Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air...Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature(SAT)variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16,and found the daily SAT variance,mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component,shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America,respectively.Increasing cold extremes(defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations)dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia,while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America.The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia(North America)is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals(Alaska)and surface Siberian(Canadian)high.The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region,while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)–like sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific.The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming,reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days,and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America.The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America.Therefore,the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.展开更多
The NCEP Global Data Assimilation System analysis of grid data, satellite products of Naval Research Laboratory, conventional meteorological data and observations of automatic weather stations in Guangdong province we...The NCEP Global Data Assimilation System analysis of grid data, satellite products of Naval Research Laboratory, conventional meteorological data and observations of automatic weather stations in Guangdong province were used together with environmental conditions, atmospheric circulation, and physical characteristics to diagnose the cause and mechanism of the intensification of tropical cyclone Higos in Southern China. The results showed that favorable environmental conditions of high temperature, humidity of the underlying surface, strong upper divergence, weak vertical wind shear, and the persistence of a southwest jet stream beside the southern Higos were the necessary ingredients that contributed to the maintenance of intensity and re-intensification of Higos. The sinking intrusion of cold air from the lower troposphere was the critical condition for its intensification over land. The frontal genesis caused by weak cold air increased the lower tropospheric convergence and updraft, and the condensation latent heat released by heavy rains promoted convergence. From this positive feedback process, Higos obtained an increasing of positive vorticity and re-intensified over land. The re-intensification was due not only to the build-up of wind and the reduction of pressure but also to the simultaneous warm-up of its warm core.展开更多
The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the...The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than-1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High(SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong(weak) SH before(after) the1990 s corresponds to an increase(decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH.When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold(south-cold-north-warm) days occur more(less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China.展开更多
Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short)of the tropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical Pacific SSTA and SSWA coupling features in the ...Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short)of the tropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical Pacific SSTA and SSWA coupling features in the transform course from the warm phase to the cold phase of El Nino-southern Oscillation(ENSO)cycles are discussed. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)air-sea coupling patterns at the mature stage of El Nino(La Nina)are main spatial ones of tropical Pacific SSWA and SSTA coupling:(2)at the mature stage of El Nino,the interaction of the anticyclonic anomaly wind,generated by the forcing of distinct meridional SSTA gradient in the Northern Hemisphere tropical central Pacific.with the California cold current and SSTA is mainly responsible for weakening of El Nino;(3)the second sea temperature increase along the South American coast in the decaying course of El Nino results from the eastward movement of the weakened positive SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific forced by anomalous west wind stress:(4)La Nina results from the joint effect of Walker circulation,Ekman drift and negative SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific.展开更多
By analyzing and studying a lot of weather charts and the weather condition of several typical cases,some kinds of unconventional high-altitude and ground weather situations whether the ground cold,warm front had the ...By analyzing and studying a lot of weather charts and the weather condition of several typical cases,some kinds of unconventional high-altitude and ground weather situations whether the ground cold,warm front had the precipitation in Jilin area were summarized.The results showed that the temperature field was the main element field which affected the weather variation.The analysis and research on the movement condition of cold,warm air in the different temperature-pressure field configuration in the high-altitude was the key of frontal precipitation weather forecast.展开更多
基金This study was jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2018YFC1505904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41830969 and 41705052)the Basic Scientific Research and Operation Foundation of CAMS(Grant No.2018Z006).
文摘Under recent Arctic warming,boreal winters have witnessed severe cold surges over both Eurasia and North America,bringing about serious social and economic impacts.Here,we investigated the changes in daily surface air temperature(SAT)variability during the rapid Arctic warming period of 1988/89–2015/16,and found the daily SAT variance,mainly contributed by the sub-seasonal component,shows an increasing and decreasing trend over eastern Eurasia and North America,respectively.Increasing cold extremes(defined as days with daily SAT anomalies below 1.5 standard deviations)dominated the increase of the daily SAT variability over eastern Eurasia,while decreasing cold extremes dominated the decrease of the daily SAT variability over North America.The circulation regime of cold extremes over eastern Eurasia(North America)is characterized by an enhanced high-pressure ridge over the Urals(Alaska)and surface Siberian(Canadian)high.The data analyses and model simulations show the recent strengthening of the high-pressure ridge over the Urals was associated with warming of the Barents–Kara seas in the Arctic region,while the high-pressure ridge over Alaska was influenced by the offset effect of Arctic warming over the East Siberian–Chukchi seas and the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)–like sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific.The transition of the PDO-like SST anomalies from a positive to negative phase cancelled the impact of Arctic warming,reduced the occurrence of extreme cold days,and possibly resulted in the decreasing trend of daily SAT variability in North America.The multi-ensemble simulations of climate models confirmed the regional Arctic warming as the driver of the increasing SAT variance over eastern Eurasia and North America and the overwhelming effect of SST forcing on the decreasing SAT variance over North America.Therefore,the regional response of winter cold extremes at midlatitudes to the Arctic warming could be different due to the distinct impact of decadal SST anomalies.
