Constructed Mott-Schottky Heterostructure Catalyst to Trigger Interface Disturbance and Manipulate Redox Kinetics in Li-O_(2) Battery

Lithium-oxygen batteries(LOBs)with high energy density are a promising advanced energy storage technology.However,the slow cathodic redox kinetics during cycling causes the discharge products to fail to decompose in time,resulting in large polarization and battery failure in a short time.Therefore,a self-supporting interconnected nanosheet array network NiCo_(2)O_(4)/MnO_(2)with a Mott-Schottky heterostructure on titanium paper(TP-NCO/MO)is ingeniously designed as an efficient cathode catalyst material for LOBs.This heterostructure can accelerate electron transfer and influence the charge transfer process during adsorption of intermediate by triggering the interface disturbance at the heterogeneous interface,thus accelerating oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution kinetics and regulating product decomposition,which is expected to solve the above problems.The meticulously designed unique structural advantages enable the TP-NCO/MO cathode catalyst to exhibit an astounding ultra-long cycle life of 800 cycles and an extraordinarily low overpotential of 0.73 V.This study utilizes a simple method to cleverly regulate the morphology of the discharge products by constructing a Mott-Schottky heterostructure,providing important reference for the design of efficient catalysts aimed at optimizing the adsorption of reaction intermediates.

Mixed‑Dimensional Assembly Strategy to Construct Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Foams Heterostructures for Microwave Absorption,Anti‑Corrosion and Thermal Insulation

Considering the serious electromagnetic wave(EMW)pollution problems and complex application condition,there is a pressing need to amalgamate multiple functionalities within a single substance.However,the effective integration of diverse functions into designed EMW absorption materials still faces the huge challenges.Herein,reduced graphene oxide/carbon foams(RGO/CFs)with two-dimensional/three-dimensional(2D/3D)van der Waals(vdWs)heterostructures were meticulously engineered and synthesized utilizing an efficient methodology involving freeze-drying,immersing absorption,secondary freeze-drying,followed by carbonization treatment.Thanks to their excellent linkage effect of amplified dielectric loss and optimized impedance matching,the designed 2D/3D RGO/CFs vdWs heterostructures demonstrated commendable EMW absorption performances,achieving a broad absorption bandwidth of 6.2 GHz and a reflection loss of-50.58 dB with the low matching thicknesses.Furthermore,the obtained 2D/3D RGO/CFs vdWs heterostructures also displayed the significant radar stealth properties,good corrosion resistance performances as well as outstanding thermal insulation capabilities,displaying the great potential in complex and variable environments.Accordingly,this work not only demonstrated a straightforward method for fabricating 2D/3D vdWs heterostructures,but also outlined a powerful mixeddimensional assembly strategy for engineering multifunctional foams for electromagnetic protection,aerospace and other complex conditions.

Visible-to-near-infrared photodetectors based on SnS/SnSe_(2)and SnSe/SnSe_(2)p−n heterostructures with a fast response speed and high normalized detectivity

The emergent two-dimensional(2D)material,tin diselenide(SnSe_(2)),has garnered significant consideration for its potential in image capturing systems,optical communication,and optoelectronic memory.Nevertheless,SnSe_(2)-based photodetection faces obstacles,including slow response speed and low normalized detectivity.In this work,photodetectors based on SnS/SnSe_(2)and SnSe/SnSe_(2)p−n heterostructures have been implemented through a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)−assisted transfer method.These photodetectors demonstrate broad-spectrum photoresponse within the 405 to 850 nm wavelength range.The photodetector based on the SnS/SnSe_(2)heterostructure exhibits a significant responsivity of 4.99×10^(3)A∙W^(−1),normalized detectivity of 5.80×10^(12)cm∙Hz^(1/2)∙W^(−1),and fast response time of 3.13 ms,respectively,owing to the built-in electric field.Meanwhile,the highest values of responsivity,normalized detectivity,and response time for the photodetector based on the SnSe/SnSe_(2)heterostructure are 5.91×10^(3)A∙W^(−1),7.03×10^(12)cm∙Hz^(1/2)∙W−1,and 4.74 ms,respectively.And their photodetection performances transcend those of photodetectors based on individual SnSe_(2),SnS,SnSe,and other commonly used 2D materials.Our work has demonstrated an effective strategy to improve the performance of SnSe_(2)-based photodetectors and paves the way for their future commercialization.

