Load laws of composite lining in mountain tunnel model tests and numerical simulation validation

Currently,model tests are increasingly being used to simulate the construction of mountain tunnels,but the support structure of the model tests does not show the composite lining,and the force laws of the composite lining are not yet clear.In this research,the force variation of composite lining under three cases in model tests of deep-buried tunnels were carried out with the surrounding rock grade and installation time as the variation factors.The test results reveal that:(1)The suitable method to reduce the contact load between the secondary lining and primary support is to enhance the primary support in the soft and weak surrounding rock.Correspondingly,for ClassⅢsurrounding rock and better quality of surrounding rock,the primary support can lag behind the excavation face a certain distance.(2)The axial forces of the bolts tend to rise with concentration of 0.4 kN-0.7 kN after the secondary lining was installed.(3)With or without two to three excavation cycles delayed,the load sharing ratio of the secondary lining of the Class III surrounding rock is less than 10%.Finally,the numerical simulation verifies the feasibility of the model tests.

Seismic damage of mountain tunnels during the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake

A number of mountain tunnels suffered significant damage to various extent during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.Damage ranging from small to heavy cracking was observed both at the portal and inside the tunnels,while some sections close to the faults completely collapsed.A summary of qualitative data collected from reports and papers is presented regarding the behavior of the 55 mountain tunnels near the epicenter during the earthquake.Based on the seismic investigation and data collection of mountain tunnels,the tunnel damage is classified into six most common damage models involving cracking,spalling,shear failure,dislocation,pavement uplift and collapse.Detailed study and discussion are then carried out on the damage models.In order to examine the influencing factors of the damage magnitude of the mountain tunnels,the correlations between epicentral distance,earthquake intensity,overburden depth,geological condition and damage levels are analyzed.The relationships between earthquake parameters and different damagemodels are developed and discussed.Also,suggestions are provided to improve the seismic resistance of mountain tunnels.

Seismic risk evaluation for a planning mountain tunnel using improved analytical hierarchy process based on extension theory

Seismic risk evaluation(SRE) in early stages(e.g., project planning and preliminary design)for a mountain tunnel located in seismic areas has the same importance as that in final stages(e.g.,performance-based design, structural analysis, and optimization). SRE for planning mountain tunnels bridges the gap between the planning on the macro level and the design/analysis on the micro level regarding the risk management of infrastructural systems. A transition from subjective or qualitative description to objective or quantitative quantification of seismic risk is aimed to improve the seismic behavior of the mountain tunnel and thus reduce the associated seismic risk. A new method of systematic SRE for the planning mountain tunnel was presented herein. The method employs extension theory(ET)and an ET-based improved analytical hierarchy process. Additionally, a new risk-classification criterion is proposed to classify and quantify the seismic risk for a planning mountain tunnel. This SRE method is applied to a mountain tunnel in southwest China, using the extension model based on matter element theory and dependent function operation.The reasonability and flexibility of the SRE method for application to the mountain tunnel are illustrated.According to different seismic risk levels and classification criteria, methods and measures for improving the seismic design are proposed, which can reduce the seismic risk and provide a frame of reference for elaborate seismic design.

The lining responses for shallow mountain tunnels subjected to frost heaving

Mountain tunnels in cold regions are vulnerable to adverse effects of freezing action.Thus,it is necessary to identify the lining responses of shallow mountain tunnels subjected to freezing action.To quantify the influence of freezing action and key design parameters(such as cross-sectional shape;lining thickness;and waterproof measures)on the lining response,a thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled finite element(FE)model is established and verified.Then,specific consideration is given to the lining internal force and resulting axial stresses.And the influences of the cross-sectional shape,concrete parameters,and waterproof measures on the lining responses are investigated.Generally,the rectangular tunnel has the worst security;the circular tunnel is the safest.On the other hand,when the thermal conductivity is less than 2.2[W/(m·K)],a greater thermal conductivity will cause a greater risk of damage to the lining.Moreover,the drainage plate can reduce the value of minimum axial stresses,whether frozen or not,even eliminating the tensiondamaged area.Overall,this study helps to estimate the lining responses and prevent frost damages for shallow mountain tunnels during freezing period.