基金On the Frontogenesis and Evolution of Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea, a project of Technological Research and Development by Guangdong Bueau of Science and Technology (2009B080701108)
文摘The NCEP Global Data Assimilation System analysis of grid data, satellite products of Naval Research Laboratory, conventional meteorological data and observations of automatic weather stations in Guangdong province were used together with environmental conditions, atmospheric circulation, and physical characteristics to diagnose the cause and mechanism of the intensification of tropical cyclone Higos in Southern China. The results showed that favorable environmental conditions of high temperature, humidity of the underlying surface, strong upper divergence, weak vertical wind shear, and the persistence of a southwest jet stream beside the southern Higos were the necessary ingredients that contributed to the maintenance of intensity and re-intensification of Higos. The sinking intrusion of cold air from the lower troposphere was the critical condition for its intensification over land. The frontal genesis caused by weak cold air increased the lower tropospheric convergence and updraft, and the condensation latent heat released by heavy rains promoted convergence. From this positive feedback process, Higos obtained an increasing of positive vorticity and re-intensified over land. The re-intensification was due not only to the build-up of wind and the reduction of pressure but also to the simultaneous warm-up of its warm core.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2016YFA0601502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41822503&41375092).
文摘The two leading modes of winter surface air temperature(SAT) over China during 1961–2017 are a spatially consistent pattern and a north-south dipole pattern. Based on the two leading modes, the characteristics of the extreme cold and warm days in the two patterns, defined by the standard deviation larger than 1.28 or smaller than-1.28 in the time series of the two leading modes, are analyzed. With the increase of winter SAT during 1961–2017, the number of spatially consistent extreme cold days decreased and their occurrence was restricted to late December to early January, whereas the number of spatially consistent extreme warm days increased significantly in January and February. Global warming is associated with an increase in the spatially consistent extreme warm days and a decrease in spatially consistent extreme cold days, but has little relation to the sum of extreme cold and warm days of either the spatially consistent or north-south dipole pattern. The Siberian High(SH) is the main factor controlling the sum of spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The strong(weak) SH before(after) the1990 s corresponds to an increase(decrease) in the sum of the spatially consistent extreme warm and cold days. The occurrences of extreme south-cold-north-warm and extreme south-warm-north-cold days are related to the north-south difference of the SH.When the center of the SH is in mid-high latitudes, the extreme south-warm-north-cold(south-cold-north-warm) days occur more(less) often. During the winters of 1961–2017, the total number of extreme cold and warm days of the north-south dipole pattern changes negligibly. The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) may be the main factor affecting the sum of the extreme cold and warm days of the two types of SAT pattern in China.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the Grants 49375242.
文摘Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short)of the tropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical Pacific SSTA and SSWA coupling features in the transform course from the warm phase to the cold phase of El Nino-southern Oscillation(ENSO)cycles are discussed. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)air-sea coupling patterns at the mature stage of El Nino(La Nina)are main spatial ones of tropical Pacific SSWA and SSTA coupling:(2)at the mature stage of El Nino,the interaction of the anticyclonic anomaly wind,generated by the forcing of distinct meridional SSTA gradient in the Northern Hemisphere tropical central Pacific.with the California cold current and SSTA is mainly responsible for weakening of El Nino;(3)the second sea temperature increase along the South American coast in the decaying course of El Nino results from the eastward movement of the weakened positive SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific forced by anomalous west wind stress:(4)La Nina results from the joint effect of Walker circulation,Ekman drift and negative SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific.
基金Supported by The Special Project of Public Welfare Industry Science and Research(GYHY200806014)The Project of Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(E30JG0730)
文摘By analyzing and studying a lot of weather charts and the weather condition of several typical cases,some kinds of unconventional high-altitude and ground weather situations whether the ground cold,warm front had the precipitation in Jilin area were summarized.The results showed that the temperature field was the main element field which affected the weather variation.The analysis and research on the movement condition of cold,warm air in the different temperature-pressure field configuration in the high-altitude was the key of frontal precipitation weather forecast.
