Present-day movement characteristics of the Qinghai Nanshan fault and its surrounding area from GPS observation

The Qinghai Nanshan fault is a larger fault in the Northeastern Xizang Plateau.In previous studies,its movement characteristics are mainly investigated with geological and seismic observations,and the tectonic transformation role of the fault on its east is not yet clear.This study uses data fusion to obtain denser GPS observations near the Qinghai Nanshan fault.Based on tectonic characteristics,we establish a block model to investigate the fault slip rate,locking degree,and slip deficit.The results show that the Qinghai Nanshan fault slip rate is characterized by sinistral and convergent movement.Both the sinistral and convergent rates display a decreasing trend from west to east.The locking degree and slip deficit are higher in the western segment(with an average of about 0.74 and 1.1 mm/a)and lower in the eastern segment.Then,we construct a strain rate field using GPS observations to analyze the regional strain characteristics.The results indicate that along the fault,the western segment shows a larger shear strain rate and negative dilation rate.Regional earthquake records show that the frequency of earthquakes is lower near the fault.The joint results suggest that the western segment may have a higher earthquake risk.In addition,the insignificant fault slip rate in the eastern segment may indicate that it does not participate in the tectonic transformation among the Riyueshan,Lajishan,and West Qinling faults.

Experimental study on age and gender differences in microscopic movement characteristics of students

Campus security has aroused many concerns from the whole society.Stampede is one of the most frequent and influential accidents in campus.Studies on pedestrian dynamics especially focusing on students are essential for campus security,which are helpful to improve facility design and emergency evacuation strategy.In this paper,primary and middle school students were recruited to participate in the single-file experiments.The microscopic movement characteristics,including walking speed,headway,gait characteristics(step length,step frequency and swaying amplitude)and their relations were investigated.Age and gender differences in the headway-speed diagram and space requirements were analyzed by statistical tests.The results indicated that the impacts of age and gender were significant.There were three stages for the influence of gender on the headway-speed diagram for both age groups.The impacts on students'space requirements were consistent for different age and gender groups.But the impacts of age and gender on free-flow speed were affected by each other.Due to the connection of walking speed and gait characteristics,the comparisons of gait characteristics between different ages and genders were performed to understand the corresponding differences in speed more deeply.The results showed that differences in step length and swaying amplitude between males and females were significant for both age groups.The effect of gender on step frequency was significant for primary students.But for middle school students,whether gender had significant impact on step frequency was not clear here because of the large P-value.Besides,the influence of age on gait characteristics changed with gender.

Magnetotelluric imaging and tectonic movement characteristics of the central Yunnan sub-block and its adjacent areas

The central Yunnan sub-block is an important channel for southeast migration of materials in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,and therefore a key area to study tectonic movement and deformation.In this study,a three-dimensional electrical structure of the crust and upper mantle lithosphere was derived from magnetotelluric data inversion along a survey line across the central Yunnan sub-block.Results suggest that the middle and upper crust of the central Yunnan sub-block is comprised of several independent high-resistivity bodies.Deep extension of some faults was revealed according to electrical structure and relocated microseismicity.The Chenghai fault extends downward along the eastern boundary of a high-resistivity body.The Yuanmou fault dips to the west and extends to the depth along the boundary between two high-resistivity bodies.The Tanglang-Yimen fault cuts through a high-resistivity body in the middle and upper crust.There is an obvious high-conductivity C1 layer in the lower crust in the eastern part of the central Yunnan sub-block,and its western border displays an obvious structural boundary in the shallow part.The eastern part of the central Yunnan sub-block moves eastward relative to the western part(bounded by the west side of a high-resistivity body R3 in the C1 west).C1 is speculated to be characterized by low rheological strength and viscosity,thus reducing the resistance to eastward movement of the eastern part.Owing to the combined action of C1 and its western boundary,the eastern materials slip eastward faster relative to R3.Due to South China Block resistance,the middle and upper crust in the eastern part is within a compressional tectonic environment,consistent with the negative dilatation rate and the presence of compressive faults in this region.The C1 ground surface has a low strain rate,indicating weak deformation in this region and rigid motion dominance.Our results suggest that under the decoupling effect of the high-conductivity layer in the lower crust,the independent rigid blocks in the middle and upper crust can also exhibit tectonic deformation characteristics of rigid extrusion.

