组前端排雪动态响应及雪阻形成机理

为确定动车组前端雪体与排雪阻力间的作用关系,指导积雪加载下动车组高效排雪设计。运用耦合Drucker−Prager失效准则定义下弹塑性积雪本构和光滑粒子流体力学仿真方法,分析积雪冲击时排障面板动态响应及积雪运动状态规律,研究排雪阻力与积雪深度、雪质特性、运行边界间变化规律。基于质量守恒和达朗贝尔原理构建动车组排雪阻力映射模型,揭示动车组前端雪阻形成机理。研究结果表明:设计运行速度下承受排雪载荷的排障面板处于弹性响应阶段,不会发生塑性破坏;排雪深度为10~410 mm、积雪密度为160~480 kg/m^(3)、行驶速度为80~160 km/h时,排雪阻力与积雪厚度、密度均呈线性正相关关系,与排雪速度呈二次正相关关系;排雪阻力理论模型能够准确预测数值计算结果;相比摩擦阻力和切削阻力,动车组冲击过程中积雪运动状态改变是排雪阻力形成的主要原因。

5 MW级全功率变速恒频发电电动机调试期间发现的问题及解决方案

国内首座全功率变速恒频抽水蓄能示范电站机组在安装调试期间发现了一些问题,本文针对发电电动机方面所遇到的一些问题及解决方案进行了详细的阐述,可作为其他抽蓄电站机组调试的经验借鉴。

脑-运动单元功能耦合估计方法

针对现有脑肌功能耦合(CMC)估计方法仅能反映皮层活动与运动单元(MU)复合放电活动间耦合状态、无法反映皮层和各MU独立耦合作用的问题,提出了一种脑与MU之间独立交互作用的估计方法,并初步验证了脑-运动单元功能耦合(CMUC)作用的存在。首先,采用肌电分解技术获得各MU独立活动,即运动单元动作电位序列;然后,利用头皮表面拉普拉斯技术,获得头皮电流密度以表征皮层活动,并通过估计运动单元动作电位序列和头皮电流密度的频域相干性获得CMUC;最后,通过手指伸展实验对所提方法的有效性加以验证。实验结果表明:当被试者伸展手指时,指伸肌的MU和对侧运动皮层存在显著的β、γ频带耦合交互作用,且耦合强度显著高于其他皮层区域。这一结论与已有的CMC研究结论相一致,能够表明所提CMUC估计方法的有效性,同时也证明了脑和MU独立耦合交互作用的存在性。提出的CMUC估计方法可为进一步深入研究生理及病理条件下肌肉的神经控制机制提供有力指导。

新能源汽车驱动电机控制器深度解析

文章针对新能源汽车驱动电机控制器的结构原理进行深度解析,阐述电机控制器的基本结构、基本功能,深入分析逆变电路的逆变原理、能量回收整流原理、正弦交流电产生原理和变压与变频原理,介绍电机控制器驱动电路与控制电路的基本组成与结构特点,对职业院校新能源汽车技术专业教师和新能源汽车维修行业维修人员具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

高速动车组用滚动轴承失效模式及对策展望

全面介绍了各主型高速动车组用轴箱轴承、齿轮箱轴承、牵引电动机轴承以及各类风机用轴承的型号、结构以及相应的车载和地面安全保证措施,汇总了轴承运行过程以及检修过程中的典型故障和主要失效模式,分析了轴承故障的产生原因,建议从车辆系统匹配设计角度确定旋转系统中轴承的边界载荷、顶层技术要求,优化轴承钢冶炼、热处理、机加工和组装等轴承制造工艺,以保证轴承产品质量一致性,进而避免轴承早期失效,为动车组安全运营,各系统旋转部件修程修制的制定和动车组用滚动轴承国产化提供借鉴和帮助。

车用电机控制器功率级硬件在环测试系统的设计

为了提高车用电机控制器(Motor Control Unit,MCU)测试的效率,本文基于dSPACE平台,设计一套功率级硬件在环(PHIL)测试系统,将环境箱、冷却系统、高低压电源系统及dSPACE实时仿真机进行集成,并借助Configuration Desk、Control Desk等软件开发上位机界面。试验表明:该测试系统具有精度高、稳定性强的特点,可提高测试效率,满足设计要求。

一种基于泵马达的低矮直驱液压式抽油机

液压式抽油机具有悬点载荷大、冲程和冲次连续可调、本质安全性高等优点,受到油田和抽油机制造厂家的重视。介绍了一种基于泵马达的低矮直驱液压式抽油机,设计了液压回路,选择了杆柱驱动方式,分析了现场应用需解决的技术问题,并进行了现场试验。这种低矮直驱液压式抽油机在满足油田精细化低能耗安全生产方面具有一定优势。

变速抽蓄用双馈发电电动机速度传感器故障容错控制

变速抽蓄机组作为重要调节电源,在系统功率平衡、频率调节方面发挥重要作用,同时变速抽蓄机组双馈发电电动机运行可靠性越来越受到人们的重视。因此,本文提出了应对双馈发电电动机速度传感器故障的容错控制策略,以增强变速抽蓄机组的运行可靠性。该策略利用定子磁链模型参考自适应估算转速,并与光码盘实测转速相比较,而后通过滞环、SR触发器构成速度传感器故障检测与隔离,完成速度传感器故障情形下双馈发电电动机转速信号的主动切换,保障双馈发电电动机不间断运行。最后,通过MATLAB仿真,验证所提容错控制策略的有效性。

基于“FEM+单位力波响应”混合模型的IPMSM振动源快速识别方法

为了解决电机振动噪声多、物理域耦合计算耗时长等问题,提出了基于“FEM+单位力波响应”混合模型的内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)振动源快速识别方法。首先,利用单位力波响应计算电机定子结构关键力波宽频带频响函数特性;然后,通过双闭环矢量控制和电磁有限元控制系统-电磁场联合仿真模型,计算得到电磁力二维傅里叶分解结果,将其作为模态参与因子获得电机振动加速度频谱特性;最后,实验验证了“FEM+单位力波响应”混合模型的准确性。实验结果表明,对于12槽8极IPMSM,恒转矩调速时的振动主要是在4阶和8阶固有频率处,是由4阶力波的14f和8阶力波的fc-3f(其中,f为电机的基频,fc为逆变器的开关频率)分量引起。