Forestry Action Program——On China's 21st Century Agenda

Environment and development are important issues of common concern to societies of the contemporary world. They have a direct bearing on the destiny of mankind, as well as the future of the world. Their influence extends to every country, every people and every individual in this world. Forests are the key and bond to carry out the integration of environment and development. It has become a consensus in international society. Forestry shoulders two missions: optimization of the environment and promotion

“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项布局与实施成效分析

“十三五”国家科技计划改革构建了全新的国家重点研发计划,设置“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项对林业科技创新进行支持。在揭示林业资源培育及高效利用调控机制、提升主要人工林单位生产力和提高资源利用效率等方面进行布局,按照基础研究、关键技术研究和技术集成示范进行“产业链布局创新链、一体化组织实施”。截止到2022年,专项已经执行结束并顺利完成项目综合绩效评价。以“十三五”国家重点研发计划“林业资源培育及高效利用技术创新”重点专项为主题,总结并分析专项实施背景、立项情况并介绍专项实施成效,为今后林业科技资源配置和组织管理提供参考。

Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program（NFPP） is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China＇s natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.

Carbon Storage Capacity of Different Plantation Types Under Sandstorm Source Control Program in Hebei Province, China

Afforestation and reforestation are effective and ecological ways of mitigating elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) concentration and increasing carbon(C) storage in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we measured the above-ground(tree, herbaceous plants and litter) and below-ground(root and soil) C storage in an aspen plantation(Populus davidiana) monoculture(PD), a larch plantation(Larix pincipis-rupprechtii) monoculture(LP), a pine plantation(Pinus tabulaeformis) monoculture(PT), a larch and birch mixed plantation(L. pincipis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphlla mixed)(MLB), and an apricot plantation(Armeniaca sibirica) monoculture(AS) under the Desertification Combating Program in Hebei Province, the northern China. The objective was to assess the effect of afforestation species on ecosystem C pools of different plantation types. Results showed that C storage of LP stand(258.0 Mg/ha) and MLB(163.4 Mg/ha) were significantly higher than the C storage in PD(45.5 Mg/ha), PT(58.9 Mg/ha) and AS(49.4 Mg/ha), respectively. Soil C was the main carbon pool of the ecosystem C storage in the five plantation stands, ranging from 31.4 Mg/ha to 232.5 Mg/ha, which accounted for 69.0%–90.1% of the total ecosystem C storage. The C storage in tree layer was about 5.2%–23.2% of ecosystem C storage. The herbaceous plants and litter layers contained 1.0%–6.0% and 1.5%–3.3% of ecosystem C storage, respectively. Our results suggest that tree species should be incorporated to accurately develop regional C budget of afforestation program, and also imply that substantial differences in ecosystem C stocks among plantation types can facilitate decision making on C management.

Development and evaluation of local communities incentive programs for improving the traditional forest management:A case study of Northern Zagros forests,Iran

We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation.

Using mixed integer programming and airborne laser scanning to generate forest management units

Airborne laser scanning(ALS)has been widely applied to estimate tree and forest attributes,but it can also drive the segmentation of forest areas.Clustering algorithms are the dominant technique in segmentation but spatial optimization using exact methods remains untested.This study presents a novel approach to segmentation based on mixed integer programming to create forest management units(FMUs).This investigation focuses on using raster information derived from ALS surveys.Two mainstream clustering algorithms were compared to the new MIP formula that simultaneously accounts for area and adjacency restrictions,FMUs size and homogeneity in terms of vegetation height.The optimal problem solution was found when using less than 150 cells,showing the problem formulation is solvable.The results for MIP were better than for the clustering algorithms;FMUs were more compact based on the intravariation of canopy height and the variability in size was lower.The MIP model allows the user to strictly control the size of FMUs,which is not possible in heuristic optimization and in the clustering algorithms tested.The definition of forest management units based on remote sensing data is an important operation and our study pioneers the use of MIP ALS-based optimal segmentation.