Twisted Integration of Complex Oxide Magnetoelectric Heterostructures via Water‑Etching and Transfer Process

Manipulating strain mode and degree that can be applied to epitaxial complex oxide thin films have been a cornerstone of strain engineering.In recent years,lift-off and transfer technology of the epitaxial oxide thin films have been developed that enabled the integration of heterostructures without the limitation of material types and crystal orientations.Moreover,twisted integration would provide a more interesting strategy in artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures.A specific twist angle between the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic oxide layers corresponds to the distinct strain regulation modes in the magnetoelectric coupling process,which could provide some insight in to the physical phenomena.In this work,the La_(0.67)Sr_(0.33)MnO_(3)(001)/0.7Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-0.3PbTiO_(3)(011)(LSMO/PMN-PT)heterostructures with 45.and 0.twist angles were assembled via water-etching and transfer process.The transferred LSMO films exhibit a fourfold magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along LSMO<110>.A coexistence of uniaxial and fourfold magnetic anisotropy with LSMO[110]easy axis is observed for the 45°Sample by applying a 7.2 kV cm^(−1)electrical field,significantly different from a uniaxial anisotropy with LSMO[100]easy axis for the 0°Sample.The fitting of the ferromagnetic resonance field reveals that the strain coupling generated by the 45°twist angle causes different lattice distortion of LSMO,thereby enhancing both the fourfold and uniaxial anisotropy.This work confirms the twisting degrees of freedom for magnetoelectric coupling and opens opportunities for fabricating artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures.

Multifunctional SnO_(2) QDs/MXene Heterostructures as Laminar Interlayers for Improved Polysulfide Conversion and Lithium Plating Behavior

Poor cycling stability in lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries necessitates advanced electrode/electrolyte design and innovative interlayer architectures.Heterogeneous catalysis has emerged as a promising approach,leveraging the adsorption and catalytic performance on lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)to inhibit LiPSs shuttling and improve redox kinetics.In this study,we report an ultrathin and laminar SnO_(2)@MXene heterostructure interlayer(SnO_(2)@MX),where SnO_(2) quantum dots(QDs)are uniformly distributed across the MXene layer.The combined structure of SnO_(2) QDs and MXene,along with the creation of numerous active boundary sites with coordination electron environments,plays a critical role in manipulating the catalytic kinetics of sulfur species.The Li–S cell with the SnO_(2)@MX-modified separator not only demonstrates superior electrochemical performance compared to cells with a bare separator but also induces homogeneous Li deposition during cycling.As a result,an areal capacity of 7.6 mAh cm^(-2) under a sulfur loading of 7.5 mg cm^(-2) and a high stability over 500 cycles are achieved.Our work demonstrates a feasible strategy of utilizing a laminar separator interlayer for advanced Li–S batteries awaiting commercialization and may shed light on the understanding of heterostructure catalysis with enhanced reaction kinetics.

Superior Anodic Lithium Storage in Core–Shell Heterostructures Composed of Carbon Nanotubes and Schiff-Base Covalent Organic Frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)after undergoing the superlithiation process promise high-capacity anodes while suffering from sluggish reaction kinetics and low electrochemical utilization of redox-active sites.Herein,integrating carbon nanotubes(CNTs)with imine-linked covalent organic frameworks(COFs)was rationally executed by in-situ Schiff-base condensation between 1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarbaldehyde and 1,4-diaminobenzene in the presence of CNTs to produce core–shell heterostructured composites(CNT@COF).Accordingly,the redox-active shell of COF nanoparticles around one-dimensional conductive CNTs synergistically creates robust three-dimensional hybrid architectures with high specific surface area,thus promoting electron transport and affording abundant active functional groups accessible for electrochemical utilization throughout the whole electrode.Remarkably,upon the full activation with a superlithiation process,the as-fabricated CNT@COF anode achieves a specific capacity of 2324 mAh g^(−1),which is the highest specific capacity among organic electrode materials reported so far.Meanwhile,the superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability are also obtained.The redox reaction mechanisms for the COF moiety were further revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,involving the reversible redox reactions between lithium ions and C=N groups and gradual electrochemical activation of the unsaturated C=C bonds within COFs.

