The model of the differential steering system(DSS) of electric vehicle with motorized wheels and the three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of vehicle are built.Based on these models,the concepts and quantitative expre...The model of the differential steering system(DSS) of electric vehicle with motorized wheels and the three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of vehicle are built.Based on these models,the concepts and quantitative expressions of steering road feel,steering portability and steering stability are proposed.Through integrating the Monte Carlo descriptive sampling,elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II) and Taguchi robust design method,the system parameters are optimized with steering road feel and steering portability as optimization targets,and steering stability and steering portability as constraints.The simulation results show that the system optimized based on quality engineering can improve the steering road feel,guarantee steering stability and steering portability and thus provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the electric vehicle with motorized wheels system.展开更多
Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to imp...Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to improve contact performance.These findings prompted a study that examined electrically induced surface pitting of steel contacts in the presence of several lubricating greases including some containing nanometer-sized colloidal silver(Ag)particles.Reciprocating rolling sphere-on-disk experiments were conducted under electro-tribological loads employing polyurea greases derived from mineral and synthetic base oils with and without additives.Friction forces and electrical resistance were monitored continuously during the tests;surface changes were characterized by means of optical spectroscopy,stylus profilometry,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)including compositional analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The observations demonstrate that surface pitting induced by arcing occurs mainly at the points were the rolling motion changes direction and that eroded metal is deposited along the wear grove.Micron-sized pits are formed which contain carbon and oxygen indicating that arcing causes decomposition of the hydrocarbon lubricants.Numerous findings indicate a significant inhibition of pitting is induced by the Ag nanoparticles;some greases containing other additives exhibit a similar,although less pronounced,effect.展开更多
Wear is a major cause of bearing failure,however,compared with other impact failures,smooth wear is often neglected because of its slow gradualness.In a locomotive,under the effect of the intensified wheel-rail intera...Wear is a major cause of bearing failure,however,compared with other impact failures,smooth wear is often neglected because of its slow gradualness.In a locomotive,under the effect of the intensified wheel-rail interaction and gear mesh,the surface wear can increase the radial clearances of motor bearings,trigger abnormal vibration and noise,and adversely affect the efficiency and safety of the traction motor.In this study,considering the mechanical structure of the traction motor,a locomotive-track spatially coupled dynamics model with traction power transmissions(LTMM)is adopted to provide accurate dynamic loads and obtain the dynamic responses of the system.From the perspective of contact stress and relative skidding at the roller-race interface,the causes and evolution of motor bearings surface wear are analyzed.The results indicate that the wear of inner races of motor bearings is uniform.The outer races of the driving/non-driving end bearings(DB or NDB)are worn in the loaded/main loadbearing regions.The increasing surface wear can increase the internal dynamic forces(e.g.,the centrifugal force of rotor and unbalanced magnetic pull)induced by the instantaneous eccentricity of the rotor,intensify the interactions between the roller and races,and deteriorate the vibrations of the traction motor and its neighboring components in the locomotive.In addition,the effects of the friction coefficient at the roller-race interface and track random irregularity are analyzed.This study offers a theoretical basis in service life prediction and design of the motor bearings.展开更多
Coasting in gear is a common driving mode for the conventional vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine(ICE), and the assistant braking function of ICE is utilized to decelerate the vehicle in this mode....Coasting in gear is a common driving mode for the conventional vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine(ICE), and the assistant braking function of ICE is utilized to decelerate the vehicle in this mode. However, the electric vehicle(EV) does not have this feature in the coasting mode due to the relatively small inertia of the driving motor, so it will cause the driver cannot obtain the similar driving feeling to that of the conventional vehicle, and even a traffic accident may occur if the driver cannot immediately adapt to the changes. In this paper, the coasting control for EV is researched based on the driving feeling. A conventional vehicle equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT) is taken as the reference vehicle, and the combined simulation model of EV is established based on AVL CRUISE and MATLAB/Simulink. The torque characteristic of the CVT output shaft is measured in coasting mode, and the data are smoothed and fitted to a polynomial curve. For the EV in coasting mode, if the state of charge(SOC) of the battery is below 95%, the polynomial curve is used as the control target for the torque characteristic of the driving motor, otherwise, the required torque is replaced by hydraulic braking torque to keep the same deceleration. The co-simulation of Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow and AVL CRUISE, as well as the hardware-in-loop experiment combined with d SPACE are carried out to verify the effectiveness and the real-time performance of the control algorithm. The results show that the EV with coasting braking control system has similar driving feeling to that of the reference vehicle, meanwhile, the battery SOC can be increased by 0.036% and 0.021% in the initial speed of 100 km/h and 50 km/h, respectively. The proposed control algorithm for EV is beneficial to improve the driving feeling in coasting mode, and it also makes the EV has the assistant braking function.展开更多
【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,T...【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)指标不适于评估交叉口左转非机动车冲突的问题,考虑非机动车车辆尺寸与加速度对交通冲突的影响,采用拓展碰撞时间指标,评估交叉口非机动车交通冲突。收集长沙市4个信号交叉口的视频大数据,利用视频软件Tracker提取车辆微观轨迹后,开展案例分析。【结果】左转非机动车信号灯在时间上明确了非机动车的通行权,其设置能显著降低非机动车冲突率,在平峰、高峰时段非机动车冲突率分别降低了40.11%、25.27%。在直行相位末期、左转相位即将启亮时,设置组的左转非机动车在待行区等待,冲突率降为0;而对比组近50%的非机动车违规左转,冲突严重。设置左转非机动车信号灯的改善效果随非机动车流量的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,而随机动车流量的增大呈逐步波动下降趋势。【结论】本研究揭示了非机动车左转信号灯的设置对减少交叉口交通冲突的影响,可为城市交叉口非机动车交通安全管控提供有益参考。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51005115 and 51005248)the Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy (Grant No. KF11201)
文摘The model of the differential steering system(DSS) of electric vehicle with motorized wheels and the three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of vehicle are built.Based on these models,the concepts and quantitative expressions of steering road feel,steering portability and steering stability are proposed.Through integrating the Monte Carlo descriptive sampling,elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II) and Taguchi robust design method,the system parameters are optimized with steering road feel and steering portability as optimization targets,and steering stability and steering portability as constraints.The simulation results show that the system optimized based on quality engineering can improve the steering road feel,guarantee steering stability and steering portability and thus provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the electric vehicle with motorized wheels system.