Limiting drainage criterion for groundwater of mountain tunnel

Large amount of groundwater discharging from tunnel is likely to cause destruction of the ecological environment in the vicinity of the tunnel, thus an appropriate drainage criterion should be established to balance the tunnel construction and groundwater.To assess the related problems, an limiting drainage standard ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) was suggested for mountain tunnels based on survey and comparative analysis. After that, for the purpose of verifying the rationality of the standard, a calculated formula for dewatering funnel volume caused by drainage was deduced on the basis of the groundwater dynamics and experience method.Furthermore, the equation about the relationship between water discharge and drawdown of groundwater table was presented. The permeability coefficient, specific yield and groundwater table value were introduced, and then combined with the above equation, the drawdown of groundwater table under the proposed limiting drainage criterion was calculated. It is shown that the proposed drainage standard can reach the purpose of protecting ecological environment under the following two conditions. One is the permeability coefficient ranges from 10-4 to 10-5 m/s and the specific yield ranges from 0.1 to 0.001. The other is the permeability coefficient varies from 10-6 to 10-8 m/s and the specific yield varies from 0.1 to 0.01. In addition, a majority of common geotechnical layers are involved in the above ranges. Thus, the proposed limiting drainage standard which ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m3/(m·d) for mountain tunnel is reasonable.

Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 (Ms) struck Wenchuan town, in the eastern Sichuan area of west China. Following the earthquake on May 18, the Southwest Jiaotong University organized a damage survey team and dispatched it to the affected area for the investigation into the damage and collection of information and data. This paper outlines the findings of this investigation on the earthquake disaster to mountain tunnels and geotechnical engineering. The systematic investigation, involving geological conditions, design documents, construction and maintenance records of the tunnels, has been conducted and the degree of damage to investigated tunnels has been assessed according to the width and length of cracks, the stability of the slope above the tunnel, and the condition of the groundwater inrush. The results show that the major damage of the mountain tunnels was mainly concentrated in the tunnel portals due to widespread landslides and rockfalls, and the inner part of investigated tunnels suffered moderate damages mainly due to fault displacements. It is hoped that the information shared herein could enhance the outstanding of seismic behavior of mountain tunnels and improve seismic design and construction procedures.

基于LCA的山岭隧道碳排放核算研究现状与展望

首先,梳理山岭隧道碳排放核算研究的进展并进行探讨,基于生命周期评价理论(life cycle assessment,LCA)与排放因子法,结合山岭隧道特点对其全生命周期内各阶段的碳排放来源进行分析,着重探讨施工与运营阶段的计算边界;其次,强调碳排放核算过程中清单分析涉及到的碳排放因子与活动数据的获取方式与应用条件;然后,对核算结果的应用、不确定分析与碳排放预测的相关研究成果进行整理;最后,指出当前山岭隧道碳排放研究中存在的问题,并展望其未来发展方向。

基于集对分析理论和数字化平台的山岭隧道塌方风险评价

为更准确、更科学地完成山岭隧道塌方风险评价,提出一种基于层次分析法(AHP)-熵值法(Entropy)集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价方法。首先,选取地质因素、设计因素、施工因素、管理因素4项因素作为塌方风险评价指标体系的准则层,选取12项因素作为指标层,运用层次分析法和熵值法分别计算2级指标权重;然后,引入集对分析理论确定指标联系度,并结合置信度准则对塌方风险的等级进行判定;接着,利用Grasshopper以及Python软件,对集对分析理论进行可视化程序开发,并将其与隧道-地质BIM交互模型进行耦合,建立基于AHP-Entropy集对分析模型的隧道塌方风险数字化分析平台;最后,结合重庆某隧道实际工程,验证隧道塌方风险评价的高效化、可视化效果。研究表明:基于集对分析理论的山岭隧道塌方风险评价数字化分析平台运行时间约为2 s,与传统的隧道塌方风险评价方法相比可以大大提高风险评价效率,同时利用AHP-Entropy法确定评价指标权重,提高了评价结果的可靠性。

基于改进灰靶的山区隧道施工场地布置方案优选

为提高山区隧道施工场地布置方案决策的准确性,以牛栾村隧道六种施工场地布置方案为例,提出了基于改进灰靶的方案优选模型。首先,通过分析场地布置方案影响因素,构建了以方案可行性、方案经济性、环境影响和社会效益影响为核心的评价指标体系;其次,采用云模型将定性指标定量描述,并运用CRITIC(criteria importance though intercriteria correlation)确定指标权重;最后以灰色关联差异信息值为基础,结合欧几里得理论计算修正的加权靶心距,通过对比靶心距实现方案优选,并采用单因素轮换法(one-at-a-time,OAT)进行了指标敏感性分析。结果表明:最优方案的加权靶心距为0.610,评选出的方案与实际一致,并分析出“地形地貌改变”为对方案评选影响最大的指标。可见,该方法呈现了各方案的优劣,使山区隧道施工场地布置方案评选更科学、合理。