Phonon resonance modulation in weak van der Waals heterostructures:Controlling thermal transport in graphene-silicon nanoparticle systems

The drive for efficient thermal management has intensified with the miniaturization of electronic devices.This study explores the modulation of phonon transport within graphene by introducing silicon nanoparticles influenced by van der Waals forces.Our approach involves the application of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics to assess thermal conductivity while varying the interaction strength,leading to a noteworthy reduction in thermal conductivity.Furthermore,we observe a distinct attenuation in length-dependent behavior within the graphene-nanoparticles system.Our exploration combines wave packet simulations with phonon transmission calculations,aligning with a comprehensive analysis of the phonon transport regime to unveil the underlying physical mechanisms at play.Lastly,we conduct transient molecular dynamics simulations to investigate interfacial thermal conductance between the nanoparticles and the graphene,revealing an enhanced thermal boundary conductance.This research not only contributes to our understanding of phonon transport but also opens a new degree of freedom for utilizing van der Waals nanoparticle-induced resonance,offering promising avenues for the modulation of thermal properties in advanced materials and enhancing their performance in various technological applications.

Electrically-driven ultrafast out-of-equilibrium light emission from hot electrons in suspended graphene/hBN heterostructures

Nanoscale light sources with high speed of electrical modulation and low energy consumption are key components for nanophotonics and optoelectronics.The record-high carrier mobility and ultrafast carrier dynamics of graphene make it promising as an atomically thin light emitter which can be further integrated into arbitrary platforms by van der Waals forces.However,due to the zero bandgap,graphene is difficult to emit light through the interband recombination of carriers like conventional semiconductors.Here,we demonstrate ultrafast thermal light emitters based on suspended graphene/hexagonal boron nitride(Gr/hBN)heterostructures.Electrons in biased graphene are significantly heated up to 2800 K at modest electric fields,emitting bright photons from the near-infrared to the visible spectral range.By eliminating the heat dissipation channel of the substrate,the radiation efficiency of the suspended Gr/hBN device is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of graphene devices supported on SiO2or hBN.Wefurther demonstrate that hot electrons and low-energy acoustic phonons in graphene are weakly coupled to each other and are not in full thermal equilibrium.Direct cooling ofhigh-temperature hot electrons to low-temperature acoustic phonons is enabled by the significant near-field heat transfer at the highly localized Gr/hBN interface,resulting in ultrafast thermal emission with up to 1 GHz bandwidth under electrical excitation.It is found thatsuspending the Gr/hBN heterostructures on the SiO2trenches significantly modifies the light emission due to the formation of the optical cavity and showed a~440%enhancement inintensity at the peak wavelength of 940 nm compared to the black-body thermal radiation.The demonstration of electrically driven ultrafast light emission from suspended Gr/hBNheterostructures sheds the light on applications of graphene heterostructures in photonicintegrated circuits,such as broadband light sources and ultrafast thermo-optic phase modulators.

Advances in noble metal-modified g-C_(3)N_(4) heterostructures toward enhanced photocatalytic redox ability

