Computer Aided Composition Design of Prehardened-Mould Steel for Plastic

The improvement of machining behavior of prehardened-mould steel for plastic is realized by using computer-aided composition design in this work. The results showed that the matrix composition of large sectional prehardened mould steel for plastic markedly influences the precipitation of non-metallic inclusion and the control of composition aided by Thermo-Calc software package minimizes the amount of detrimental oxide inclusion. In addition the modification of calcium is optimized in the light of composition design.

Investigation into microstructure of spray formed V4 cold working mould steel and its roiling and annealing

The material selected for this work was the spray formed Vanadis4 high alloy cold working mould steel （abbreviated to V4 steel）. Its microstructure, hot rolling process, and annealing treatment have been investigated. Observed from the optical and electron microscopes, the as-sprayed V4 steel had the finer microstructure of uniform and equiaxial grains ,while after hot rolling for densification and spheroidized annealing, the V4 steel obtained an excellent spheroidized structure that is favorable to subsequent quenching and tempering treatment. The spheroidized structure and level of annealed hardness of the V4 steel are almost the same as expensive imported powder metallurgy the V4 steel. It is difficult to produce V4 steel with the conventional ingot metallurgical technique, so the multi-step and high-cost powder metallurgy method is generally used at present. Compared to the powder metallurgy technique, using the spray forming technique to produce the V4 steel has obvious advantages and potential market competitiveness in reducing production costs, simplifying working process, and shortening the production cycle.

Tempering Process to Improve Hardness Uniformity of Plastic Mould Steel

A new design of copper-bearing non-quenched plastic mold steel is presented and explained. Two kinds of microstrueture can be obtained from this new type copper-bearing steel via cooling with different cooling rates, bain- ite and a mixed microstructure consisting of ferrite and bainite. It is found that, after proper tempering process, the hardness will be increased. Moreover, the hardness difference between different microstructures will be reduced. For further investigation, the samples tempered at different temperatures were examined by XRD and 3PAP （three di- mensional atom probe） analysis. Results show that the improvement is contributed mainly by the precipitation of Cu phase and transformation of residual austenite.

Influence of Austenitizing Temperature on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of 55Cr18Mo1VN High-Nitrogen Plastic Mould Steel

The influence of austenitizing temperature on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of 55Cr18MolVN high-nitrogen plastic mould steel was investigated. The microstructure, elemental distribution and Cr-depleted zone of different heat-treated samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalyzer analysis, and trans- mission electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance was evaluated using electrochemical measurements, and the analysis of passive film was carded out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that the volume fraction of precipitates decreased, and the homogeneity of elements was improved with increasing austenitizing temperature. The degree of Cr-depleted zone around coarse M23C6 was severer than that around M2N, and pitting corrosion initiated preferentially around M23C6. The corrosion resistance of the samples increased with the austenitizing temperature. With the increase in austenitizing temperature, the passive film was thickened and Cr（III）cr2O3 in the inner layer of passive film was enriched, which enhanced the corrosion resistance of the steel. The higher content of nitrogen in solid solution at higher austenitizing temperature contributed to the increased intensity of CrN and NH3, leading to the increase in pH value in the pit, and promoting the repassivation of 55Cr18Mo1N steel.

Permeable Steel and Its Application in Plastic-injection Mould

The gas in plastics mould has great influence on performance, appearance and lifespan of the injection molded parts. Venting channel and its appendix system should be used for gas exhausting in general. However, the dependence on the venting system complicates the mould design. Furthermore in certain condition, it is difficult to integrate the venting system into the mould. Currently a kind of mold material which has gas permeability has been developed in abroad, but the applications of this mold material were restricted by its higher cost and smaller size. In this research, a porous material which was made by powder metallurgy was applied to plastic mould to replace the venting system. Permeability of the steel with different secondary processing was tested and compared with a special apparatus. The metallographic samples of the steel with different secondary processing were prepared and investigated. Finally an actual injection set was established to investigate the applications of permeable steel. The metallographies indicate that the micro-holes inside permeable steel were interconnected. Moulds made of permeable steel exhibit good permeability in the plastic-injection experiments and gas generated in the mould cavity was smoothly exhausted. The melted plastic did not penetrate into the mould or block in the micro-holes. After several times of plastic-injection experiments, the mould still retained good permeability. The strength of this permeable steel is between 200–250 MPa and suitable for industrial applications. The venting systems simplified by permeable steel in plastic-injection have simple structures, which can be applied into any place that requires gas exhausting.