山区铁路桥隧工程关键节材要素均衡优化

为在经济可承受范围内提升山区铁路的节材性能,提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的关键节材要素双目标均衡优化方法。首先,以断面超挖、喷射混凝土类型选择、围岩变形预留、桩基扩孔、桩头超封5个桥隧工程关键节材要素为决策变量,以CO_(2)减排量最大、建造成本增加值最小为优化目标,构建山区铁路桥隧工程关键节材要素均衡优化模型;其次,采用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求出Pareto均衡解集;再次,耦合主客观元素组合的综合赋权法与TOPSIS法对Pareto均衡解集进行科学决策,得到考虑决策者偏好的关键节材要素最佳组合,并分析决策者偏好对最佳组合的影响;最后,以某山区铁路工程某标段为例,系统地验证了该方法的科学性及适用性。研究结果表明:与优化前相比,最佳组合能实现CO_(2)减排12.622万t,对应建造成本增加了24.833万元,优化效率达到50.826%。

山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险演化路径及防控研究

山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险突出,探索安全风险演化路径并提出安全风险防控措施,对减少安全事故发生意义重大。针对山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工特点,运用文本挖掘分析历史安全事故资料、铁路标准规范资料、现场安全风险评估报告、相关研究文献资料等,结合“4M1E”理论和专家经验识别山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工主要安全风险因素和安全风险事件。采用质性分析法,结合现场调研和专家访谈,提取安全风险因素间、安全风险事件间、安全风险因素及事件间相互关系,构建山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险演化网络模型。基于风险演化理论、复杂网络理论等,利用度中心性、介数中心性、聚类系数、特征向量中心性、中间中心度等多项指标分析山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险演化网络节点重要度、边的关键性,从而确定关键链演化路径,并提出安全风险防控措施。研究结果表明:山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险包括人员、设备、技术、管理、环境5类共41个主要安全风险因素和塌方、突泥涌水等6个主要安全风险事件,确定了安全风险演化网络中8个关键节点、20条关键边和3条关键链,针对关键链风险演化路径提出了安全风险防控措施,为提高山区铁路隧道钻爆法施工安全风险管理水平提供参考。

极端环境隧道建造面临的主要问题及发展趋势

聚焦艰险山区、深水海域与城市敏感区3类极端环境,全面梳理和总结了在此环境下隧道建造面临的主要问题、相关技术突破和未来发展趋势。针对艰险山区中极高地应力、高地温、高海拔以及活动断裂带等极端条件,总结分析围岩和隧道的变形机制、破坏机制及防护措施,并指出未来可通过大数据、机器学习等手段建立更精准的预测模型,以实现隧道建造过程的实时监控和风险评估;针对深水海域中高水压、高烈度地震、强侵蚀环境等极端条件,分析多因素耦合下沉管法及盾构法隧道管片及接头的劣损和破坏机制,总结提升其力学和耐久性能的主要技术措施,并提出未来仍需针对海底隧道管片接头的防水、抗震及抗侵蚀性能开展更深入的研究,以形成完整的理论和技术体系;针对城市敏感区隧道穿越既有隧道、敏感建构筑物、地下障碍物等挑战,总结分析盾构法和顶管法施工环境响应规律、地层变形评估方法和控制技术措施,提出未来可采用机器学习等技术辅助隧道建设,以提升预测和控制的准确性,减小建设过程对城市环境的扰动。目前,相关研究成果为极端环境下的隧道工程建设提供了重要支撑,但部分技术仍需进一步在实践中完善并形成规范,以指导后续的工程建设;而随着新一代信息技术的发展,未来隧道建造必将朝着数字化、智能化、自动化的方向发展,从而保障极端环境下隧道建设的安全、绿色、高效。