The photocatalytic activity of catalysts depends on the energy-harvesting ability and the separation or transport of photogenerated carriers.The light absorption capacity of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))-based composites can be enhanced by adjusting the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)of noble metal nanoparticles(e.g.,Cu,Au,and Pd)in the entire visible region.Adjustments can be carried out by varying the nanocomponents of the materials.The SPR of noble metals can enhance the local electromagnetic field and improve interband transition,and resonant energy transfer occurs from plasmonic dipoles to electron-hole pairs via near-field electromagnetic interactions.Thus,noble metals have emerged as relevant nanocomponents for g-C_(3)N_(4) used in CO_(2) photoreduction and water splitting.Herein,recent key advances in noble metals(either in single atom,cluster,or nanoparticle forms)and composite photocatalysts based on inorganic or organic nanocomponent-incorporated g-C_(3)N_(4) nanosheets are systematically discussed,including the applications of these photocatalysts,which exhibit improved photoinduced charge mobility in CO_(2) photoconversion and H2 production.Issues related to the different types of multi-nanocomponent heterostructures(involving Schottky junctions,Z-/S-scheme heterostructures,noble metals,and additional semiconductor nanocomponents)and the adjustment of dimensionality of heterostructures(by incorporating noble metal nanoplates on g-C_(3)N_(4) forming 2D/2D heterostructures)are explored.The current prospects and possible challenges of g-C_(3)N_(4) composite photocatalysts incorporated with noble metals(e.g.,Au,Pt,Pd,and Cu),particularly in water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,pollution degradation,and chemical conversion applications,are summarized.

Localized-states quantum confinement induced by roughness in CdMnTe/CdTe heterostructures grown on Si(111) substrates

This work shows that despite a lattice mismatch of almost 20%, CdMnTe/CdTe/CdMnTe heterostructures grown directly on Si(111) have surprisingly good optical emission properties. The investigated structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy, macro-and micro-photoluminescence. Low temperature macro-photoluminescence experiments indicate three emission bands which depend on the CdTe layer thickness and have different confinement characteristics. Temperature measurements reveal that the lower energy emission band (at 1.48 eV)is associated to defects and bound exciton states, while the main emission at 1.61 eV has a weak 2D character and the higher energy one at 1.71 eV has a well-defined (zero-dimensional, 0D) 0D nature. Micro-photoluminescence measurements show the existence of sharp and strongly circularly polarized (up to 40%) emission lines which can be related to the presence of Mn in the heterostructure. This result opens the possibility of producing photon sources with the typical spin control of the diluted magnetic semiconductors using the low-cost silicon technology.

Spin transport characteristics modulated by the GeBi interlayer in Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)/GeBi/Pt heterostructures

For the past few years,germanium-based semiconductor spintronics has attracted considerable interest due to its potential for integration into mainstream semiconductor technology.The main challenges in the development of modern semiconductor spintronics are the generation,detection,and manipulation of spin currents.Here,the transport characteristics of a spin current generated by spin pumping through a GeBi semiconductor barrier in Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)/GeBi/Pt heterostructures were investigated systematically.The effective spin-mixing conductance and inverse spin Hall voltage to quantitatively describe the spin transport characteristics were extracted.The spin-injection efficiency in the Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)/GeBi/Pt heterostructures is comparable to that of the Y_(3)Fe_(5)O_(12)/Pt bilayer,and the inverse spin Hall voltage exponential decays with the increase in the barrier thickness.Furthermore,the band gap of the GeBi layer was tuned by changing the Bi content.The spin-injection efficiency at the YIG/semiconductor interface and the spin transportation within the semiconductor barrier are related to the band gap of the GeBi layer.Our results may be used as guidelines for the fabrication of efficient spin transmission structures and may lead to further studies on the impacts of different kinds of barrier materials.

Strong hetero-interface interaction in 2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures for highly-efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Green hydrogen is urgently required for sustainable development of human beings and rational construction of heterostructures holds great promising for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Herein,2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures with strong hetero-interface interaction and abundant contact were constructed via an impregnation-annealing strategy.Efficient charge transfer from ZnIn_(2)S_(4) to WSe_(2)was evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy in crafted heterostructures owing to the tight and2D face-to-face contact.As a result,the prepared WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures exhibited boosted photocatalytic performance and a highest hydrogen evolution rate of 3.377 mmol/(g h)was achieved with an apparent quantum yield of 45.7%at 420 nm.The work not only provides new strategies to achieve efficient 2D/2D heterostructures but also paves the way for the development of green hydrogen in the future.

