Long-term improvements in water conservation functions at Qilian Mountain National Park, northwest China

Water conservation is one of the most important ecosystem functions.This study uses the InVEST model to examine the water conservation function of the Qilian Mountain National Park(QMNP),an important water supply area in northwest China.We analyzed the spatiotemporal water conservation patterns of QMNP from 1988 to 2019.It showed that the water conservation capacity in QMNP has increased over the past 32 years,reaching a peak of 6.495×108 m3 in 2019.The area with an increased water conservation capacity is 12 times larger than the area with a reduced capacity.We also examined how climatic,land-use,vegetation coverage,and topographical factors influence water conservation functions.We found that precipitation is the main climatic factor in water conservation.The water conservation function also varies with land-cover type,with forests having the highest capacity,followed by grasslands.Lastly,topographical factors,including altitude and slope,also shape the spatial patterns of water conservation functions in QMNP.

Heterogeneity and non-linearity of ecosystem responses to climate change in the Qilian Mountains National Park, China

Ecosystem responses to climate change,particularly in arid environments,is an understudied topic.This study conducted a spatial analysis of ecosystem responses to short-term variability in temperature,precipitation,and solar radiation in the Qilian Mountains National Park,an arid mountainous region in Northwest China.We collected precipitation and temperature data from the National Science and Technology Infrastructure Platform,solar radiation data from the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset,and vegetation cover remote-sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer.We used the vegetation sensitivity index to identify areas sensitive to climate change and to determine which climatic factors were significant in this regard.The findings revealed a high degree of heterogeneity and non-linearity of ecosystem responses to climate change.Four types of heterogeneity were identified:longitude,altitude,ecosystem,and climate disturbance.Furthermore,the characteristics of nonlinear ecosystem responses to climate change included:(1)inconsistency in the controlling climatic factors for the same ecosystems in different geographical settings;(2)the interaction between different climatic factors results in varying weights that affect ecosystem stability and makes them difficult to determine;and(3)the hysteresis effect of vegetation increases the uncertainty of ecosystem responses to climate change.The findings are significant because they highlight the complexity of ecosystem responses to climate change.Furthermore,the identification of areas that are particularly sensitive to climate change and the influencing factors has important implications for predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on ecosystems,which can help protect the stability of ecosystems in the Qilian Mountains National Park.

A tale of duality:Community perceptions towards the ecotourism impacts on Simien Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

This study aims to analyze how park households perceive the economic,sociocultural,and environmental impacts of ecotourism in Simien Mountain National Park(SMNP),Ethiopia.We combined qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection.A sequentially embedded mixed design that gives priority to quantitative data was used.We also employed a multistage sampling technique to select respondents from three districts or woredas,namely Debark,Janamora,and Beyeda woredas.Finally,397 participants were involved in the study from a random selection of three villages from each district or woreda.Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire,interviews,and focus group discussions.Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods,including means,standard deviations,analysis of variance(ANOVA),and logistic regression models.The findings from a logistic regression analysis revealed that ecotourism participation had a significant relationship with gender(B=1.850,P=0.023),level of education(B=0.238,P=0.032),geographical location(B=0.420,P=0.041),and occupation(B=0.920,P=0.019).This investigation suggested that males and individuals with a higher educational background are more likely to possess optimistic perspectives concerning the impacts of ecotourism.Furthermore,individuals residing in districts relatively near ecotourism destinations,those engaged in tourism-related work,and younger participants were recognized as having optimistic viewpoints regarding the impacts of ecotourism.In conclusion,the study highlighted the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to maximize ecotourism’s benefits and minimize negative effects in SMNP.To achieve this,it is recommended that the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Agency,the Ministry of Tourism,and local government should work together to develop sustainable tourism plans that enhance local livelihoods and park conditions.Efforts should focus on increasing the participation of females and individuals with lower education levels through training and resource provision.