文摘Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to improve contact performance.These findings prompted a study that examined electrically induced surface pitting of steel contacts in the presence of several lubricating greases including some containing nanometer-sized colloidal silver(Ag)particles.Reciprocating rolling sphere-on-disk experiments were conducted under electro-tribological loads employing polyurea greases derived from mineral and synthetic base oils with and without additives.Friction forces and electrical resistance were monitored continuously during the tests;surface changes were characterized by means of optical spectroscopy,stylus profilometry,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)including compositional analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The observations demonstrate that surface pitting induced by arcing occurs mainly at the points were the rolling motion changes direction and that eroded metal is deposited along the wear grove.Micron-sized pits are formed which contain carbon and oxygen indicating that arcing causes decomposition of the hydrocarbon lubricants.Numerous findings indicate a significant inhibition of pitting is induced by the Ag nanoparticles;some greases containing other additives exhibit a similar,although less pronounced,effect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52022083, 51775453, 51735012)
文摘Wear is a major cause of bearing failure,however,compared with other impact failures,smooth wear is often neglected because of its slow gradualness.In a locomotive,under the effect of the intensified wheel-rail interaction and gear mesh,the surface wear can increase the radial clearances of motor bearings,trigger abnormal vibration and noise,and adversely affect the efficiency and safety of the traction motor.In this study,considering the mechanical structure of the traction motor,a locomotive-track spatially coupled dynamics model with traction power transmissions(LTMM)is adopted to provide accurate dynamic loads and obtain the dynamic responses of the system.From the perspective of contact stress and relative skidding at the roller-race interface,the causes and evolution of motor bearings surface wear are analyzed.The results indicate that the wear of inner races of motor bearings is uniform.The outer races of the driving/non-driving end bearings(DB or NDB)are worn in the loaded/main loadbearing regions.The increasing surface wear can increase the internal dynamic forces(e.g.,the centrifugal force of rotor and unbalanced magnetic pull)induced by the instantaneous eccentricity of the rotor,intensify the interactions between the roller and races,and deteriorate the vibrations of the traction motor and its neighboring components in the locomotive.In addition,the effects of the friction coefficient at the roller-race interface and track random irregularity are analyzed.This study offers a theoretical basis in service life prediction and design of the motor bearings.
基金Supported by Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project of China(Grant Nos.2013B010402006,2013B010405007,2013B090600024)
文摘Coasting in gear is a common driving mode for the conventional vehicle equipped with the internal combustion engine(ICE), and the assistant braking function of ICE is utilized to decelerate the vehicle in this mode. However, the electric vehicle(EV) does not have this feature in the coasting mode due to the relatively small inertia of the driving motor, so it will cause the driver cannot obtain the similar driving feeling to that of the conventional vehicle, and even a traffic accident may occur if the driver cannot immediately adapt to the changes. In this paper, the coasting control for EV is researched based on the driving feeling. A conventional vehicle equipped with continuously variable transmission(CVT) is taken as the reference vehicle, and the combined simulation model of EV is established based on AVL CRUISE and MATLAB/Simulink. The torque characteristic of the CVT output shaft is measured in coasting mode, and the data are smoothed and fitted to a polynomial curve. For the EV in coasting mode, if the state of charge(SOC) of the battery is below 95%, the polynomial curve is used as the control target for the torque characteristic of the driving motor, otherwise, the required torque is replaced by hydraulic braking torque to keep the same deceleration. The co-simulation of Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow and AVL CRUISE, as well as the hardware-in-loop experiment combined with d SPACE are carried out to verify the effectiveness and the real-time performance of the control algorithm. The results show that the EV with coasting braking control system has similar driving feeling to that of the reference vehicle, meanwhile, the battery SOC can be increased by 0.036% and 0.021% in the initial speed of 100 km/h and 50 km/h, respectively. The proposed control algorithm for EV is beneficial to improve the driving feeling in coasting mode, and it also makes the EV has the assistant braking function.
文摘【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)指标不适于评估交叉口左转非机动车冲突的问题,考虑非机动车车辆尺寸与加速度对交通冲突的影响,采用拓展碰撞时间指标,评估交叉口非机动车交通冲突。收集长沙市4个信号交叉口的视频大数据,利用视频软件Tracker提取车辆微观轨迹后,开展案例分析。【结果】左转非机动车信号灯在时间上明确了非机动车的通行权,其设置能显著降低非机动车冲突率,在平峰、高峰时段非机动车冲突率分别降低了40.11%、25.27%。在直行相位末期、左转相位即将启亮时,设置组的左转非机动车在待行区等待,冲突率降为0;而对比组近50%的非机动车违规左转,冲突严重。设置左转非机动车信号灯的改善效果随非机动车流量的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,而随机动车流量的增大呈逐步波动下降趋势。【结论】本研究揭示了非机动车左转信号灯的设置对减少交叉口交通冲突的影响,可为城市交叉口非机动车交通安全管控提供有益参考。