山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估研究

山区地质复杂、环境敏感、生态脆弱,致使铁路隧道建设难度大,且在资源节约、环境保护等方面面临较高要求。绿色设计作为绿色建设的先行环节,对减少隧道建设对资源环境的扰动作用,达到资源节约、环境友好的目的起关键引领作用。为定量评估山区铁路隧道工程的资源环境影响效应、衡量隧道设计的绿色程度,提出一种山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应分析方法。首先,基于“驱动力-状态-响应”模型(Driving force-State-Response,DSR),以隧道设计参数为驱动力指标、资源环境状况为状态指标、隧道设计措施为响应指标,构建山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估指标体系,并建立各指标分级标准;其次,运用一种具有自学习自调整能力的支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR)对隧道工程的资源环境影响效应进行评估;再次,以驱动力指标和响应指标为分析对象,运用考虑指标间关联关系及叠加效应的敏感性分析法,甄别对隧道工程资源环境影响效应优化具有重要影响的隧道设计因素;最后,以某山区铁路隧道工程为例,得到该隧道工程的资源环境影响效应值为4.7157,对应等级为较好,表明该隧道工程绿色设计水平较好,资源集约节约利用较合理、环境保护力度较大,可为其他类似工况隧道工程的绿色设计提供借鉴。此外,分析结果显示,注浆加固效果是导致该隧道工程资源环境影响效应变化最敏感的因素,其次为清污分流比例,可着重从这2个方面进行优化设计,以实现隧道工程资源环境影响效应的进一步优化。研究结果验证了本文研究方法的适用性和可操作性,可为山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估及明确隧道工程优化设计方向提供科学依据。

西南山区铁路客运专线隧道底鼓病害变形监测研究

西南山区铁路客运专线具有高桥隧比、沿线地质条件复杂恶劣等特征,在建设和运营过程中易出现各类工程病害。文章基于某隧道底鼓变形病害,设计并开展包含围岩变形、仰拱受力和道床板沉降变形3个监测指标的隧道变形监测方案。通过对监测数据进行分析,获取隧道和围岩受力变形的演化规律,据此提出后续加密轨道几何形位静态、动态检测和衬砌结构贯通裂缝观测、实施列车降速运行等处理措施。相关研究可为该客运专线的安全运营提供有力保障,同时为类似工程隧道病害的监测和整治工作提供有益参考。

基于纤维混凝土材料试验的套拱加固隧道地震响应模拟

以一座山岭隧道为背景,选取钢纤维、玄武岩纤维、碳纤维为掺料进行纤维混凝土材料试验并确定纤维最佳体积掺量;结合试验数据与塑性损伤数值模拟结果,分析地震作用下有无纤维混凝土套拱加固隧道结构响应情况。结果表明:无套拱加固时衬砌拱脚、拱肩、拱腰处易发生拉裂损伤,拱顶与仰拱中心、左右拱肩的相对位移均较大。三种纤维混凝土套拱加固后,衬砌-套拱叠合结构拱腰、拱肩处损伤均有所改善,拉裂损伤向两端发展的趋势得到抑制;拱顶与仰拱中心,左右拱肩的相对位移较无套拱加固时有所降低,隧道结构稳定性提高。综合考虑衬砌损伤与测点位移,体积掺量为1.5%的钢纤维混凝土套拱加固效果最佳。

困难条件下山区长大隧道洞口控制网测量技术创新与应用

针对山区隧道洞口存在通视短边GNSS测量精度无法保证的问题,本文围绕天陇铁路和衢丽铁路长隧道的困难环境,探讨了如何创新地结合GNSS长距离测量的精度优势和全站仪短距离测量的优势,以解决建立高精度控制网的难题。本创新技术克服了山体树木遮挡、隧道洞口GNSS观测条件不佳且通视边较短等不利条件,提出了控制点选埋、观测、数据处理、成果精度评定等创新方法,最终实现了60~100 m控制点边长方位精度远超传统测量方法能达到的精度,为山区隧道工程测量提供了一种既能克服自然条件不利因素影响限制,又能达到高标准测量精度的有效方法。