Modeling visitor use on high elevation mountain trails: An example from Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA

Increasing use on mountain summits has both social and ecological implications.High numbers of visitors climbing mountain summits can be a safety issue,particularly in areas where terrain or elevation leads to queueing that may cause time delays.Estimating visitor use levels at site specific locations en route to summits is needed to understand the potential benefits and impacts of visitor use in these locations.However,it can be difficult to obtain reliable and robust data to estimate use and develop statistical relationships because of the remote and harsh climates on mountain summits,as well as the financial and personnel requirements involved to collect the data in remote locations.In 2015,data were collected on the higher stretches of the Keyhole Route on Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park,USA(RMNP)to better understand use levels near the summit and to explore potential statistical relationships to trailhead use data that are relatively easy to collect.Strong statistical relationships from robust regression analyses were found between trailhead use counts and daily and hourly use totals on the"Homestretch"which is a final section of the Keyhole Route.Additionally,a strong statistical relationship was found between total daily use and maximum hourly use on the Homestretch.The results suggest that trailhead counts are an accurate and reliable means from which to estimate use levels on upper portions of the Keyhole route.Moreover,this research demonstrates the usefulness of an approach using proxy variables to estimate visitor use along remote peaks where data collection can be difficult.These types of data can elucidate various options and decisions for park management teams who are charged with deciding if and how to manage high use areas.

Regional- to local-scale controls on waterfalls in Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado

Previous work on the eastern side of Rocky Mountain National Park(RMNP),Colorado indicated correlations among waterfall location,waterfall morphology,and the characteristics of bedrock joints.Characteristics of waterfalls on the western side of the national park do not correlate as strongly with joint geometry.Longitudinal river profiles on the western side are less concave and waterfalls account for a greater proportion of the total elevation loss.We interpret these differences to result from more widely spaced joints,lithological differences,and complex glacial history.These results demonstrate that waterfall shape and typology may change due to both local and regional controls operating in a mountain region.Both regions had alpine valley glaciers,but continued landscape evolution via fluvial erosion has developed waterfalls with diverse locations and morphologies that reflect the influences of glacial deposits,bedrock erosional resistance,and joint geometry.

Ecotourism Development in the Context of Cultural and Tourism Integration:A Case Study of Wanli Mopan Mountain Forest Park

The integration of culture and tourism is a new form of tourism and a trend of tourism industry development.Mopan Mountain Forest Park in Wanli District of Nanchang City is taken as research object,and the excavation of its cultural elements is analyzed.It is thought that cultural elements can revitalize the culture and tourism industry,promote the integration of culture and tourism,encourage the mutual penetration of cultural innovation,design services and tourism products,improve the development and service level of cultural tourism products,and accelerate the development of characteristic cultural tourism.

Seasonal Differences in Visitor Perceptions: A Comparative Study of Three Mountainous National Parks in Central Europe

This paper compares the views and attitudes of visitors to three key mountain national parks and Biosphere Reserves: Sumava National Park (Sumava NP, Czech Republic), Krkonose National Park (KRNAP, Czech Republic) and Karkonoski Park Narodowy (KPN, Poland). A large numbers of people visit these destinations both in the summer (e.g. hikers and cyclists) and in the winter (e.g. hikers and skiers), which threatens sustainability and creates problems regarding the management of these areas. A comprehensive understanding of visitor use, including visitors’ attitudes and perceptions, is fundamental for effective park management. Most research in these national parks is carried out during the summer season, therefore different results in the winter season are expected. Using a standardised socio-environmental survey we attempt to find seasonal differences between visitors and their opinions. A total of 2252 questionnaires were gathered. There were 13 common questions for these three national parks, three of them yielded significantly different results between the two seasons (visitors’ nationality, type of accommodation and financial costs). Other differences were detected in one or two national parks.