Research on the influences of motion characteristics of jetting projectile charge under water

Shaped charge warhead is important for enhancing the damage performance of underwater weapons.This paper used finite element analysis software and based on JPC water penetration experiments to examine the influence of liner parameters(wall thickness,material),charge aspect ratio,and stand-off distance on the movement characteristics of JPC in water.The findings reveal that the head diameter of the JPC increases and experiences significant erosion after entering the water,the effective length of the JPC in water undergoes two distinct phases:a growth phase and a decrease phase,with the velocity of the JPC decaying exponentially.Increasing the liner thickness,stand-off distance and the charge aspect ratio can improve the erosion resistance and the velocity retention capacity of the JPC.The optimal ranges for liner thickness and stand-off distance are 0.0363D_(k) to 0.0545D_(k)(D_(k) is the charge diameter),the stand-off distance should be within 1.0D_(k).After the charge aspect ratio higher than 1.25,the charge structure exerts minimal influence the movement characteristics of the JPC in water.Material density plays a crucial role in the velocity decay pattern of the JPC during penetration.JPC with higher densities exhibit superior velocity retention capabilities in water,with the velocity decay pattern converging if the densities are similar.Consequently,copper,tantalum and tungsten liners are deemed appropriate for underwater shaped charge warhead.Finally,the results will provide an important reference for the design of underwater shaped charge warhead.

Characteristics of Horizontal Crustal Movement in the North China Region in the Last Decade

Based on high-precision data obtained in the past decade from GPS re-measurement in the North China Network, the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) and GPS measurement along the Shanxi graben zone, the status and evolution of horizontal crustal movement in the North China region are analyzed. The results show that(1) the Yanshan tectonic zone (Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea zone)is an active one with the largest horizontal strain in the North China region; The largest tendency differential movement of adjacent blocks is seen between the Yanshan block and the North China plain block; about 2mm/a (left lateral); (2) The significant horizontal differential movement along the boundaries of the North China region is characterized by right-lateral strike-slip movement at the middle-north segment on its west boundary (composed of Yinchuan and other active tectonic zones) and compressive movement at the south segment; while the Yinshan rift zone located along the west segment on its north boundary is dominated by tensile movement. Other boundaries and zones have no obvious differential movement; (3) On the whole, measurements of each period differ from one another, which might result from the nonlinear movement component as well as from the error effect. In the paper, results of the relative movement and strain in different periods are given for different blocks and boundary zones.

Thornthwaite moisture index and depth of suction change under current and future climate‒An Australian study

Climate change is one of the major global challenges and it can have a significant influence on the behaviour and resilience of geotechnical structures.The changes in moisture content in soil lead to effective stress changes and can be accompanied by significant volume changes in reactive/expansive soils.The volume change leads to ground movement and can exert additional stresses on structures founded on or within a shallow depth of such soils.Climate change is likely to amplify the ground movement potential and the associated problems are likely to worsen.The effect of atmospheric boundary interaction on soil behaviour has often been correlated to Thornthwaite moisture index(TMI).In this study,the long-term weather data and anticipated future projections for various emission scenarios were used to generate a series of TMI maps for Australia.The changes in TMI were then correlated to the depth of suction change(H s),an important input in ground movement calculation.Under all climate scenarios considered,reductions in TMI and increases in H s values were observed.A hypothetical design scenario of a footing on expansive soil under current and future climate is discussed.It is observed that a design that might be considered adequate under the current climate scenario,may fail under future scenarios and accommodations should be made in the design for such events.

Correlation between Tectonic Environment and Chracteristics of Mass Movement （Landslides）： A Case Study from Java, Indonesia

In Central Java and Yogyakarta Special Region, there are several zones, which potential of landslide disaster. The zones are in general located at uplitted and or folded mountains, such as North Serayu Mountains, South Serayu Mountains, Menoreh Mountains, Southern Mountains and slopes of young volcanic area, including Ungaran-Merbabu-Merapi area, and Slamet-Sundoro-Sumbing area. Besides morphology, another main factor influencing vulnerability of the terrain is physical properties of the composing lithology. The geologic formations in the study area are predominantly composed of clayey and volcanic rocks. The cohesion force of clayey rock ranges 0.4-0.7 kg/cm^2, the internal friction angle ranges 20°-35°, while the cohesion force of volcanic rock （weathered） ranges 0.25-0.27 kg/cm^2, and the friction angle ranges 20°-35°. In general, rocks occupying the area are collectively dissected by joints and active faults, with soil of more than 5 m thick. Local rainfall belongs to high category （〉 2,500 mm/y）. However, landslides that occur in each physiographic zone mentioned above show different characterizations.

Strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining with upward slicing backfilling technology

Based on the character of upward slicing backfilling mining and the condition of Gonggeyingzi coal mine in Inner Mongolia,this paper describes the studies of the strata behavior and the stress distribution in the process of backfilling mining in extra-thick coal seams.This was achieved by setting up and analyzing the elastic foundation beam model using the ABAQUS software.The results show that:(1) With the gradual mining of different slices,the roof appears to bend continuously but does not break.The vertical stress in the roof decreases and the decreasing amplitude reduces,while the tensile stress in the roof grows with the mining slices and the maximum tensile stress will not exceed the allowable tensile stress.(2) The front vertical stress at the working face exceeds the rear vertical stress and both show a trend of decrease with decreasing amplitude of decrease.(3) The slices mined early have more influence on the surrounding rock than the later ones.Similarly,the strata behavior experiences the same trend.The field measured data show that the roof does not break during the mining process,which is consistent with the conclusion.