新能源冷藏车制冷机锁扣注射模设计

针对10%碳纤维改性PEEK材料的新能源冷藏车制冷机锁扣,设计了1模2腔三板注射模,模具浇注系统使用点浇口,采用4个定模滑块先抽芯机构实现成型塑件部分特征的脱模,其中1个为斜向抽芯机构,3个为直线型抽芯机构。抽芯机构依靠开模动力驱动锁紧块拉动滑块抽芯和锁紧,动作可靠且效率高,保证了塑件的成型效率及成型品质。

Computer-Aided Design of Some Advanced Steels and Cemented Carbides

Thermodynamic and kinetic study on TRIP （transformation induced plasticity） steels, cemented carbides and mold steel for plastics were carried out in order to design modern advanced materials. With the sublattice model, equilibrium compositions of ferrite and austenite phases in TRIP steels, as well as volume fraction of austenite at inter-critical temperatures for different time were calculated. Concentration profiles of carbon, manganese, aluminum and silicon in the steels were also estimated in the lattice fixed frame of reference. The effect of Si and Mn on TRIP was discussed according to thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. In order to understand and produce the graded nanophase structure of cemented carbides, miscellaneous phases in the M-Co-C （M= Ti, Ta, Nh） systems and Co-V-C system were modeled. Solution parameters and thermodynamic： properties were listed in detail. The improvement of machining behavior of prehardened mould steel for plastics was obtained by computer-aided composition design. The results showed that the matrix composition of large-section prehardened mould steel for plastic markedly influences the precipitation of non-metallic inclusion and the composition control by the aid of Thermo-Calc software package minimizes the amount of detrimental oxide inclusion. In addition, the modification of calcium was optimized in composition design.

重晶石混凝土异形构件钢模具有限元模拟

装配式构件模具的力学性能对预制构件质量控制至关重要。为分析重晶石混凝土异形墙体构件钢模具在新浇筑混凝土作用力下的力学性能及变形影响因素,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立有限元仿真模型,对模板施加混凝土荷载,进行模拟分析。结果表明,此构件模具变形较大处在侧面模板中上部,模具最大变形量随钢板弹性模量、厚度的降低以及加劲肋间距、混凝土重度的增加而逐渐增大。

减少冷轧低碳钢轧材表面夹杂缺陷实践

针对冷轧低碳钢轧材表面夹杂缺陷问题,分析主要原因是结晶器保护渣卷入钢水导致,采取优化保护渣理化性能,优化铸机拉速、水口浸入深度和氩气流量等措施后,降低了卷渣风险,冷轧低碳钢表面夹杂缺陷指数由4降至1,提高了产品表面质量。

组合式钢模台车在长距离隧道施工中的应用

水利水电项目隧道工程采用钢模台车进行衬砌施工,常常会遇到曲线段台车就位难度大、转角处易侵占衬砌结构面等问题,影响隧道衬砌质量和使用性能。结合长距离隧道曲线特征、断面尺寸、工作面划分等特点,将钢模台车设计成标准单元模块型式,通过标准单元模块自由组合成长度为16 m、24 m和32 m的组合式钢模台车,用于隧道衬砌施工。应用实践表明,组合式钢模台车施工效率高、工作面之间协调灵活,大幅缩短施工进度和减少台车的配置,同时在曲线段将台车分离成标准单元长度使用,更容易控制曲线隧道衬砌结构面,保障工程施工进度。