The role of a national park in classifying mountain tourism destinations: An exploratory study of the Italian Western Alps

Together with the main aim of preserving nature,national parks are also expected to play an important role for the local communities,driving economic activities toward the lens of sustainable development.This contribution aims to present an exploratory study on the relationship between the presence of a protected mountain area,the Gran Paradiso National Park(GPNP),in the North West of the Italian Alps,and the classification of tourism destinations,according to Weaver model of destination management.Starting from the model,the authors provide a quantitative analysis using a set of variables and indicators to comprehensively assess the differing patterns assumed by the municipalities within the borders of the GPNP and those that are not.The provisional results illustrate that the municipalities within the border of a protected area are more likely to be grouped alongside the sustainable mountain destinations.Meanwhile,research outcomes confirm that a protected area does not necessarily contrast the tourism industry but instead may boost local development by driving it within the borders of the sustainable development,switching from the area’s only preservation function to a flywheel for the local communities.

基于地理信息技术的山地城市社区体育文化公园空间分布分析——以重庆市为例

社区体育文化公园作为居民身心健康发展的重要场域,研究其空间分布及影响因素具有重要意义。文章以具有典型山地城市特征的重庆市为例,运用核密度估算法、最小阻抗法、空间插值法和地理探测器对重庆92个社区体育文化公园进行深入分析。研究发现:重庆市社区体育文化公园主要分布在渝中、渝北、南岸、巴南西部临江一带,总体分布与城市发展具有耦合性,其空间分布主要受交通可达性、房价、人口密度和地势等因素影响,其中交通可达性和房价影响较大,人口密度和地势次之。文章提出以区域发展水平为着力点,建设多层级社区体育文化公园;秉持“以人为本”的核心理念,建设“亲民”社区体育文化公园;以山地城市独有的城市形态,丰富社区体育文化公园内部空间结构等优化配置建议,为社区体育文化公园的规划提供重要参考。

昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区种子植物区系研究

【目的】从物种代表性和多样性方面为拟创建的昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区的植物多样性保护、植物资源利用与管理提供基础科学数据。【方法】研究在野外调查基础上,结合历史数据及文献资料,梳理评估区种子植物名录,分析评估区种子植物区系的组成、优势类群、地理成分及珍稀濒危物种。【结果】(1)昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区共有种子植物46科146属384种,裸子植物3科3属5种,被子植物43科143属379种;苋科(Amaranthaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)和禾本科(Poaceae)4科在评估区种子植物区系中占重要地位,单种科和寡种科构成科的主体。(2)评估区种子植物科、属优势现象明显,优势科有8科,优势属有36属,具10种以上的大属有黄芪属(Astragalus)、棘豆属(Oxytropis)、蒿属(Artemisia)、风毛菊属(Saussurea)、早熟禾属(Poa)、薹草属(Carex)6属,单种属和小属构成属的主体。(3)评估区种子植物科的分布区类型以世界分布为主,同时呈现出温带性质,属的分布区类型以温带分布为主,与劳亚古陆有紧密联系。(4)评估区有4种国家二级重点保护野生植物,8种青海省重点保护植物,6种列入《中国生物多样性红色名录》。【结论】昆仑山国家公园青海片区评估区的地理成分多样,但特有现象不明显,生物多样性较低,区系成分在水平梯度上呈现出干旱到半干旱以及温带向热带过渡的特征。