汶川M_(s)8.0地震隧道易损性及平均损失率分析

基于汶川地震震害资料,通过回归分析得到了山区隧道结构整体与各部分的地震易损性模型。选择峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)作为地震动参数,以对数正态分布函数作为易损性模型,利用极大似然估计得到隧道结构整体及各部分(洞口浅埋段、洞口过渡段、普通段、断层破碎段)的地震易损性曲线,对比分析了隧道整体及各部分的地震易损性特点并进行了探讨。结果表明:轻微破坏条件下,洞口浅埋段的地震易损性要高于其他部分。随着破坏程度的增加,断层破碎带段的地震易损性逐渐高于隧道其他部分。根据隧道结构特定破坏等级的损失比,建立了隧道的平均损失率模型。依据文中建立的隧道易损性模型及平均损失率模型可以在将来发生类似地震时快速地进行地震损失评估。

顾及植物生态劣化的山岭隧道控制排水量计算方法

山岭隧道排水会局部改变地层中地下水环境,在生态敏感区如果盲目采用以排为主的隧道排水原则,可能会诱发局部植物生态劣化。本文提出了一种顾及植物生态劣化的山岭隧道控制排水量计算方法,首先建立基于地下水达西渗流与土壤水Feddes原理耦合分析的土壤水分场模型,以植物生态吸水量、植物蒸腾量与降雨补给量作为上边界条件,以隧道排水速率作为下边界条件,以土壤水基质势阈值判别植物生态枯萎为优化逼近条件,最后采用黄金分割最优搜索方法,获得保障植物生态要求山岭隧道排水量控制值。以苏州七子山隧道为案例,采用本文所提方法得到以松杉为生态控制目标植物的不同控制断面隧道排水量分别为:洞口段排水量是329 m^(3)/d,深埋段排水量是336 m^(3)/d,浅埋段排水量是325 m^(3)/d;同时得到满足松杉生态要求的洞口段水位为地表以下3.6 m,深埋段水位为地表以下18.9 m;浅埋段水位为地表以下14.2 m。本文所提方法可以作为隧道排水量控制依据为山岭隧道生态控制与保护提供指导。

基于博弈论组合赋权-灰关联投影法的山岭隧道突涌水风险评价

为有效减少隧道突涌水灾害带来的后果损失,提出一种基于序关系分析法(order relation analysis method,G1)-指标相关性权重确定方法(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation,CRITIC)和灰关联矢量投影原理的隧道突涌水灾害的风险评价方法。在调研相关文献和工程实例的基础上,考虑了地层岩性、水文地质、不良地质和施工设计4个方面,构建出一个可量化的隧道突涌水风险评估指标体系;其次,为更好地避免人为因素带来的偏差,采用G1-CRITIC进行主客观赋权,通过引入博弈论得到主客观赋权的组合权重,实现对各评价指标权重的科学合理分配;最后,结合灰关联矢量投影法对隧道涌水风险等级进行定量评价。将该风险评价方法应用于文笔山1#隧道3个洞段样本,对其进行隧道突涌水风险评估,实例结果表明,隧道样本3突涌水风险等级为Ⅳ级,另两个隧道洞段样本为Ⅱ级涌水风险,得出的风险评价等级与实际开挖情况吻合,此模型可对多因素影响下的工程地质灾害进行准确评价,与其他模型结果对比更加验证了该评价模型的可行性与准确性。

特大断面山岭隧道出洞口段开挖技术对比分析:以燕山地区汗沟2号隧道为例

为研究不同出洞开挖施工方法对特大断面山岭隧道洞口段围岩变形影响,以燕山地区汗沟2号隧道为依托工程,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立数值模型,分析了双线隧道洞口段先行右洞采用超前小导洞开挖出洞和后行左洞采用三台阶七步开挖进洞情况下的围岩水平收敛、拱顶沉降、底部上拱、地表沉降、塑性区分布以及衬砌支护应力等影响。结果表明:小导洞开挖过程中围岩变形较小;由洞内向洞外与洞外向洞内扩挖右洞小导洞的围岩变形规律基本一致,前者对于山岭隧道洞口段施工具有优越性;左右洞贯通后,右隧最大水平收敛、拱顶沉降、底部上拱、地表沉降和衬砌最大主应力分别为1.35 mm、3.91 mm、2.88 mm、3.39 mm和0.11 MPa,左隧分别为1.52 mm、5.57 mm、2.67 mm、5.34 mm和0.35 MPa,超前小导洞开挖工法更有利于控制围岩变形,而三台阶进洞开挖下围岩塑性应变以及地表沉降较大。研究结果可为同类工程提供一定理论依据和指导,实现特大断面山岭隧道安全、高效出洞作业。