Experimental Field Study of Movement Charateristics of Rock Blocks Falling down a Slope

The downslope movement of detached rock blocks along steep slopes is an important process endangering the safety of infrastructure along the foot of a slope and on the valley bottom,but only limited knowledge is available on the influence of various factors on the velocity and distance of movement of such blocks.We discuss the influence of the mass and shape of the rock blocks,the steepness of the slope,and the thickness of the overburden on the slope,on the distance of movement of rock blocks which was observed in 256 field experiments with differently shaped blocks from 3 different positions on the slope with a height of 176 m.The statistical evaluation of the results of the field tests shows that the slope condition of gradient and overburden is the main factor,the form of rock masses is the second factor,and the mass is the third of the influencing factors.It is the maximum average acceleration for movement of rock masses when the mass of rock masses is 15≤m27 kg,the form of rock masses is flake,the condition of gradient is on average 59.6° and the overburden is basic exposed bedrock and a small quantity of gravel-soil in the experiment condition.It is the minimum average acceleration for movement of rock masses when the mass of rock masses is 9.5≤m15 kg,the form of rock masses is rectangular,the condition of gradient is on average 39° and the overburden is gravel-soil and cinder.Then,the foundation for impact energy is provided and the new feasible methods to prevent potential unstable rock masses are put forward.

Evaluating population exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide in as mall industrial area accounting for population movement

Population exposure to pollutants is important for studies on the exposure-response relationship. However, it is difficult to evaluate population exposure to non-conventional pollutants due to limited data on concentration levels and the movement patterns of inhabitants. In this study, an air dispersion model was used to simulate N, N-dimethylformarnide （DMF） concentrations, as a proxy to monitoring concentrations. A total of 1289 randomly selected household representatives were surveyed to obtain information on movement characteristics. Subsequently, population movement patterns were combined with DMF concentration levels on maps of 100 m× 100 m resolution to calculate population exposure. During 2008, the estimated population exposure to DMF ranged from 0.002 to 0.64 mg/m^3. The highest level of population exposure to DMF was found in the north and northwest sub-districts of the study area, ranging from 0.42 to 0.64 mg/m^3. The population exposure to DMF for different occupational groups indicated that retired people and farmers were vulnerable subpopulations among people highly exposed to DME This was mainly because they spent most time at home where the DMF concentration was high. As pollutant concentrations were divided into small grids, we found that exposure levels were substantially impacted by population movement characteristics.

Experiment and analysis of potato-soil separation based on impact recording technology

In order to discover the damage mechanism and improve separation performance in the separation process of potato-soil mixture,the experiment was conducted on an in-house test-bed.The impact recording device and high-speed camera technology were employed in order to obtain the instantaneous dynamics of the potato-soil mixture for detail data analysis.Five vibration intensities were defined according to the vibration frequency and amplitude.It was found that the mean number of impacts and maximum impact acceleration increased significantly as the level of vibration intensity rose.As a result,the separation performance increased significantly,however,the bruising rate also increased to a certain extent.The mathematical relationship between the maximum impact acceleration and the factors of interest,including vibration amplitude,the vibration frequency and the operating speed of the separation sieves was established through the response surface experiment.It was demonstrated that the presented model was capable to reflect the degree of the factors on influencing bruising rate and separation performance.According to the significance on the maximum impact acceleration,the factors of interest were given in a descending order with vibration frequency,vibration amplitude,running speed of the separation sieve.A set of the optimum operating parameters were found to achieve a desired separation performance as follows,the vibration amplitude was 34.1 mm,the vibration frequency was 5.24 Hz,the running speed of the separation sieve was 2.05 m/s;where the maximum impact acceleration was 98.62 g,the relative error was 3.23%,the bruising rate was 1.81%and the separation performance was 98.5%.The presented model can potentially provide a technical reference for further investigation of the separation mechanism and development of measures for reducing the loss of separation.

Party Politics in Socialist Countries:One Hundred Years of Exploration

Over the long history of political civilization,the 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries has emerged as a new form of politics.Exploration of the last 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries deals with the self-governance and national governance of Marxist ruling parties.It reflects intraparty relationships,interparty relationships,relationships between party and government and relationships between party and society,as well as foreign relations,and spans three historical periods,comprising the first establishment of party politics in Soviet Russia;the adoption of party rule in other countries,with concomitant setbacks;and the achievement by China,Vietnam and other countries of party political innovation and development.A review of the experience of the past hundred years shows that success in making party politics the basic system in socialist countries and in tapping its full potential is attributable to the efforts made by Marxist ruling parties to undertake fruitful theoretical reflection and grasp values,adhere to the truth and correct mistakes on the basis of exceptional strategic confidence and policy commitment,while constantly opening up new stages of theoretical understanding and practical development.The party politics of socialist countries in the 21 st century drives their modernization andcultivates and improves their practice.The union of the two in the magnificent historical process of the sustainable development of socialist institutional civilization will have major and far-reaching significance for building a brighter future for humanity.