如何描述山地景观的复杂性:英国国家公园景观特征评估案例比较

【目的】景观特征描述旨在对具有相似要素组合模式的区域进行分类和描述,将无限的景观复杂性简化为易于管理的空间单元。现有文献倾向于探索适用于所有景观的概念和框架,重点关注如何提高过程的透明度,并将历史复杂性纳入通用的技术路线中,但尚未根据不同的地貌类型进行针对性研究。阐明山地景观特征的描述是否有别于低地景观特征,并找出解释山地文化景观复杂性的方法,有助于加深对山地文化景观中自然和文化元素之间复杂关系的理解,可为今后的管理提供更有针对性的方法。【方法】重点收集15个国家公园的景观特征描述相关文件,包括20份景观特征评估(landscape character assessment,LCA)、10份历史景观特征识别(historic landscape characterisation,HLC)和2份历史土地利用评估(historic land-use assessment,HLA)。对于LCA文件,采用内容分析法,基于NVivo软件对重复出现的类型及其频率进行分类统计。编码综合采用自上而下、自下而上2种方法。参考相关的HLC和HLA文件分析LCA文件中对历史复杂性的处理,但由于英国在此方面缺乏统一的评估方法而没有进行编码。【结果】在景观变化方面,共识别出41个相关因子,并将它们划分为自然影响、文化影响和变化驱动力三大类;共识别出21个与制图属性相关的因子,并将它们划分为自然属性、文化属性、感知与审美属性三大类。景观特征类型的复合名称被分解成一系列单词,这些单词可归纳为24个因子,涉及自然特征、文化特征、感知与审美特征三大类。在历史复杂性处理方面,虽然所有英国国家公园LCA都按照历史分期描述了景观变化,但主要以自然属性、现状土地利用和实地形态作为景观特征分类的标准,在景观特征类型的命名中很少包含时间信息。只有个别LCA将历史信息纳入景观特征分类,如威尔士LCA。为了弥补LCA过度简化时间深度的缺点,英格兰和苏格兰的许多国家公园在考古学家和历史学家的主导下创建了单独的HLC或HLA。研究结果揭示了山地和低地国家公园之间的差异,发现不同国家公园对历史复杂性的处理方法主要受所在行政区域的影响,而非公园类型。尽管山地和低地的LCA可能会使用类似的研究框架和技术路线,但自然地形条件会对LCA产生重大影响。【结论】加深了人们对英国国家公园评估模式的理解,同时也为全球山地国家公园的文化LCA提供了启示,可为未来全面理解英国国家公园景观特征评估模式奠定基础,也为具有山地景观的类似地区提供指引。

祁连山国家公园煤矿修复对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

高寒山区煤矿覆土回填和种植草本植物能够快速改善环境,强烈影响地表节肢动物多样性及其生态功能,地表节肢动物对煤矿修复的响应还会因海拔及放牧扰动强度的变化而异。选择祁连山国家公园甘肃片区中部西营河和东大河保护站煤矿修复区和毗邻草地(对照区)为研究对象,利用陷阱法调查煤矿修复区及对照区地表节肢动物的种类组成和数量变化,解析地表节肢动物群落及关键类群对煤矿修复的响应模式,确定影响地表节肢动物多样性变化的关键要素。结果表明,煤矿修复缩小了修复区和对照区地表节肢动物群落差异,但煤矿修复区和对照区地表节肢动物群落组成明显不同并存在地域差异。西营河煤矿修复显著提高了地表节肢动物活动密度,而东大河保护站煤矿修复导致地表节肢动物活动密度略有降低,地表节肢动物类群丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数变化与活动密度相反。主要地表节肢动物科对煤矿矿区修复的响应模式不同并存在区域差异,西营河保护站煤矿修复显著提高了平腹蛛科、微蛛亚科和隐翅虫科的活动密度,但显著降低了硬体盲蛛科和象甲科的活动密度;东大河保护站煤矿修复显著提高了步甲科活动密度,但降低了蚁科和狼蛛科的活动密度。pRDA排序结果表明,海拔高度和全氮含量解释了西营河保护站煤矿修复区和对照区20.8%的地表节肢动物群落变异;草本地上生物量和海拔高度解释了东大河保护站煤矿修复区和对照区24.3%的地表节肢动物群落变异。总之,高寒山区人工覆土和植被建设引起的植被和土壤环境变化强烈影响地表节肢动物多样性,地表节肢动物对煤矿修复的响应存在明显的区域差异,地表节肢动物多样性可以指示和评估煤矿修复效果。

