Emission Patterns under Alternative Congestion and Motor Vehicle Pollution Mitigation Policies in Shanghai

As a megacity with thriving economy, Shanghai is experiencing rapid motorisation and confronted with traffic congestion problems despite its low car ownership. It is of value to look into the policies on emission control of motor vehicle and congestion reduction in such a city to explore how to reconcile mobility enhancement with the environment. Results of a dynamic simulation displayed time paths of emissions from motor vehicles in Shanghai over the period from 2000 to 2020. The simulation results showed that early policies on emission control of motor vehicle could bring about far-reaching effects on emission reduc- tion, and take advantage of available low-polluting technologies and technical innovation over time. Travel demand management would play an important role in curbing congestion and reducing motor vehicle pollution by calming down car ownership rise and deterring inefficient trips as well as reducing fuel waste caused by congestion.

Comparison of the Mutagenicity of Exhaust Emissions From Motor Vehicles Using Leaded and Unleaded Gasoline as Fuel

While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC) and earbon monoxides (CO) in emissions were analyzed on Santana engine Dynamometer under a standard test cycle, and total exhaust particles were collected from engines using leaded and unleaded gasoline. It was found that unleaded gasoline reduced the emissions of CO and HC, and decreased the quantity of vehicle exhaust particulate matters by 60%.With the unlead gasoline, only 23 kinds of organic substances, adsorbed in the particles, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) while 32 components were detected using the leaded gasoline. The results of in vitro Salmonella/ microsomal test and micronucleus induction assay in CHL cells indicated that both types of gasoline increased the number of histidine-independent colonies and the frequencies of micronucleus induction; no significant differellce was found in their mutagenicity.

The Buffering analysis to identify common geographical factors within the vicinity of severe injury related to motor vehicle crash in Malaysia

BACKGROUND:The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score(ISS) among the motor vehicle crash(MVC) victims in Malaysia.METHODS:This was a prospective cohort study from July 2011 until June 2013 and involved all MVC patients attending emergency departments(ED) of two tertiary centers in a district in Malaysia.A set of digital maps was obtained from the Town Planning Unit of the district Municipal Office(local district map).Vector spaces were spanned over these maps using GIS software(ARCGIS 10.1licensed to the study center),and data from the identified severe injured cases based on ISS of 16 or more were added.Buffer analysis was performed and included all events occurring within a 100-meter perimeter around a reference point.RESULTS:A total of 439 cases were recruited over the ten-month data collection period.Fifty two(11%) of the cases were categorized as severe cased based on ISS scoring of 16 and more.Further buffer analysis looking at the buildup areas within the vicinity of the severely injured locations showed that most of the severe injuries occurred at locations on municipal roads(15,29%),straight roads(16,30%) and within villages buildup(suburban) areas(18,35%).CONCLUSION:This study has successfully achieved its objective in identifying common geographical factors and buildup areas within the vicinity of severely injured road traffic cases.

Management of the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles in China

The Administrative Regulation on the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles has officially entered into force on October 1st, 2004, which means the management on defective products has made a substantive progress. The enactment and enforcement of the Administrative Regulation has generated active responses in our society and drawn much attention from the automobile industry. Up to March 2005, there have been 15 domestic and foreign auto manufacturers initiating voluntary recalls since the Administrative Regulation on the Recall of Defective Motor Vehicles was issued in March 2004, and 312864 vehicles have been recalled. All the relevant firms, types, models, numbers and the date are as the following table 1.

Dynamic emission characteristics and control strategies of air pollutants from motor vehicles in downtown Beijing,China

This study combined the real-time monitoring and investigation of traffic flows to comprehensively analyze the road traffic flow and vehicle structure in downtown Beijing.A dynamic emission inventory of motor vehicle air pollutants in downtown Beijing in 2021 was established,and the impact of these emissions on air quality was simulated and quantified,and different emission reduction control scenarios were proposed to evaluate their environmental improvement effects and explore measures to mitigate the impact of pollution emissions.The results show that the high traffic flow and the structure of the motor vehicle emissions in downtown Beijing are the main causes of severe motor vehicle pollution.Monitoring data shows that traffic flow in central Beijing is dominated by small passenger vehicles,while the vehicle mix is better than in other regions,with 72.0%of vehicles meeting"National V"or higher emission standards.However,to achieve higher air quality goals,further reducing vehicle emissions is necessary.Based on dynamic traffic flow,the average daily emissions of nitrogen oxides(NOX),particulate matters(PM_(2.5))and volatile organic compounds(VOC)from motor vehicles in central Beijing are 17.7 tons,0.6 tons and 14.0 tons,respectively,accounting for 23.0%of the city’s average daily motor vehicle emissions.If a zero-emission zone for motor vehicles were implemented in central Beijing,the annual average emission level of pollutants will be reduced by 10.4%to 21.0%.The designation of ultra-low emission zones for motor vehicles could be effective in improving the air quality in the center of Beijing.

A framework for rapid on-board deterministic estimation of occupant injury risk in motor vehicle crashes with quantitative uncertainty evaluation

Accurate on-board occupant injury risk prediction of motor vehicle crashes(MVCs)can decrease fatality rates by providing critical information timely and improving injury severity triage rates.The present implemented prediction algorithms in vehicle safety systems are probabilistic and rely on multi-variate logistic regression of real-world vehicle collision databases.As a result,they do not utilize important vehicle and occupant features and tend to overgeneralize the solution space.This study presents a framework to address these problems with deterministic and computationally efficient lumped parameter model simulations driven by a database of vehicle crash tests.A 648-case mixed database was generated with finite element and multi-body models and validated under the principal directions of impact with experimental results for a single vehicle body type.Using the finite element database,we developed lumped parameter models for four principal modes of impact(i.e.,frontal,rear,near side and far side)with parameters identified via genetic algorithm optimization.To obtain confidence bounds for the injury risk prediction,the parameter uncertainty and model adequacy were evaluated with arbitrary and bootstrapped polynomial chaos expansion.The developed algorithm was able to achieve over triage rates of 17.1%±8.5%,whilst keeping the under triage rates below 8%on a finite element-multi body model database of a single vehicle body type.This study demonstrated the feasibility and importance of using low-complexity deterministic models with uncertainty quantification in enhanced occupant injury risk prediction.Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of this framework under a wide range of vehicle types.With the flexibility of parameter adjustment and high computational efficiency,the present framework is generic in nature so as to maximize future applicability in improved on-board triage decision making in active safety systems.

The Forecast and Regional Analysis of the Private Motor Vehicle Market in China

This paper investigates the private motor vehicle market in China, which has been developed since 1984. Combined forecasting for the number of motor vechicles owned by individuals is made from several least squares regression equations and a Logistic model. Regional analysis is made on the data of the thirty areas by hierarchical cluster, revealing various types of the development of the regional markets.

Motor Vehicle Noise Control in China

In China there are about 10.4 millions motor vehicles and 13.0 millions of motorcycles in use. The growth of vehicle parc has increasingly caused serious traffic noise harmful to environment. In most of urban area the noise level (L50) along sides of main streets usually exceeds 70 dB（A） or 75 dB（A） during daytime, which has aroused much attention of the Chinese government.