内置钢管式塑料托盘注塑模具设计及承重仿真分析

针对内置钢管式塑料托盘,详细介绍了模具主要结构设计,包括浇注系统、成型零部件、侧向抽芯、顶出系统、冷却系统以及排气系统的设计,并绘制了模具结构总装图,阐述了模具工作原理。由于模具结构复杂为四面滑块抽芯结构,故对于天侧倒扣区域采用“大滑块+液压油缸”的单侧抽芯机构,操作侧、非操作侧倒扣区域采用“大滑块+液压油缸”的两侧抽芯机构,地侧倒扣区域采用“斜导柱+大滑块”的抽芯结构,内侧倒扣区域则是采用一种新型交叉辅助杆斜顶抽芯结构,从而解决托盘脱模困难问题。此外,利用有限元分析软件Abaqus模拟托盘在静载荷、动载荷(叉车搬运)状态下的受力情况。由分析结果可知,托盘在两种状态下最大应力均未超过材料的屈服强度,说明托盘强度能够满足使用要求。最终进行实际生产,结果表明,设计的模具结构合理,安全可靠,成型后的托盘质量好,能够为同类托盘的设计提供参考依据。

易切削非调质汽车用钢表面裂纹形成机理及工艺优化

易切削非调质汽车用钢采用410 mm×530 mm大断面连铸坯轧制成规格Φ130~220 mm的钢材,表面探伤合格率较低,钢材表面出现裂纹缺陷,通过对钢轧全流程系统分析发现为连铸坯表面角部横裂纹和星状裂纹所导致,其与结晶器铜管倒锥度及R角不合理、钢中硫化物形态及偏析聚集、保护渣理化指标适配性差、二次冷却系统工艺有待优化等方面原因有关。通过改进结晶器铜管倒锥度及R角、微钙化处理工艺改善钢中硫化物形态、调整结晶器保护渣的理化性能指标、优化二次冷却系统,酸洗试样表面质量合格率提高了近30%,铸坯表面磁粉探伤合格率提高至99.2%,连铸坯所对应轧材的表面探伤最高炉次达98.6%、最低炉次达92.4%,铸坯纵剖酸洗试样V型偏析改善明显,且碳、硫的中心偏析指数分别为1.04、0.97,符合±0.05的高标准均质化要求。

Effect of weld line positions on the tensile deformation of two-component metal injection moulding

Knowledge of the mechanical properties of two-component parts is critical for engineering functionally graded components. In this study, mono-and two-component tensile test specimens were metal injection moulded. Three different weld line positions were generated in the two-component specimens. Linear shrinkage of the two-component specimens was greater than that of the mono-component specimens because the incompatibility of sintering shrinkage of both materials causes biaxial stresses and enhances sintering. The mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel were affected by the addition of a coloured pigment used to identify the weld line position after injection moulding. For the two-component specimens, the yield stress and ultimate tensile stress were similar to those of 316L stainless steel. Because 316L and 630(also known as 17-4PH) stainless steels were well-sintered at the interface, the mechanical properties of the weaker material(316L stainless steel) were dominant. However, the elongations of the two-component specimens were lower than those of the mono-component specimens. An interfacial zone with a microstructure that differed from those of the mono-material specimens was observed; its different microstructure was attributed to the gradual diffusion of nickel and copper.