退耕还林还草背景下脱贫地区农户收入影响因素分析

退耕还林还草工程实施以来,在改善地区生态环境和发展农村经济等多方面起到了较为明显的作用。文中旨在揭示退耕还林还草背景下,脱贫地区农户收入的各影响因素对其家庭总收入和林业收入在不同水平分位数上的影响程度,以期为退耕还林还草工程的进一步实施和脱贫地区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接提出可行的政策建议。在对国家林业和草原局4个定点帮扶县实地调研的基础上,分析了当地农户的收入结构,提出林业收入的重要性,采取分位数回归的方法探究退耕还林还草背景下脱贫地区农户家庭总收入和林业收入的影响因素。分析结果表明,退耕还林还草会在一定程度上抑制低收入脱贫农户的增收,但促进了中高收入脱贫农户的收入增加。在此基础上,提出了以下3条调整优化建议:1)准确识别脱贫农户家庭收入,对于低收入农户审慎推进退耕还林还草工程进度,对于中高收入的农户在林业产业政策引导下优先退耕;2)引入林业优势特色产业、引导农户林业适度规模经营;3)提升农户的生态认知能力,推动扶贫、扶志与扶智的结合,实现农民收入的可持续增长。

乡村振兴战略视阈下的卓越农林人才培养模式研究

贯彻乡村振兴战略,实现农业现代化发展目标,关键在于培养卓越农林人才。在落实国家卓越农林人才教育培养计划过程中总结的拔尖创新型、复合应用型、实用技能型3种人才培养模式各有侧重、各具特色,对地方高职院校的农林人才培养工作具有重要的借鉴意义。当前部分地方高职院校在人才培养战略、课堂教学改革、教学体系建设、社会供需结构等方面存在现实挑战。加强政府政策倾斜、财政支持力度,推动政、校、企的有机结合,产、学、研的高度融合,充分发挥学校在教学过程中的主导作用,全方位提高学生的科研水平和实践能力,是应对之策。

基于Web的县级森林资源管理系统设计与实现

随着森林督查暨森林资源管理“一张图”年度更新工作的开展,通过调查各级区域单位森林资源现状,可掌握森林资源消长变化情况。针对县级林业单位执行森林资源管理“一张图”项目实施过程中存在图斑信息丢失、无法及时更新、数据无法共享和信息管理效率低等现实问题,以兴宁市森林督查项目为例,分析项目执行过程中需要解决的问题,提出林地图斑信息管理系统设计框架,并对各个模块功能的实现提供设计思路。该系统基于B/S架构,以Apache为Web服务器,MySQL为系统数据库,采用PHP编程语言开发,具有系统易于维护、数据共享方便、信息管理高效等技术特点。对森林资源督查工作而言,该系统可为项目执行人员提供更加集中、便捷的信息共享平台,在摸清林地图斑信息、提高科学化决策水平和工作效率等方面具有积极作用。

加强森林经营 提高森林质量——从编制实施森林经营方案出发

我国长期忽视森林经营所带来的严重后果：森林质量差,森林病虫害严重,抗自然灾害能力低;森林总量不足,后备资源匮乏;森林资源保护形势严重。森林经营是现代林业的永恒主题,森林经营方案是加强森林经营的关键。编好森林经营方案,必须提高认识,依法行事;把握原则,明确要求;夯实基础,技术创新;加强培训,组织试点。实施好森林经营方案,必须确立地位,政策调控;完善机制,加强监督;适时评价,调整提高。

基于样带农户调查的江西省山江湖林业工程生态成效分析

"山江湖工程"实施的20多年间,以人工造林为主的消灭荒山、治理水土流失等生态建设使江西省的森林覆盖率由36%提升至60.05%。利用江西省中南部典型样带4个县181个村508户农户的入户实证调查资料及相关辅助数据,分析了"山江湖工程"实施以来的具体生态成效,以及目前存在的主要生态问题。结果表明:工程区农户通过直接参与工程的建设、管理而成为山江湖工程的主体,但大部分属于被动参与,参与收益后逐渐开始考虑参与方式和利益获取的均衡性,其主体地位体现在对造林树种、密度、方式、经营管理等方面的选择;农户通过不同经验指标衡量工程实施后的具体生态成效,认识到工程的显著成效表现在植被恢复、保持水土、保护野生动物、涵养水源等方面;对于生态成效无意识的农户,与局部地区只砍不种以及未获收益后农户经营的逆反心理有关;目前存在的主要生态问题是乱砍滥伐、超方砍伐等。

基于马尔科夫二次规划模型的黑龙江省林业产业结构的有序度测算与优化

通过运用二次规划数学模型求得林业产业结构的马尔科夫转移矩阵，对2012-2020年黑龙江省林业产业目标结构进行预测，选择2012，2015和2020年计算结果为参照标准，测算1998-2011年黑龙江省林业产业结构的发展有序度，定量考察黑龙江省林业产业结构优化调整程度。结果表明：黑龙江省林业产业结构正处于动态的优化中，尤其是2006-2011年，依据选取的3个参照标准，有序度值依次为0.97～0.98，0.92～0.93和0.89～0.90，说明近些年黑龙江省林业产业结构调整程度较好，但仍需进一步深化调整。根据研究结果及黑龙江省林业产业现状，提出优化林业产业结构的思路与策略。