Influence of Al Composition on Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in Al_xGa_(1-x)N/GaN Heterostructures

Magnetotransport properties of two-dimensional electron gases （2DEG） in AlxGa1-x N/GaN heterostructures with different Al compositions are investigated by magnetotransport measurements at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. It is found that heterostructures with a lower Al composition in the barrier have lower 2DEG concentration and higher 2DEG mobility.

Fabrication and photocatalytic properties of Cu_2S/T-ZnO_w heterostructures via simple polyol process

The Cu2S/tetrapod-like ZnO whisker（T-ZnOw） heterostructures were successfully synthesized via a simple polyol process employing the poly（vinyl pyrrolidone）（PVP） as a surfactant.The as-prepared heterostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,field emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） and Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）.The photocatalytic properties of Cu2S/T-ZnOw nanocomposites synthesized with different PVP concentrations were evaluated by photodegradation of methyl orange（MO） under UV irradiation.The results show that the Cu2S/T-ZnOw nanocomposites exhibit remarkable improved photocatalytic property compared with the pure T-ZnOw.The sample prepared with 3.0 g/L PVP shows an excellent photocatalytic property and the highest photodegradation rate of MO is 97% after UV irradiation for 120 min.Besides,the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst has no evident decrease even after four cycles,which demonstrates that the Cu2S/T-ZnOw photocatalyst exhibits an excellent photostability.Moreover,the photocatalytic mechanism of the Cu2S/T-ZnOw nanocomposites was also discussed.

Enhanced rate and specific capacity in nanorod-like core-shell crystalline NiMoO_(4)@amorphous cobalt boride materials enabled by Mott-Schottky heterostructure as positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitors

The supercapacitor electrode materials suffer from structure pulverization and sluggish electrode kinetics under high current rates.Herein,a unique NiMoO_(4)@Co-B heterostructure composed of highly conductive Co-B nanoflakes and a semiconductive NiMoO_(4) nanorod is designed as an electrode material to exert the energy storage effect on supercapacitors.The formed Mott-Schottky heterostructure is helpful to overcome the ion diffusion barrier and charge transfer resistance during charging and discharging.Moreover,this crystalline-amorphous heterogeneous phase could provide additional ion storage sites and better strain adaptability.Remarkably,the optimized NiMoO_(4)@Co-B hierarchical nanorods(the mass ratio of NiMoO_(4)/Co-B is 3:1)present greatly enhanced electrochemical characteristics compared with other components,and show superior specific capacity of 236.2 mA h g^(-1)at the current density of 0.5 A g^(-1),as well as remarked rate capability.The present work broadens the horizons of advanced electrode design with distinct heterogeneous interface in other energy storage and conversion field.

2D hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructures as advanced host-interlayer integrated electrode for enhanced Li-S batteries

Lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries hold great promising for high-energy-density batteries,but appear rapid capacity fading due to the lack of overall and elaborated design of both sulfur host and interlayer.Herein,we developed a novel two-dimensional(2D)hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructure,constructed by a graphene yolk,2D void and outer shell of vertically aligned carbon-mediated MoS2 nanosheets(G@void@MoS2/C),as advanced host-interlayer integrated electrode for Li-S batteries.Notably,the 2D void,with a typical thickness of^80 nm,provided suitable space for loading and confining nano sulfur,and vertically aligned ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets guaranteed enriched catalytically active sites to effectively promote the transition of soluble polysulfides.The conductive graphene yolk and carbon mediated shell sufficiently accelerated electron transport.Therefore,the integrated electrode of G@void@MoS2/C not only exceptionally confined the sulfur/polysulfides in 2D yolk-shell heterostructures,but also achieved catalytic transition of the residual polysulfides dissolved in electrolyte to solid Li2S2/Li2S,both of which synergistically achieved an extremely low capacity fading rate of 0.05%per cycle over 1000 times at 2C,outperforming most reported Mo based cathodes and interlayers for Li-S batteries.2D hierarchical yolkshell heterostructures developed here may shed new insight on elaborated design of integrated electrodes for Li-S batteries.