互动理念下的山体公园景观设施设计研究——以青岛市李村公园为例

文章从互动理念出发,研究优化景观设施互动性方法。目的:丰富居民日常互动生活,促进山体社区公园成为居民日常休闲、娱乐,增进居民感情的重要场所。方法:对青岛市李村公园进行实地观察与调查问卷的发放。结果:整理总结居民对景观设施的满意度,发掘居民对景观设施互动性的诉求以及现有景观设施互动性使用方面的不足。结论:从景观设施基础材料互动体验、景观设施复合化互动体验、景观设施环境融合互动体验、景观设施智能化互动体验4个维度作为互动性的切入点,提出提升景观设施互动性的设计策略,以满足居民的互动性需求,使山体社区公园成为居民日常社交以及情感交流的重要载体。

基于人地耦合的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园分区管理策略

为探索城市近郊保护地综合保护和管理办法,形成科学可持续的管理体系,本文以醴陵市城市近郊的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园为研究对象,基于ASTER GDEM高程数据(N27E113)对保护地进行空间划分,运用ArcGIS中网络分析、服务区构建、空间分析、重要度评价法分析园内道路、周边构筑物所带来的人类活动对保护地各区域的影响及其差异,评估保护地生态功能的服务可达性;基于人地耦合的视角,在50 m×50 m分辨率水平上,将保护地划分为5个功能区域并制定了针对性的管理策略。其中,森林生态系统保育区施行严格封闭管理,森林资源多样性保育区适当进行人为干预保育特色物种,城市森林景观区加强多层、多季相森林景观营造,管理挑战与生境保护区应加强边界管理并划定人为活动影响预警区,有的放矢地开展定期巡视;文化旅游区应适度开发人文、自然景观,促进社区与保护地间的良性循环。本研究在实现城市近郊保护地与城市社区良性互动的基础上,针对仙岳山省级森林公园各区域空间特征、功能及其与城市的关系提出一套科学、可行的管理策略及实现路径,为城市近郊自然保护地的管理工作提供参考。

基于五感理论的昆明市呼马山森林公园康养景观改造设计

森林康养是依托森林生态资源,开展森林游憩、度假、疗养、保健、养老等功能的一种健康养生方式。五感理论是通过刺激人体五感(视觉、嗅觉、触觉、听觉和味觉)来治愈人体健康,是发挥康养要素的一种重要理论。通过分析五感理论运用方式与森林公园景观改造设计研究,总结了基于五感理论下森林康养景观改造设计方法,并对昆明市呼马山森林公园进行了改造设计。基于五感理论并充分考虑呼马山森林公园现状,开展了景观入口、道路周边、老旧广场等景观改造设计,在提升森林公园整体景观效果的同时强化五感康养体验,为基于五感理论下的森林公园康养景观改造设计建设提供参考。

山区公园跨水域拱桥设计方案研究

在城市里,桥梁既是交通的纽带也是建筑美学的表达,特别当桥梁位于公园里,又会成为提升区域景观品质、改善生态环境、美化城市形象的复合景观。以深圳市阳台山森林公园内跨高峰水库拱桥为研究对象,对其方案选型、结构构造、施工方案等进行分析,过程体现创新、环保与经济的特点,实现功能与艺术景观的良好结合。该桥具有高桥位、大纵坡、地面持力层较深等特点,针对该桥开展相关研究,为今后同类型桥的设计与施工提供一定的借鉴参考。

祁连山国家公园(甘肃片区)土地利用时空演变及驱动因素分析——以黑河流域为例

黑河发源于祁连山北麓,黑河流域拥有丰富的生态资源,但受气候变化和人类活动的影响,生态风险明显增加。本文以黑河流域为例,分析2009—2018年祁连山国家公园(甘肃片区)土地利用时空演变,指出生态保护存在的主要问题,然后提出政策建议,以推动生态修复,遏制生态退化。总体来说,要强化监管,长效维持生态修复成果;加强管护能力,提升林区队伍专业化水平;提高居民生态意识,减少人类活动对环境的负面影响;开展综合治理,加速生态修复。

山地复杂地形地貌下园区场地设计要点——以福建省宁德市周宁县站前工贸园工程为例

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