美国生态修复政策及其对我国林业重点工程的借鉴

美国自20世纪30年代以来,为遏制由于大规模土地开发导致的土壤表层侵蚀等生态退化,实施了一系列政策保护生态,防止水土流失,其中影响较大的包括土地休耕保护计划（CRP）、环境质量激励计划（EQIP）和保护支持计划（CSP）。通过分析三个计划的具体运作和实施成效,并结合我国林业重点工程的实施现状,提出一些政策建议。

基于多期遥感的云阳县域森林景观破碎化演变与驱动力研究

县域森林破碎化评价是对生态建设的重点区域和森林植被发生变化的热点区域进行判读区划和测定分析。以云阳县为例,利用2002年森林资源调查数据,结合2006,2011年两期SPOT 5影像开展判读区划,对比分析3期森林分布数据,运用Arc Gis 10.0和Fragstars 4.0软件,选取合适的景观格局指数,对云阳森林景观破碎化及其驱动力进行分析。结果表明:全县森林破碎化程度明显减轻,局部区域小片林及林带多,森林破碎化严重;工程造林与社会政策是驱动云阳县森林景观破碎化减轻的关键因素,其中退耕还林工程造林贡献最大;农业活动与城镇建设是制约云阳县森林景观破碎化逆转的主要因素,应进一步加强林地保护管理,减少森林流失,建设健康稳定的森林生态系统。

林业血防工程建设中的问题探讨

本文主要针对林业血防建设中出现的一些问题、需要协调的关系进行了分析,并提出了即将启动实施的全国林业血防工程建设经营管理上有待研究的内容,为搞好全国林业血防工程建设提供参考。

面向林业重点工程建设的森林工程人才培养体系的研究

本文基于林业重点工程新的发展形势,简要概述了我国的林业重点工程;分析了目前森林工程专业的理论知识结构与人才培养方式不适应现代林业发展要求,生态文明建设意识不能与林业发展意识相结合的问题。针对性地提出森林工程专业未来的人才发展方向和人才培养体系。

四川山丘型林业血防特点及其作用机理

本文以四川省山丘型血吸虫病疫区为研究对象,对四川山丘型抑螺防病林模式构建技术问题进行了探讨,分析提出了山丘型钉螺分布的典型特征,即具有明显的小流域特征、山体广域分布特征和边缘效应分布特征;深入研究了山丘型抑螺防病林的作用机理,提出了控螺、阻螺、驱螺灭螺3种功能;在此基础上,研究提出了抑螺防病林结构模式和以小流域为单元的抑螺防病林体系布局,并调查总结了四川山丘型林业血防工程建设的5个典型模式。

林业索道设计系统

按悬链线、抛物线、悬索曲线、摄动法四种悬索理论,用BASIC语言编制的五个索道设计程序,构成林业索道设计系统。该系统设计的程序已在APPLE-Ⅱ和PC-1500机上中、英文通过,它能进行单跨或多跨索道的承载索设计、绘制索道纵断面图、确定集材方式方法。

中国退耕还林工程对粮食产量影响分析与测度

基于改善生态环境恶化局面的初衷而推出的退耕还林工程已实施近10年，工程的实施对我国的粮食生产是否有影响是很受关注的一个问题。利用全国31个省（市区）1997～2005年的面板数据，从不同的角度分析了退耕还林工程对我国粮食生产的影响。研究结论表明：退耕还林工程对粮食产量带来了一定的负面影响（大约0．0040）；对不同区域的影响不尽相同；对东部和粮食主产区的粮食产量负面影响较大。政策建议：根据不同区域的影响，需要采取不同的政策选择，如允许东部地区和一些粮食主产区的退耕地造林复耕，鼓励开展荒山匹配造林；适度扩大西部地区退耕地造林规模。

中国林业重点工程对农民收入影响的研究

本研究通过利用全国31省1997～2005年的农民收入、生产要素以及林业重点工程进展的面板数据分析得出:从全国来看,退耕还林工程、京津风沙源治理工程和防护林工程对农民收入是有拉动作用的,而天保工程与速生丰产林工程对农民收入有负面影响,对东部、中部和西部的影响又各不相同。建议调整林业重点工程实施的相关政策,采取区域差异性政策。