Resonant tunnelling single-barrier of electrons in multi-step heterostructures

We have studied the quantum transport of electrons in a three-step single-barrier A1GaAs heterostructure under electric field. Using the quantum transmitting boundary method and Tsu-Esaki approach, we have calculated the transmission coefficient and current-voltage characteristic. The difference of the effective mass among the three barriers is taken into account. Effects of the barrier width on transmission coefficient and peak-to-valley current ratios are examined. The largest peak-to-valley current ratio is obtained when the ratio of widths of the left, middle, and right barrier is fixed at 4：2：1. The calculated results may be helpful for designing devices based on three-step barrier heterostructures.

Orientation-dependent electromagnetic properties of basalt fibre/nickel core-shell heterostructures

The influence of orientation on electromagnetic properties of basalt fibre/nickel core-shell heterostructures prepared by a simple electroless plating method is investigated. For comparison, the same investigation is also performed on naked basalt fibres. For electromagnetic measurement, the directions of basalt fibre/nickel and naked basalt fibres are parallel, random and perpendicular to the direction of external electric field, termed E11 sample, random sample and E⊥ sample, respectively. Electromagnetic anisotropy can be clearly observed in the basalt fibre/nickel core-shell heterostructures, while electromagnetic properties of naked basalt fibres are unrelated to the orientation. The E⊥ basalt fibre/nickel shows the highest dielectric loss but the lowest magnetic loss, and E11 basalt fibre/nickel exhibits the highest magnetic loss but the lowest dielectric loss. The dielectric loss of E⊥ basalt fibre/nickel is several times as large as that of Eli basalt fibre/nickel, which could be attributed to the increase of polarization relaxation time as a consequence of the nanosize-confinement effect. The magnetic loss of E11 basalt fibre/nickel is even one order of magnitude higher than that of E⊥ basalt fibre/nickel, which originates mainly from the natural magnetic resonance of basalt fibre/nickel core-shell heterostructures.

Recent Advances in 2D Lateral Heterostructures

Recent developments in synthesis and nanofabrication technologies offer the tantalizing prospect of realizing various applications from twodimensional(2D)materials.A revolutionary development is to flexibly construct many different kinds of heterostructures with a diversity of 2D materials.These 2D heterostructures play an important role in semiconductor and condensed matter physics studies and are promising candidates for new device designs in the fields of integrated circuits and quantum sciences.Theoretical and experimental studies have focused on both vertical and lateral 2D heterostructures;the lateral heterostructures are considered to be easier for planner integration and exhibit unique electronic and photoelectronic properties.In this review,we give a summary of the properties of lateral heterostructures with homogeneous junction and heterogeneous junction,where the homogeneous junctions have the same host materials and the heterogeneous junctions are combined with different materials.Afterward,we discuss the applications and experimental synthesis of lateral 2D heterostructures.Moreover,a perspective on lateral 2D heterostructures is given at the end.

Graphene-wrapped Ag3PO4/LaCO3OH heterostructures for water purification under visible light

We demonstrated a unique synthesis approach of graphene（GR）-wrapped AgPO/LaCOOH（APO/LCO）heterostructures by an in-situ wet chemical method. FESEM analysis reveals the formation of rhombic dodecahedrons of APO decorated with LCO and later wrapped with GR flakes. Optical studies shows two absorption edges corresponding to the band gap energies of APO（2.41 eV） and LCO（4.1 eV）. Considering the absorption edge of the heterostructures in the visible region, the photocatalytic activities of photocatalysts containing different APO/LCO mass ratios were evaluated by the degradation of MB. GR-decorated composite with 20% LCO（APO/LCO20/GR） exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for MB degradation, with a rate constant, k of 0.541 min. The photocatalytic activity of APO/LCO20/GR more greatly enhanced than those of the individual constituents（APO, LCO, APO/LCO20）. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the heterostructure can be attributed to the co-catalytic effect of LCO as well as intriguing physicochemical properties of GR. To understand the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the heterostructures the photocatalytic reaction mechanism is proposed in detail. The recyclability of the APO/LCO/GR composite photocatalyst is further evaluated by reusing the catalyst in replicate photocatalytic experiments which shows consistent photocatalytic activity thereby confirms the stability and reusability of heterostructure photocatalyst.