高硅含钛奥氏体不锈钢“结晶器结鱼”分析及改进

通过对“结晶器结鱼”物和中间包夹杂物检测,系统分析了高硅含钛奥氏体不锈钢“结晶器结鱼”现象发生的根本原因。结果表明:“结晶器结鱼”物和中间包中夹杂物类型主要为纯的TiN和以镁铝尖晶石为核心的TiN。TiN夹杂物是导致“结晶器结鱼”产生的根本原因。结合热力学计算和试验结果,TiN夹杂物在1455℃的液相线温度下就会析出。通过控制钢水w(N)<0.01%,中间包钢水温度大于1500℃,可以避免“结晶器结鱼”的发生。

模具钢无碳化物贝氏体的相变行为及其对磨损性能的影响

研究了H13模具钢的常规马氏体(油淬火+580℃回火)和无碳化物贝氏体(300℃等温处理)的相变行为,以及显微组织对其冲击磨损性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢经贝氏体等温后形成了由板条状贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织;贝氏体铁素体+残留奥氏体组织的冲击磨损性能在磨损后期(1.5和2.0 h)优于马氏体组织。这是由于马氏体组织容易产生微裂纹,产生大量犁削,从而导致耐磨性能降低,而无碳化物贝氏体组织在冲击磨损过程中使表层发生剧烈的塑性变形,诱导微观组织中的残留奥氏体转变成α相铁素体,能够阻止试验钢基体在冲击磨损过程中产生切削,从而提高其耐磨性。

稀土元素铈对精密模具用不锈钢组织性能的影响

为了提高精密模具用不锈钢的性能,在3Cr13马氏体不锈钢中添加质量分数为0.002%的稀土元素铈(Ce),经淬火+回火处理后,采用金相观察、SEM、拉伸试验、冲击试验和硬度测试等方法,研究了Ce对3Cr13马氏体不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ce能细化淬火+回火后的马氏体组织,使其晶粒大小趋于一致,“白块区”马氏体分布更加均匀,使试验钢屈服强度和抗拉强度提高了100 MPa以上,0℃低温冲击韧性提高了62 J/cm^(2),HV_(10)硬度值提高了48。同时Ce改变了试验钢低温冲击试样的断口形貌,减少了夹杂物引起的“孔洞”缺陷,阻碍了裂纹的扩展,提高了试验钢的低温冲击韧性。

后张法预应力空心板梁模板设计与应用

以印尼青山工业园拉博塔港区7.5万t码头3号泊位后张法预应力混凝土空心板YKB1为例,介绍了预应力空心板结构形式,通过钢模、木模及胶囊内模之间的对比分析,确定了钢模在成本上的经济性以及施工质量的可靠性,详细阐述钢模板构造、设计方法和应用效果,相对于同类工程的施工具有一定的参考价值。

ESR 1.2343模具钢夹杂物成分及形成原因分析

由于某ESR 1.2343注塑模具钢存在麻点,导致家电产品出现外观质量问题,为探寻麻点产生原因对该模具钢的表面进行了表征分析。通过SEM对夹杂物的形貌进行了表征,在EDS模式下对基材及夹杂物成分进行分析。结果表明,钢体表面存在较粗的夹杂物,其尺寸在10~30μm,且分布较密,根据GB∕T 10561-2005国标归类为粗系D类2.5级环状氧化物,是由Ca包裹在内的MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)尖晶石构成的近球形析出物,其在电渣重熔生产的钙处理精炼过程中产生,同时由于其表面电位低,在硫和氯腐蚀环境下会引起点蚀,为保障塑件成型质量及生产效率,从企业及用户的角度分别提出了解决方案。

整体平面呈椭圆形的大跨度钢桁架屋面施工

以长江口中华鲟自然保护区基地二期工程科学研究车间屋面钢结构施工为例,结合单体结构的特点,介绍了椭圆形大跨度钢结构屋面关键施工技术。从施工分段、安装流程、技术措施及受力计算等方面,对施工技术进行了优化,从而大大降低了钢结构工程的施工难度,在提高施工效率的同时保证了钢结构工程及屋面多专业穿插的施工质量和安全,为类似钢结构屋面工程施工提供了施工技术和过程控制方面的经验。

国内外模具钢发展现状

简要分析了过去、现在乃至今后国内外模具钢(冷作模具钢、热作模具钢和塑料模具钢)发展的基本指导思想及在此指导思想下研发的各种新型模具钢。最后对我国模具钢发展和生产中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了建议。